Les événements récents au Japon sur les centrales nucléaires de Fukushima ont montré que des accidents conduisant à la fusion du cœur peuvent survenir bine plus souvent qu’on ne l’avait supposé et que leur impact sur l’environnement et la vie publique est considérable. Pour les réacteurs actuels, un des moyens principaux pour stopper la progression de l’accident est de tenter de refroidir le plus rapidement possible les matériaux en utiliser une injection d’eau de secours. Suivant l’instant de déclenchement de l'injection d'eau dans un cœur dégradé (appelée renoyage) les zones du cœur présentent des degrés de dégradation variables. Ceci conduit à des écoulements 3D double phase dans la cuve à cause des hétérogénéités de porosité et de forme des matériaux à refroidir. La modélisation de ces écoulements est primordiale pour les études de sûreté. A l’IRSN, une partie de ces études se fait grâce au code ICARE-CATHARE. Ce code de calcul est utilisé en Europe par des entreprises nucléaires et sert à calculer l’évolution d’un accident dans un réacteur, en se concentrant sur l’état du cœur et du circuit primaire. L’objectif de cette thèse a été de développer un modèle de renoyage 3D (implanté dans ICARE-CATHARE) capable de traiter les configurations du cœur dégradé lors d'un accident grave. Le modèle proposé est caractérisé par un traitement du déséquilibre thermique entre les phases solide, liquide et gazeuse. Il inclut aussi deux équations de quantité de mouvement (une pour chacune des phases fluides). Une des améliorations faites au cours de cette thèse a été de bien distinguer les lois de transfert de chaleur pour différents régimes d’ébullition. On a ainsi proposé un modèle combinant les situations d’ébullition nucléée et d’ébullition en film. Les calculs permettent de mettre en évidence certaines caractéristiques multidimensionnelles de l’écoulement lors du renoyage, en particulier lorsqu’un fort gradient de pression est engendré dans le milieu poreux par l’écoulement de vapeur. En parallèle, l’IRSN a lancé un programme expérimental (essais PRELUDE et PEARL) dont l’objectif est de permettre la validation du modèle sur un dispositif 2D représentatif du renoyage de particules à haute température. L’analyse des résultats expérimentaux a permis de vérifier certains choix faits pour les lois physiques du modèle macroscopique. Néanmoins, la validation reste très globale puisqu’on ne dispose pas de mesures locales. La validation quantitative sur les données expérimentales a montré que le modèle fournit des résultats satisfaisants. Le modèle est capable de prédire la vitesse de progression du renoyage dans le cœur, la production du vapeur (instantanée et cumulée) et le pic de pression pour différents diamètres de particules et différents débits d’injection testés. / The TMI-2 accident and recently Fukushima accident demonstrated that the nuclear safety philosophy has to cover accident sequences involving massive core melt in order to develop reliable mitigation strategies for both, existing and advanced reactors. Although severe accidents are low likelihood and might be caused only by multiple failures, accident management is implemented for controlling their course and mitigating their consequences. In case of severe accident, the fuel rods may be severely damaged and oxidized. Finally, they collapse and form a debris bed on core support plate. Removal of decay heat from a damaged core is a challenging issue because of the difficulty for water to penetrate inside a porous medium. The reflooding (injection of water into core) may be applied only if the availability of safety injection is recovered during accident. If the injection becomes available only in the late phase of accident, water will enter a core configuration that will differ from original rodbundle geometry and will resemble to the severe damaged core observed in TMI-2. The higher temperatures and smaller hydraulic diameters in a porous medium make the coolability more difficult than for intact fuel rods under typical loss of coolant accident conditions. The modeling of this kind of hydraulic and heat transfer is a one of key objectives of this. At IRSN, part of the studies is realized using an European thermo-hydraulic computer code for severe accident analysis ICARE-CATHARE. The objective of this thesis is to develop a 3D reflood model (implemented into ICARE-CATHARE) that is able to treat different configurations of degraded core in a case of severe accident. The proposed model is characterized by treating of non-equilibrium thermal between the solid, liquid and gas phase. It includes also two momentum balance equations. The model is based on a previouslydeveloped model but is improved in order to take into account intense boiling regimes (in particular nucleate boiling). Moreover, the criteria characterizing the transition between different flow regimes were completed. Currently, the French IRSN sets up two experimental facilities, PEARL and PRELUDE. The aim is to predict the consequences of the reflooding of a severely damaged reactor core where a large part of the core has collapsed and formed a debris bed e.g. particles with characteristic length-scale: 1 to 5mm. This means the prediction of debris coolability, front propagation and steam production during the quenching after the water injection. A series of experiments performed in 2010-2012 at the PRELUDE facility has provided a large amount of new data that are summarized. On the basis of those experimental results, the thermal hydraulic features of the quench front have been analyzed and the intensity of heat transfer regimes is estimated. A three-equation model for the twophase flow in a heat-generating porous medium was validated. The quantitative validation of model with experimental results was realized and showed that the model provides satisfactory results. The model is able to predict the quench front velocity in the core, steam production (instantaneous and cumulated) as well as the pressure increase during reflood for different particle diameters and different injection liquid flows.

