This study is specifically directed to implications of international investment, policies and procedures by American business enterprise, i.e. the Multinational Corporations (MNCs) in Asia and Pacific, with specific reference to India and Developing Countries, in comparison to the total world.In anticipation of data to quantify and verify claims and counter claims concerning the effects of MINCs, the following objectives were studied: (1) the trends of the past decade of the U. S. direct investments by Majority Owned foreign affiliates, (2) the identification of significant economic and commercial areas in which public policiesand MNCs investment interact, (3) the major. policy consequences that flow from such interactions, and (4) projections of the trends for the period 1977 and 1979. The main policy areas discussed are: (1) U. S. direct investments (book value), (2) net capital outflows, (3) reinvested earnings, (4) earnings, (5) balance of payments income, (6) sales, and (7) expenditures.The research design incorporates treatment of regressions by using orthogonal polynomial model, correlations and analysis of financial ratios. Secondary source data has been primarily involved in the study. The two major sources of government data were the U.S. Department of Commerce publications from (1) the Bureau of Economic Analysis and (2) the Bureau of International Economic Policy and Research.The analysis of the data indicates that in the past decade (1966-75) the investments in the Total World had an increase of 42 percent with an increase of 172 percent in net sales. Developing Countries had an increase of 25 percent in investments with a 250 percent increase in net sales, an increase of 134 percent in plant and equipment expenditures and an increase of 120 percent in capital expenditure. _Asia and Pacific had an increase of 50 percent in investments, with 397 percent in plant and equipment expenditures and 241 percent in capital expenditure. However, in India decreases are indicated of 11 percent in investments and .13 percent in net sales, an increase of 25 percent was indicated in plant and equipment expenditures, with a decrease of 38 percent in capital expenditures.However, all the areas under study indicated a very significant increase in export sales to other foreign countries which signifies the maximum profit margin according to the analysis.The projections for 1975-1979 indicate an increase in investment of 252 percent in Developing Countries 115* percent in India, and an increase of 14 percent in Total World, with a decrease of 19 percent in Asia' and Pacific. However, there is an increase indicated in net sales of 48 percent in the Total 'world, 28 percent in Developing Countries, 100 percent in Asia and Pacific and 15 percent in India. Similarly, the expenditures project an increase in plant and equipment expenditures of 11 percent in Developing Countries, 43 percent in Asia and Pacific and a decrease of 89 percent in India.The following inferences have been drawn from this study: (1) investments of the 11NCs are going to increase in the Total World; (2) Asia and Pacific with reference also to India hive a very positive indication of expansion, particularly in petroleum and manufacturing affiliates; (3) net earnings have the maximum returns on export sales to other foreign countries followed by sales to the U. S. in all of the areas; (4) expansion of N1NCs investment in Developing Countries and Asia and Pacific indicates a higher return in the Balance of Payments Income, thus indicating a positive impact on the American economy as well as on the host country's economy; (3) defects of financial market mechanisms in the less developed countries as in India have vitally affected the flow and allocation of funds, the mobility of financial assets, and the value of money; (6) lack of a properly functioning capital market has vitally affected the economic development in the less developed countries.The following suggestions are presented as indicative of needed improvements in regard to the study:(1) A mixture of public and private institutions may achieve a workable allocation of loanable funds in a nation's credit market.(2) In the spirit of long-run analysis, it remains to be noted that current capital outflow gives to future return flow, which may depend on the degree of reinvestment abroad. This may also have its bearing on domestic investment. (3)Profits, before and after foreign tax, should be shown for foreign operations in the branch form. These profits are currently included with other types of foreign income.(4) Foreign taxes paid and the credit claimed against then: should be separated into foreign profit taxes (or other similar taxes) and foreign withholding taxes, and should be attributed to the various forms of foreign income (branch profits, dividends, interest, etc.).(5) The distribution of foreign income and taxes paid by size of total assets of the U. S. reporting corporation is inadequate. The breakdown is not advanced beyond the $250 million asset-size class and in some cases the breakdown stops at $100 million, even though the vast bulk of foreign income accrues to corporations in size classes above this level. This distribution should thus change.

