ABSTRACT Deposit Insurance: Is it good for the development of Financial Markets? BY Kaysia Therese Campbell April 25, 2006 Committee Chair: Dr. Stephen Smith and Dr. James Owers Major Department: Finance The literature on deposit insurance has focused primarily on the role it plays in promoting banking sector stability and growth, while little attention has been placed on its possible effect on the development of other markets. Failure to examine the impact of deposit insurance on other markets could lead to premature conclusions about the full effect it has on total financial market development and, in turn, economic growth. Using panel data and cross sectional averages on 96 countries covering the time period 1975 – 2004 to distinguish between short run and long run effects, and including a host of controls, I find evidence that deposit insurance is associated with greater long run, total financial market development, as measured by the size and activity of banks, equity markets, bond markets and non-bank financial intermediaries. This indicates that it is able to accelerate banking sector development without necessarily retarding the development of other markets so that overall financial market development is improved. It is important to note that this is primarily evident for countries with a strong legal and contracting environment. The results also suggest that the immediate impact of deposit insurance is greatest for middle income economies but over time there is no clear evidence that this persists. Using design features thought to contribute to the generosity and ability of the scheme to curb moral hazard and provide a credible guarantee, I construct two indices to summarize the various design features and examine their impact on financial market development. I find that countries adopting more credible schemes appear to have smaller and less active markets over time. However the results also indicate that more credible and generous design features are better able to promote total market activity in the long run. The hopeful conclusion to be made from this study is that the positive influence of deposit insurance on the banking sector is translated into the entire financial market system over time and may be irrespective of a country’s particular stage of economic development.

The Garson Ni-Cu-PGE deposit is located on the South Range of the 1850 Ma Sudbury structure along the contact between the Sudbury Igneous Complex (SIC) and the underlying metasedimentary and metavolcanic rocks of the Paleoproterozoic Huronian Supergroup. It comprises four ore bodies that are hosted by E-W-trending shear zones that dip steeply to the south. The shear zones formed as south-directed D1 thrusts in response to flexural-slip during regional buckling of the SIC. They imbricated the ore zones, the SIC norite, the underlying Huronian rocks and they emplaced slivers of Huronian rocks and anatectic breccia into the overlying Main Mass norite. Coexisting garnet-amphibole pairs yielded syn-D1 amphibolite facies metamorphic temperatures ranging from ~550°C to 590°C. The shear zones were coeval with the moderately southdipping South Range and Thayer Lindsley shear zones, which formed to accommodate the strain in the hinge zone as the SIC tightened with progressive D1 shortening. The SE limb of the SIC was overturned together with the D1 thrusts, which were then reactivated as steeply south-dipping reverse shear zones during syn-D2 greenschist metamorphism. Syn-D2 metamorphic titanite yield a U-Pb age of ca. 1849 ± 6 Ma, suggesting that D1 and D2 are part of a single progressive deformation event that occurred immediately after crystallization of the SIC during the Penokean Orogeny. The ore bodies plunge steeply to the south parallel to the colinear L1 and L2 stretching mineral lineations. Ore types consist mainly of pyrrhotite-pentlandite-chalcopyrite breccia ores, but also include pyrrhotite-pentlandite-chalcopyrite disseminated sulfide mineralization in norite, and syn-D2 quartz-calcite-chalcopyrite-pyrrhotite-pentlandite iv veins. In the breccia ores, matrix sulfides surround silicate rock fragments that have a strong shape-preferred orientation defining a pervasive foliation. The fragments are highly stretched parallel to the mineral lineations in wall rocks, suggesting that the ore bodies are zones of high strain. Pyrrhotite and chalcopyrite occur in piercement structures, in boudin necks between fragments, in fractures in wall rocks and in fold hinges, suggesting that the sulfides were mobilized by ductile plastic flow. Despite evidence of high strain in the ore zones, the sulfide matrix in D1 and D2 breccia ores show little evidence of strain as they consist predominantly of polygonal pyrrhotite aggregates, suggesting that they recrystallized during, or immediately after D1 and D2. However, rare elongate pyrrhotite grains aligned parallel to S2 are locally preserved only in D2 breccia ores. Exsolution of pentlandite loops along grain boundaries of elongate pyrrhotite formed S2-parallel pentlandite-rich layers in D2 breccia ores, whereas the pentlandite loops are multi-oriented in D1 contact breccia as they were exsolved along grain boundaries polygonal pyrrhotite. Because exsolution of pentlandite post-date D1 and D2, and that individual pentlandite grains neither have a shape-preferred orientation nor show evidence for cataclastic flow, the sulfides reverted to, and were mobilized as a homogeneous metamorphic monosulfide solid solution (mss) during D1 and possibly D2. This is in agreement with predictions from phase equilibria as the average Garson composition plots within the mss field in Fe-Ni-S ternary diagram at temperatures above ~400°C. Disseminated and breccia ores at Garson have similar mantle-normalized multi-element chalcophile patterns as undeformed contact-type disseminated and massive ore, v respectively, at the well known Creighton mine in the South Range. This suggests that the Garson ores are magmatic in origin and that their compositions were not significantly altered by hydrothermal fluids and deformation. The lack of variations in Ni tenors between the disseminated and breccias ores suggest that the R-factor was not the process controlling metal tenors because the disseminated sulfides do not consistently have higher metal tenors than the breccia ore. The breccia ores are enriched in Rh-Ru-Ir and are depleted in Cu-Pd-Pt-Au, in contrast to footwall-type ore at the nearby Garson Ramp mine which is enriched in the same metals. When Ni100, Rh100, Ir100, Pt100 and Pd100 are plotted against Cu100, the breccia and footwall-type ore analyses plot along model mss fractionation and sulfide melt model curves, suggesting that these two ore types are related by mss fractionation. In summary, the Garson breccia ores are mss cumulates that settled quickly at the base of the SIC via a gravity filtration process, and were mobilized as a metamorphic mss by ductile plastic flow during D1 and D2. Despite minor local hydrothermal mobilization of some metals, the study confirms findings from other studies that highly deformed Ni-Cu- PGE deposits, such as the Garson deposit, can provide important information on the genesis of the deposits.