Title: The analysis of the activities of rescue dogs in the Integred Rescue System. Objectives: To analyze the frequency of deploying dogs in action under the Integrated Rescue Systém for the period 2009 to 2011. Describe reasons for Access and silure to deploy dogs in the IRS. Method: Research of available sources, data collection. Results: Every year is the use of increasingly cynological pairs. Most service dogs are being used. At the request of debris search requirements are mainly from the Fire and Rescue Service area search by police of the Czech Republic. Keywords: Integrated Rescue Systém, dog, debris search, area search.

A ativação ultrassônica é um dos métodos mais utilizados para aumentar a eficiência mecânica e química dos irrigantes. No entanto, além de possivelmente causar desgastes indesejáveis na parede do canal, questiona-se a eficiência mecânica da irrigação ultrassônica ativada em canais com curvatura acentuada. O presente estudo teve como objetivo avaliar, por meio da microtomografia computadorizada (micro-CT) a influência do grau de curvatura dos canais radiculares nos desgastes dentinários não controlados produzidos pelo uso da Irrigação Ultrassônica Ativada (UAI), no percentual de debris dentinários remanescentes após UAI e o transporte do canal. Foram selecionados canais mesiais de 24 molares inferiores permanentes humanos, sendo 12 dentes com curvatura média de 25,5º (Curvatura Moderada) e 12 dentes com curvatura média de 50,9º (Curvatura Acentuada). Após escaneamento pré-operatório com um Microtomógrafo de raios-X, os canais foram preparados com os instrumentos Mtwo. Os dentes foram divididos em 2 grupos: Grupo CM (n=12) e Grupo CA (n=12). Ambos os grupos receberam irrigação ultrassônica ativada e em seguida foram escaneados novamente. Foram quantificados o volume e a profundidade máxima dos desgastes não controlados das paredes dos canais radiculares, o percentual de debris dentinários remanescentes e o transporte do canal. Foi realizada análise estatística, utilizando o software GraphPad Prism 7, com nível de singnificância de p <0,05. Os resultados mostraram que os grupos, apresentaram resultados semelhantes quanto ao volume de desgaste não controlado, porém o grupo CA apresentou desgastes mais acentuados no terço apical e um maior percentual de debri remanescente nos terços médio, apical e no total do canal radicular, além de promover desvio do canal no terço apical. Este estudo concluiu que curvaturas acentuadas interferem na profundidade do desgaste, na manutenção dos debris e no transporte do canal. / Ultrasonic activation is one of the most widely used supplementary irrigation methods. However, besides Ultrassonic Activated Irrigation (UAI) possibly causes uncontrolled removal of dentin in the root canal walls, it is unknown the efficiency of the ultrasonic irrigation in root canals with severe curvatures. The aim of the present study was evaluate using microcomputed tomography, the influence of the degrees of curvature in the percentage of remaining hard tissue debris, uncontrolled removal of dentin during UAI and root canal transportation. Twenty-four mesial roots of mandibular molars, 12 teeth with a mean curvature of 25.5º (Moderate Curvature) and 12 teeth with a mean curvature of 50.9º (Accentuated Curvature) were selected. After the pre-operative scanning with an X-ray microcomputed tomography, the specimens were prepared to size 35.04. The teeth were divided into two groups: Group CM (n = 12) and Group CA (n = 12). Both groups received ultrasonic irrigation and were scanned again. The maximum deep of the defects, volume of the uncontrolled removal of dentin, the percentage of remaining hard tissue debris and the root canal transportation were quantified. A statistical analysis was performed using GraphPad Prism 7 software, use Mann-Whitney test with a significance level of p <0.05. The results showed that the groups CM and CA had similar results in volume of uncontrolled removal of dentin, but the CA group show maximum deep defects more severe in the apical third, more percentage of hard tissue debri remaining in the middle, apical and total thirds of the canal root canal and a higher transport of the canal in the apical third. This study concluded that severe curves interfered in the maximum depth defects, in the maintenance of the debris and the transport of the canal.