The backwardness of developing countries is of concern to all students of economic development, particularly to those concerned with formulating programs for correcting regional inbalances within these countries. To this end, a lot of theories have been put forward by economists and by regional geographers.In this thesis an examination is trade of the growth pole theory and its applicability to solving the problems of regional inbalances in developing countries. First, the theory is examined in the light of other development theories. Second, an evaluation is made of the success of growth pole policies and programs in Latin America where a large variety of such programs have been studied. Last, on the basis of knowledge and experiences in Latin America, a theoretical growth pole model is made for Rhodesia. This model employs urban systems on a regional basis do correct inbalances caused by "line-of rail" development, a situation typical of developing countries.

The purpose of the study was to compare perceived master's level educational needs of baccalaureate educated community health nurses working in developed areas of the world to perceived master's level educational needs of baccalaureate educated community health nurses working in developing areas of the world. Forty subject areas recommended for master's education in community health nursing were identified. A questionnaire to determine the perceived importance of each subject area was administered to a sample population of nurses working in community settings in the United States and in twenty-eight developing countries. Forty null hypotheses were developed. Each hypothesis stated that there was no difference in perceived importance of including-the selected subject areas in master's education identified by community health nurses working in the United States and by community health nurses working in developing countries. Hypotheses were tested using the Chi-square, with the null hypotheses being rejected at the .05 level of significance.FindingsRespondents included 389 baccalaureate educated nurses from the United States and 39 baccalaureate educated nurses from developing countries. The analysis of data identified significant differences in responses of nurses working in the United States and nurses working in developing countries regarding the importance of including the following subject areas in master's education in community health nursing: applied sanitation, tropical diseases, school health practice, obstetric-gynecological practitioner skills, nurse-midwifery, outpatient medical-surgical skills, family coun seling, gerontology, grant writing, management theory, computer skills, medical anthropology, urban sociology, cross-cultural nursing, nursing theory, current issues and trends, research methods, political science, health policy and public speaking, in master's education in community health nursing.Subject areas were also analyzed for perceived importance to the entire population. Subject areas identified as very important to more than fifty percent of the population were community needs assessment, program planning, health education methods, physical assessment of adults, physical assessment of-.children, family counseling, nutrition therapy, gerontology, and current issues and trends.

No description available.

Work on relations between developing countries (LDCs) and the socialist countries has tended to focus on the Soviet Union because of its superpower status. This thesis adopts an alternative approach by examining relations between LDCs and a smaller, but still important country; because the absence of 'superpower' attitudes and concerns permits a less exclusive identification of the factors involved in bilateral economic relations between LDCs and a planned socialist economy. The immediate post-Stalinist era in Eastern Europe coincided with the post-colonial era in the Third World. Because Western literature in this period often imputed sinister motives to socialist countries 5 efforts to develop relations with the new states, this thesis has analysed (with the benefit of two decades of hindsight) the relative importance of political and economic factors in the evolution of Czechoslovak/LDC economic relations. Qualitative analysis was reinforced where appropriate with statistical correlations between economic variables (including delta coefficients) and an index of UN voting patterns developed to approximate bilateral Czechoslovak/LDC 'political affinity'. The comprehensive approach adopted contributed significantly to placing specific aspects of bilateral relations between Czechoslovakia and a core group of 41 LDCs in a broader and therefore enhanced perspective. A number of selected but interrelated issues were examined - inter alia, historical antecedents; the direction, composition, and stability of trade; payments; politics; the terms of trade; barriers to trade; development assistance; and the arms trade - within the analytical framework of the 'intensity' approach to foreign trade. It was found that trade with LDCs has been historically concentrated on a small number of the larger economies, consisting of an exchange of Czechoslovak manufactures for raw materials or semi-processed products. The overall trade share of LDCs has declined slowly but steadily since the early sixties. Relations in the period 1960-1975 appear to have been based primarily on commercial considerations. World prices are allegedly preferred in trade, entrepots are used, development assistance is extended with domestic interests in mind, etc. Political biases are apparent only on the broader level: e.g. the preponderance of India and Egypt in trade with LDCs.