The thermal oxidative stability of middle distillate fuels is a topic of considerable concern. There are several examples of ambient temperature oxidation of fuel, leading to particulate matter and filtration issues. It is shown that particulate matter values vary globally based on region and fuel type, suggesting the problem is more than mere inorganic matter. The variability of filtration times is not dependent on absolute particulate matter present; it is suggested to be dependent upon the nature or morphology of deposit. <br>For a more thorough understanding of the chemistry responsible for deposit formation, flask oxidation was employed to test the Soluble Macromolecular Oxidatively Reactive Species (SMORS) mechanism. Spectral data suggest the presence of alcoholic and carbonylic functionality, which is in agreement with how the SMORS mechanism defines deposit formation. It has also been determined that the introduction of compounds conceivably indigenous to jet fuels has a negative impact on deposit formation. In addition, it has been shown the elemental composition of thermally induced deposit entails significant heteroatom content. <Br>According to the SMORS mechanism, one of the primary reasons for deposit formation is the presence of radical initiators. The paraffinic blending of fuels shows promise in oxidatively stabilizing jet fuels. Research suggests blending reduces oxidation by diluting both the radical initiators and soluble deposit precursors. It is possible the use of this method could improve filter life and decrease operational costs. <br>A better understanding of the chemistry of deposit formation can lead to improved deposit inhibitors. Additives that have shown promise in bomb tubing studies were tested using flask oxidation. Additionally, extracted fuel polars reintroduced into the fuel at 0.3% v/v were tested for antioxidative activity. It was concluded the introduction of ppm levels of polar compounds extracted from fuel back into a fuel is very successful in limiting oxidative product formation. <br>One strategy for inhibiting deposit formation is the use of compounds that can act as oxygen/hydroperoxide scavengers. A linear free energy Hammett plot was developed for the reaction between molecular oxygen and triarylphosphines. Results indicate a very small positive charge buildup, suggesting a nonsynchronous concerted reaction. / Bayer School of Natural and Environmental Sciences / Chemistry and Biochemistry / PhD / Dissertation

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Thesis (D.Phil.(Information Science))-University of Pretoria, 2007. / Includes bibliographic references (leaves 228-254).

Thesis (doctoral)--Universität Marburg.