Snow occurs in the High Drakensberg of southern Africa approximately eight times per annum. Snow cover is frequently captured by Landsat satellite imagery, which provide data for the monitoring of snow cover in other regions of the world. Together with a digital elevation model, repetitive snow cover data are used to analyse the distribution of snow cover in the High Drakensberg study area. The effect that the regional and local topography, latitude, and climatic conditions have on the spatial distribution of snow and the function that temperature, wind, altitude, aspect and slope gradient play in the preservation of snow cover are examined. The results of the spatial study allow for the identification of sites that support the accumulation of snow. Specific active and relict geomorphological features were surveyed and correlated spatially to the contemporary snow cover. Among such features are linear debris ridges on south-facing valley slopes in the High Drakensberg. These appeared similar to glacial features found elsewhere in the world and are thus significant in a long-standing and highly conjectured debate over the validity of possible plateau, cirque and niche glaciation in the region. Late-lying snow cover favours gently sloping south- and southeast-facing aspects at altitudes from 3000 m ASL to just below the highest peaks in the region near 3450 m ASL, above which higher insolation levels on the flat mountain summits provides unfavourable conditions. Snow cover immediately adjacent to the Drakensberg escarpment ablates quickly whilst snow cover at high altitudes in the Lesotho interior experiences better preservation conditions. Latitude has no obvious impact on the distribution of snow cover due to the dominant role of topography in the High Drakensberg other than a limiting of snowfall to regions south of 29°S in late spring. Various synoptic conditions produce snowfall in the region, with cold fronts associated with midlatitude cyclones producing the majority of snow cover. A strong correlation exists between the spatial distribution of snow cover and specific geomorphological features. Observed linear debris ridges are located on slopes that experience frequent contemporary snow cover, lending credence for a glacial origin of the ridges during a period of colder environmental conditions.

L’histoire géologique récente de Mars reste peu étudiée, comparativement à l’histoire « primitive » de Mars (>3,5 Ga). Cependant, l’arrivée de nouvelles images haute résolution a permis d’identifier la présence de ravines à la surface de terrains très récents. Dans ce travail, nous nous sommes attaché à caractériser la morphologie des ravines et les processus qui les ont générés. Ces nouvelles observations relancent la question de la présence d’eau liquide actuellement à la surface de Mars que ce soit à l’état pur ou sous forme de mélange (saumure, coulée de débris...). Des simulations expérimentales en chambre froide à la pression atmosphérique de Mars et de la Terre ont été menées. Elles ont notamment permis de quantifier le rôle de la teneur en eau dans la couche active du pergélisol sur le mécanisme de formation des ravines et leur mobilité. Nous avons également décrit l’évolution saisonnière de petits réseaux ramifiés qui se sont développés chaque année au printemps durant la période 2007-2012. / The recent geological history of Mars remains poorly studied, in comparison to theearly history of Mars (>3,5 Ga). However, the acquisition of new high-resolution imagesallowed to identified the presence of gullies on the surface of recent landforms such asdunes. In this work, we focused on characterizing the morphology of gullies and theirprocess(es) of formation. These new observations revive the issue of the presence of liquid water present on the surface of Mars than either pure or as a mixture (brine, debris flow ...). Experimental simulations in a cold room at Martian and terrestrial atmospheric pressure have been conducted. In particular, they allowed us to quantify the role of water content in the active layer of the permafrost in order to better constrain the mechanism of formation of gullies and their motion. We also described the seasonal evolution of small branched networks developed at spring during the 2007-2012 period.