Recent research has shown that money substitutes - whether in the form of foreign currency or of more exotic instruments such as privately-issued moneys - are common in developing and transition countries, and have important consequences for macroeconomic and financial sector policy. The aim of this thesis is to advance our theoretical and empirical understanding of the determinants of money substitution in developing and transition economies. We begin in Chapter 1 by addressing the need for a general theoretical framework for the analysis of money substitutes. Reviewing both the classical and the modern theoretical literature on money, we conclude that the Credit theory of money - an ancient but until recently neglected theory which conceives of money as a unilateral financial contract between its issuer and its bearer - is a useful framework for such analysis. In Chapter 2, we undertake an empirical analysis of non-cash settlements (NCS) in Croatia. Using time series econometric analysis, we demonstrate that the instruments used to settle NCS are at least in part substitutes for the national currency, created endogenously by the enterprise sector in response to constraints on their participation in the official monetary and banking system. We turn to the most important form of money substitute in developing and transition countries - foreign currency - in Chapter 3, where we present a new review of the theoretical and empirical literature on dollarisation. In particular, we track the evolution of theoretical models of dollarisation in response to the increasing empirical importance of financial dollarisation relative to currency substitution. In Chapter 4 we undertake an empirical study of the determinants of deposit dollarisation in the two transition economies of Estonia and Lithuania by building and interpreting dynamic, multiple equation, econometric models. We find that a simple, portfolio theoretic account of the dollarisation process furnishes a good explanation, but also that data availability limits the level of analytical detail that this approach can attain.

No description available.

No description available.

This dissertation is concerned with the principles of pavement management systems and their applications in western and developing countries. The first part of the dissertation deals with the principles of pavement engineering and the role of the different layers in order to gain the required knowledge in highway pavement components, which will allow a cost-effective repair related to each specific defect. The second part deals with the existing systems for monitoring pavement condition and evaluatest heir benefit in assessingh ighway condition. The study shows the main problems usually militate against using the sophisticated technology in monitoring highway condition and implementing maintenance management systems in some cities in developing countries. In addition to the problems inherent in cities in developing countries, the city of Benghazi in Libya has special factors which have developed as a result of UN sanctions which were imposed in 1992. Therefore, the city of Benghazi has been selected as a case study for this particular research since it is a typical example of most cities in developing countries in terms of size, population and in ten-ns of lack of maintenance resources and skilled labour (Benghazi might have been so well resourcedth at it would no longer fall into the categoryo f developingc ity but for the sanction). The objectives of the study are attained through conclusions which indicate that establishing a pavement maintenance strategy in the city of Benghazi based on any or some of the sophisticated technology in road condition monitoring is not appropriate. This conclusion is tested by manufacturing a unique prototype measuring machine and using it in pilot monitoring exercises in the cities of Newcastle and Sunderland. The results of these pilot exercises are analysed to evaluate the benefit which such appropriate technology equipment can bring to the issue of monitoring of pavement condition in cities in developing countries having problems similar to those that prevail in Benghazi. The prototype equipment developed in this study is unique in that it is purely mechanical and uses no electronics in monitoring road condition. Moreover, all parts of the machine are fabricated from materials available in most cities in developing countries and therefore such machines could be easily maintained locally. The prototype described in this study is not only relevant to road monitoring but points the way towards the development of similar equipment in many engineering situations in developing countries. This research study points engineers in similar conditions in the direction that the Author thinks they should follow in applying their engineering abilities in developing countries.

This study examines human rights in the North-South relations of three internationalist countries: Canada, the Netherlands, and Norway. It pays special attention to the integration of human rights in development aid policy, particularly the use of political conditionality. The theoretical framework examines the explanatory power of political Realism. A hypothesis linking policy assertiveness with the perceived costs to other national interests is tested by selecting Western states most likely to disprove Realist assumptions, and by choosing at least two Third World cases for each aid donor: one where economic, political and strategic interests are high, and another where the same interests are minimal or low. Three frameworks to (1) document human rights abuses; (2) evaluate national human rights performance; and (3) gauge foreign policy assertiveness serve as the methodological lenses to analyze Western statecraft and test the hypothesis. / Each donor's search for moral opportunity is visible in an emerging agenda to promote human rights and democratic development. However, if the resolve to defend human rights beyond national borders is gauged by a state's willingness to incur harm to other important national interests, then Canada, the Netherlands, and Norway are seldom disposed to let human rights trump more self-serving national interests. The potential for consistent and principled human rights statecraft is frequently undermined by Realism's cost-benefit rationality.