Le XIIe siècle est l’aube d’une nouvelle ère, marquée par la redécouverte du droit romain, mais aussi par la reprise des échanges économiques, échanges qui s'accentueront à partir de la fin du XVe siècle avec la conquête du Nouveau Monde. Devant faire face à ce nouveau droit, mais aussi aux nécessités économiques impliquant une technicité juridique accrue, les juristes médiévaux, tout comme leurs successeurs de la Renaissance, tentent de définir les contours de cette figure contractuelle romaine si énigmatique : le dépôt. Ce dernier est utilisé pour toutes sortes d’opérations économiques et juridiques, y compris les plus condamnables selon la morale de l'époque. De ce fait, outre la doctrine, c’est l’ensemble des acteurs du droit de ce temps qui sont contraints de tenter de régir et de définir cette figure contractuelle protéiforme. C’est ainsi que cette opération de catégorisation juridique va mobiliser tant les pouvoirs publics, que les juristes de droit coutumier et les praticiens, qui n'auront de cesse de tenter d'apporter des solutions à ce qui demeure, encore à l'heure actuelle, une épineuse problématique. / The XIIth century marked the dawn of a new era characterized by the revival of Roman law, as well as by a renewal in economic trade – trade that had expanded greatly by the late XVth century with the discovery and conquest of the New World. Confronted with this new legal context and with economic demands requiring more sophisticated legal skills, medieval jurists and their successors during the Renaissance attempted to define the contours of a very enigmatic Roman contractual agreement – the deposit. Deposit contracts were used for all sorts of economic and legal operations, including those deemed most morally reprehensible at the time. Thus, beyond the doctrine itself, all of the legal actors of the period were forced to attempt to regulate and define these multifaceted contractual agreements. Such efforts at legal categorization as such mobilized the energy of public authorities, but also of jurists of customary law and legal practitioners, who never stopped seeking solutions to a problem that remains a thorny issue even still today

Submitted by Fabio Sobreira Campos da Costa (fabio.sobreira@ufpe.br) on 2016-04-18T13:03:33Z No. of bitstreams: 2 license_rdf: 1232 bytes, checksum: 66e71c371cc565284e70f40736c94386 (MD5) Dissertação Michel Paixão.pdf: 4191711 bytes, checksum: b9cc45fd257ab37fa57ba808c5bb5732 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2016-04-18T13:03:33Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 2 license_rdf: 1232 bytes, checksum: 66e71c371cc565284e70f40736c94386 (MD5) Dissertação Michel Paixão.pdf: 4191711 bytes, checksum: b9cc45fd257ab37fa57ba808c5bb5732 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2014-08-14 / CAPEs / Este trabalho apresenta a modelagem e caracterização de uma jazida de areia e analisa a viabilidade técnica da mesma, para que a areia seja utilizada como agregado para construção civil. A jazida mineral está localizada às margens da rodovia federal BR-101, à noroeste do município de Igarassu, região metropolitana do Recife-PE e pertence a uma mineração local. Primeiramente, foi realizada uma pesquisa mineral no local do depósito, através de levantamentos geológicos, levantamentos topográficos e sondagens, para cubagem do mesmo. Em seguida, foram efetuadas várias análises físicas e químicas das características do material a ser extraído, tais como: caracterização e qualidade, análises granulométricas, análise química semi-quantitativa e análise de difração de raios-X. Na sequência, foi executada a modelagem geológica do corpo mineral, através do software DATAMINE STUDIO 3.0, para avaliar o seu potencial, sua dimensão e a viabilidade da lavra. Além disso, foram fornecidos subsídios para a elaboração de um projeto do empreendimento mineiro a ser implantado: lavra, carregamento e transporte, beneficiamento (com uma unidade de classificação) e os principais equipamentos necessários para este empreendimento. A partir dos resultados obtidos, constatou-se a viabilidade da areia para ser utilizada como agregado miúdo na construção civil, com a necessidade do tratamento prévio da mesma para se adequar as normas da ABNT, e obteve-se um volume médio de cerca de 7,5 milhões de metros cúbicos, ressaltando a exequibilidade da exploração da jazida com uma vida útil de aproximadamente 60 anos, para uma produção média de 25.000 m³/mês. / This work presents the modeling and characterization of a sand mine and analyze the technical feasibility of the same, so that sand be used as aggregate for civil construction. The mineral deposit is located on the edge of federal highway BR-101, to the northwest of the city of Igarassu, metropolitan area of Recife-PE and belongs to a local mining. First, a mineral survey was conducted at the site of deposit, through geological surveys, topographical surveys and drilling to cubage the same. Then, they were made several physical and chemical analysis of the characteristics of the material to be extracted, such as: characterization and quality, granulometric analyses, semi-quantitative chemical analysis and diffractometry analysis of X-ray. Following, it was executed the geological modeling of the mineral body, through datamine STUDIO 3.0 software to assess their potential, their dimension and viability of the mining operation. In addition, subsidys were provided for the elaboration of a mining project design to be implemented: mining, loading and transportation, beneficiation (with a classification unit) and the main equipment needed for this project. From the results, the feasibility of sand was found to be used as kid aggregate in civil construction, with the need for pretreatment of the same to suit the ABNT, and obtained an average volume of about 7,5 million cubic meters, emphasizing the exequibility of deposit exploration with a lifespan of about 60 years, to an average production of 25,000 m³/month.