O presente trabalho teve como objetivo determinar, por meio de microtomografia computadorizada (&mu;CT), o aumento de volume interno, após realização da irrigação ultrassônica passiva (P.U.I.), em diferentes substratos (dentes humanos e bovinos); a remoção da camada de &ldquo;smear&rdquo; e &ldquo;debris&rdquo; do canal radicular, após a realização da P.U.I., com diferentes soluções irrigadoras finais, por meio de microscopia eletrônica de varredura (MEV) e microscopia óptica (MO). Para a verificação do aumento de volume interno vinte dentes (dez humanos e dez bovinos) foram selecionados e padronizados em 17 mm ± 1 mm de comprimento. Os dentes humanos foram preparados até o diâmetro final # 50/05, os dentes bovinos por possuírem canais amplos não receberam preparo biomecânico. Cada dente foi fixado na base da mesa giratória do aparelho de &mu;CT e realizou-se o primeiro exame &mu;CT. Os espécimes foram então submetidos a P.U.I. (aparelho EMS em frequência de 32 KHz) e em seguida foi realizado o segundo exame de &mu;CT respeitando os mesmos padrões do primeiro exame. As imagens capturadas foram comparadas antes e depois da P.U.I. Para a verificação, da remoção da camada de &ldquo;smear&rdquo; e &ldquo;debris&rdquo;, foram selecionados 46 caninos inferiores. Os dentes foram preparados até o diâmetro final # 50/05 e submetidos a P.U.I. com diferentes soluções irrigadoras finais: G3 (Soro fisiológico); G4 (NaOCl 1 %); G5 (EDTA-C 17 %); G6 (NaOCl 1 % / EDTA-C 17 %). Após a P.U.I. vinte e quatro dentes foram preparados e analisados em MEV e vinte e dois dentes foram submetidos ao processamento histológico e analisados em MO. A presença da camada de &ldquo;smear&rdquo; foi determinada a partir da atribuição de escores que variaram de 1 - 4. A presença de &ldquo;debris&rdquo; foi determinada a partir da grade de integração do software Image J. Os dados obtidos foram analisados com auxílio do software BioEstat 5.0. Os resultados mostraram que a P.U.I. aumentou significativamente o volume interno do canal radicular nos dentes humanos (p=0,008) e bovinos (p=0,002). A P.U.I. não removeu a camada de &ldquo;smear&rdquo;; e não removeu &ldquo;debris&rdquo; (p=0,1923) de forma estatisticamente significativa. Concluiu-se que a P.U.I. não é passiva, ela promove alteração de volume no canal radicular, aumentando seu volume interno independentemente do substrato testado; não removeu a camada de &ldquo;smear&rdquo;, mas reduziu significativamente o tempo necessário para que a solução quelante final agisse; não promoveu a remoção de &ldquo;debris&rdquo; estatisticamente significativa, mas independentemente da solução irrigadora final, realizar a P.U.I. aumenta qualitativamente a remoção de &ldquo;debris&rdquo; do canal radicular. / The aim of this study was to determine by &mu;CT the internal volume increasing, after using of P.U.I., in different dental substrates (human and bovine); the removal of the smear layer and debris from the root canal, after using P.U.I. with different irrigation solutions, using SEM e OM. In order to verify the internal volume increasing, 20 teeth (ten humans and ten bovine) were selected and standardized with 17 mm ± 1 mm of length. Human teeth were prepared to a final diameter of #50/05. As the bovine teeth presents large root canal, they did not receive biomechanical preparation. Each tooth was fixed on a movable platform on the &mu;CT device and the first test was carried out. The specimens were subjected to P.U.I. (EMS device with 32 KHz of frequency) in order to performed the second &mu;CT test respecting the same standards. Images were captured and compared before and after P.U.I. Fourth six mandibular canine teeth were selected to verify the smear layer and debris removal. The teeth were prepared to the final diameter of #50/05 and subjected to P.U.I. with different irrigation solutions: G3 (Saline); G4 (NaOCl 1 %); G5 (EDTA-C 17 %); G6 (NaOCl 1% / EDTA-C 17 %). After P.U.I. 24 teeth were prepared and analyzed using SEM and 22 teeth were subjected to histological processing and thus analyzed with OM. The present smear layer was determined by score s\' attribution ranging from 1 - 4. Presence of debris was determined by attribution of the screen integration from the Image J software. Data were analyzed with the support of BioEstat 5.0 software. The results showed that P.U.I. significantly increased the internal volume of root canal of human (p=0,008) and bovine teeth (p=0,002). The P.U.I. did not remove the smear layer nor debris (p=0,1923) statistically significant. It was concluded that P.U.I. is not passive, it increases the internal volume of root canal independently of the tested dental substrates; it did not remove the smear layer, but significantly decreased the onset of action of the final solution; it did not promote statistically significant differences regarding the debris removal however independently of the final irrigation solution to carry out P.U.I. increases the root canal debris removal.

Orientador: Fábio Augusto Gomes Vieira Reis / Resumo: As corridas de detritos são fenômenos naturais que podem ser vistos no mundo todo. Tratam-se de processos de movimentos de massa onde ocorre o escoamento rápido do material e comumente está associado aos altos índices pluviométricos e/ou variáveis do meio físico. A Serra do Mar possui características geomorfológicas e climáticas que torna a região potencialmente favorável a esse tipo de evento. A catástrofe ocorrida em fevereiro de 1994 em Cubatão (SP) trouxe diversos danos, tanto econômicos como sociais. Embora sejam processos que atingem muitas regiões, a previsão ainda é bastante complicada. Assim, este trabalho tem como objetivo a análise da potencialidade a corridas de detritos em sub-bacias, focando-se nos resultados dos cálculos dos índices e parâmetros morfométricos e, também, associados aos níveis de precipitação. Para tal, selecionou-se 13 sub-bacias que foram afetadas na região de Cubatão (SP) em fevereiro de 1994. Os dados foram obtidos em escala 1:50.000, salvo pelas feições que foram mapeadas na fotografia aérea em escala 1:25.000 que foram realizadas após o evento. O estudo das feições foi baseado em sua distribuição espacial, ou seja, em sua área em relação a área de cada sub-bacia, de modo a possibilitar a comparação com os resultados dos índices e parâmetros morfométricos. A sub-bacia número 04 (que engloba a RPBC, atingida pelo evento) mostrou-se a de maior potencialidade em toda a área de estudo. Posto isto, através dos resultados obtidos, conclui-se que o... (Resumo completo, clicar acesso eletrônico abaixo) / Abstract: Debris flows are natural phenomenal that can be seen all over the world. This are about mass movement processes where the material quickly flows, commonly associated to high rainfall levels and/or another environmental variables. The geomorphological and climatic features of Serra do Mar makes the region potentiality favorable to this kind of events. The catastrophe that occurred in Cubatão (SP) in February/1994 resulted in several economic and social loss. Although these processes smite many regions, it is extremely difficult to predict them. Thus, this dissertation aims to analyze the debris flow potentiality into sub-basins, focusing on morphometric indexes and parameters calculations combined with precipitation levels. For this study 13 sub-basins were selected, and all of them were affected by the 1994 event. The data were obtained in a 1:50.000 scale, and the features was mapped using aerial photography, 1:25.000 scale, shot after the landslides in 1994. The features study was based in its spatial distribution, relating the scarring and the sub-basin areas, and then comparing them with the calculated indexes abd morphometric parameters. After studying all 13 areas the sub-basin number 04 (that includes RPBC that was smote by the event) was the one that showed grater potentiality. Therefore, throught the results obtained, it is concluded that indexes and morphometric parameters are an important tool to identify and evaluate potentiality in debris-flows areas. / Mestre

A demanda atual pela utilização de materiais reciclados na construção deve-se ao aumento crescente do consumo de agregados, à exaustão de jazidas próximas aos grandes centros e à proibição de deposição de resíduos inertes em aterros sanitários. Paralelamente, com o crescimento evidente do setor da construção em muitos países, o gerenciamento dos resíduos de construção e demolição (RCD) tornou-se uma questão econômica e ambiental prioritária. Para a sustentabilidade do meio ambiente construído é imprescindível o desenvolvimento de novas aplicações para o agregado reciclado visando a ampliação das taxas de reciclagem. No entanto, a situação da fração areia de RCD é crítica, pois apesar de representar de 40 a 60% em massa do resíduo, é descartada como resíduo da própria reciclagem ou utilizada em aplicações de baixo valor agregado. Dentro deste contexto, o objetivo deste trabalho consiste em estudar alternativas para a produção de areia reciclada a partir do processamento integral de resíduos de construções e demolições da região metropolitana de São Paulo, em uma abordagem inédita mundialmente. O estudo realizado pode ser subdividido em quatro etapas principais: a) amostragem; b) produção de areia a partir dos resíduos amostrados; c) estudos de separabilidade da areia reciclada; d) caracterização tecnológica dos produtos gerados como ferramenta de controle de qualidade de eficiência dos processos. Os resultados demonstraram que o processamento integral de RCD por britagem terciária em impactador de eixo vertical é determinante na cominuição seletiva das fases porosas e na liberação entre a pasta de cimento e as fases minerais. O produto gerado apresentou menor conteúdo de pasta de cimento, partículas mais esféricas e reduzida porosidade. Adicionalmente demonstrou-se a separabilidade densitária e magnética entre as fases minerais dos agregados e a pasta de cimento. Dentre os procedimentos de caracterização destaca-se o desenvolvimento de uma metodologia para definição das associações das fases presentes, particularmente da individualização da pasta de cimento e carbonatos. / The current demand for recycling on construction is due to the increasing consumption of aggregates, the exhaustion of deposits close to large cities as well as the ban on inert materials dumping in landfills and the rising cost of its disposal. Moreover, with the remarkable increasing on construction activities in many countries, the management of Construction and Demolition Waste (CDW) became an economical and environmental priority issue. To the sustainability of the built environment, the development of new applications for recycled aggregates and the increase of recycling rates are vital. However, the situation of the sand fraction of CDW is critical; although it accounts for 40 to 60% by weight of the waste, it is disregarded as waste recycling material or used in applications with low added-value. In this context, the present research explores the potential of mineral processing technologies to produce recycled sand by total comminution of the CDW on sand fractions in an unprecedented approach worldwide. The improvement on recycled sand quality is crucial for the enlargement of recycling rates. The study may be described in four main steps: a) sampling of construction and demolition waste from Sao Paulo metropolitan area, Brazil; b) production of recycled sand from the sampled waste; c) separability studies of the recycled sand; d) technological characterization of the attained products to evaluate the processing efficiency. The results demonstrated that the processing of the whole waste by tertiary crushing is fundamental to the selective comminution of porous phases and to the separation of cement paste from mineral phases. The attained product exhibited reduced content of cement paste, particles with higher sphericity and lower porosity. Additionally, it was demonstrated that the separability of aggregates from cement paste is feasible by density and magnetic separation. Regarding the characterization procedures, the development of an innovative method for a precise evaluation of the content of cement paste and phases associations, must be highlighted, especially on the measurement of cement paste and carbonates separately.

The detection and identification of the oxygenated class of ignitable liquids is a complex issue for the fire debris analyst. The oxygenated compounds are difficult to recover using traditional analytical techniques since their chemical characteristics are vastly different from those of the petroleum products that compose the majority of the ignitable liquid classes. Previous research has demonstrated that the use of zeolite 13X as an adsorbent in heated passive headspace concentration provides increased recovery of oxygenated compounds in comparison to the conventional activated charcoal adsorbent. This hypothesis was further tested in this work using more realistic casework scenarios. Various carpet, carpet padding and wood types were utilized in a number of burn conditions in order to determine if any substrate interferences were present; as well as to monitor the recovery of oxygenated compounds from these substrates using the proposed zeolite extraction method. The substrates explored did not contribute significant background interference to complicate the identification of the oxygenated compounds. In addition, small volumes of the oxygenated ignitable liquids were easily recovered and identified from all burn states using the zeolite method. A dual-mode extraction with both zeolites and activated charcoal strips as adsorbents was utilized with mixtures of oxygenated compounds and petroleum products to determine if a variety of ignitable liquid classes could be detected and identified in the presence of a variety of substrate matrices within a single extraction protocol. The dual-mode extraction showed that both the oxygenated compounds and petroleum products could be detected and identified using a single extraction protocol in the presence of various substrate matrices. Lastly, an experiment was devised to compare the recovery of the oxygenated compounds using various total available surface areas of both zeolites and activated charcoal strips in order to determine which adsorbent exhibits a greater recovery when all other experimental conditions remain constant. When the surface areas were equalized between the zeolites and activated charcoal strips, the activated charcoal exhibited a greater recovery of the oxygenated compounds. However, the cost effectiveness of the zeolites allows for a greater amount of zeolite beads to be used in order to achieve the same recovery as the activated charcoal strips for a much lower price. Therefore, the findings from this work, in combination with previous research, continue to support the use of zeolite 13X as an alternative adsorbent for the recovery of oxygenated ignitable liquids from fire debris evidence.

Os resíduos de construção e demolição (RCD) representam cerca de 50% de todo o resíduo sólido gerado, sendo que cerca de 90% deste é de origem mineral e pode ser reciclado através de processos de beneficiamento mineral. Para se atingir a reciclagem massiva torna-se imperativo o desenvolvimento de novos mercados e melhorias de usina capazes de tornar o resíduo uma matéria prima de qualidade adequada. Dessa forma a caracterização tecnológica é imprescindível para obtenção de informações fundamentais sobre o processo de beneficiamento e as especificações para os produtos. O programa experimental foi desenvolvido em três amostras de RCD britados de duas usinas de reciclagem do Estado de São Paulo, Itaquera cinza (IT-C), Itaquera vermelho (IT-V), Vinhedo vermelho (VI-V). As atividades desenvolvidas foram: amostragem, cominuição, determinação das composições químicas e mineralógicas por faixa granulométrica, determinação de propriedades físicas relevantes para reciclagem de RCD como agregados para uso em concreto, determinação das curvas de separabilidade por densidade e análise de sua composição química e mineralógica e estudos microscópicos para avaliação do teor de aglomerantes por faixa densitária. Os resultados de análises químicas mostram que as composições químicas das três amostras são semelhantes; os teores variam com a granulometria, com marcantes diferenças na fração mais fina. A composição mineralógica predominante é de silicatos, provenientes de agregados e rochas naturais, cerâmicas e aglomerantes, com menores teores de alumina e óxido de cálcio; a perda ao fogo está diretamente relacionada ao teor de aglomerantes, uma vez que representa a água combinada e o gás carbônico presente. A separação do RCD em classes de densidade permitiu identificar que os produtos obtidos apresentam composições diferentes e pode ser empregada para se obter agregados de melhor qualidade e, portanto, para aplicações mais nobres, uma vez que se verifica que cerca de 80% em massa dos resíduos possuem densidades superiores a 2,2 g/cm3 com qualidades físicas adequadas para uso em concreto estrutural. Adicionalmente, a massa específica aparente e absorção de água estão diretamente relacionadas com os intervalos de densidade. O teor de aglomerantes aumenta significativamente para os produtos de menor densidade, sendo que as partículas cerâmicas estão isentas de pasta de cimento endurecida e cal. / Construction and demolition waste (CDW) represents around 50% of the total solid waste and are essentially constituted by mineral fraction (>90%); therefore it?s possible to recycle it through mineral processing techniques. The development of different uses and the improvement of the typical technologies applied to CDW recycling are essential to achieve a satisfactory level of recycling. Applied mineralogy tools are fundamental to characterize the studied raw material and support the mineral processing in order to obtain products according to its specifications. This research was carried out in three crushed samples from two different plants close to Sao Paulo; they were named according to its classification: grey Itaquera (IT-C), red Itaquera (IT-V) and red Vinhedo (VI-V). The method involved basically sampling, crushing, characterization of the relevant physical properties for a concrete recycled aggregate approach, evaluation of the specific gravity separability curves and chemical and mineralogical analyses for each grain size fraction and gravity classes, and so microscope analyses to verify the binder contents. The results show that the chemical composition of the three samples is very similar, the grades change according to the grain size fractions, specially for the finest fraction. The mineral composition is also quite akin, it is mostly represented by silicates (mainly aggregates and natural rocks), ceramics and binder; minor amounts of Al2O3 and CaO were also detected. The loss of ignition is directly related to the binder and clay minerals (basically OH and CO2). Specific gravity classes are very different regarding their chemical, mineralogical and physical properties, despite their similarity among the samples. Thus the specific gravity separation is more effective to classify the recycled CD debris than its color and could be applied to obtain high quality recycled aggregates, while a significant amount (80%) is recovered above 2.2 g/cm3 and may be used as high strength concrete aggregates. In addition, the physical properties, like specific gravity and water absorption are strictly related to the specific gravity classes.