The enormous biodiversity of microalgae as well as their high photosynthetic rates can be exploited for a wide variety of applications including the production of high value chemicals, nutraceuticals, aquaculture feed, and most recently, biofuels. Regardless of the application, the productivity of the microalgae culture must be optimized in order to make the systems economically feasible. One environmental factor that greatly affects the productivity of mass cultivation systems is temperature since it can be prohibitively expensive to control in outdoor systems. Temperature affects microalgae growth rates both directly by its effect on metabolic rates, and indirectly, by changing the bioavailability of the inorganic carbon present in solution. In the first part of this research, the effects of dissolved inorganic carbon (DIC) concentration (varied by sparging CO₂-enriched air) and temperature on the growth of a model microalga species (Nannochloris sp., UTEX LB1999) were investigated in a turbidostat bioreactor. The results indicate that increasing DIC concentration yields higher microalgae growth rates up to an optimum value (around 3 mM for Nannochloris sp.) but higher concentrations actually inhibited growth. Since increasing the temperature decreases the DIC concentration for a given gas pCO₂, it is necessary to adjust the pCO₂ to maintain the target DIC concentration in the optimal range for growth. In the next phase of the research, the effect of average light intensity (Gav) and temperature on the growth rate of two microalgae species (Nannochloris sp., UTEX1999. and Phaeodactylum tricornutum, UTEX646) was investigated. Growth rates were measured over a range of average light intensities and temperatures using a turbidostat bioreactor. A multiplicative model was developed to describe growth as a function of both average light intensity and temperature. In the third phase of this research, both microalgae species were grown together to explore the effects of temperature fluctuations on the population dynamics of the co-culture. It was observed that Nannochloris was inhibited by the presence of P. tricornutum in the medium, probably due to the excretion of secondary metabolites into the medium that affected Nannochloris growth (allelopathic effects). The temperature and average light intensity model developed under monoculture conditions was modified to incorporate the allelopathic effects observed. The resulting model provided a reasonable fit to the dynamic behavior of a Nannochloris/P. tricornutum co-culture subjected to temperature variations in chemostat experiments. / text

The issue of the thesis fall under the department of non destructive testing of wood. The thesis description is an experiment, which includes the measurement by application of a new semi destructive device on wooden beams commonly used in historical constructions in the Czech Republic. This measurement was monitored by DIC technology at the same time. The part of the results of work is also the treatise about the influence of different factors like the wood density, moisture content and others. This final thesis also discusses about the accuracy and appropriateness the measurement by a new diagnostic device for in-situ determination of strength and modulus of deformability in compression of wood parallel to fibers.

Comprehensive carbon chemistry (TA, DIC, pH, and fCO2) and other pertinent data (temperature, salinity, nitrate, and Chl a) were measured for the surface water samples collecting from the entire East China Sea (ECS) shelf in July 2007. Results showed that the spatial variations of carbon chemistry parameters were closely responded to the distribution of different water types. The lowest and highest TA values corresponded well to the least saline Changjiang Diluted Water (CDW) and the most saline Kuroshio Water (KW), respectively. The low DIC and fCO2 but high pH values of CDW and the Yellow Sea Water (YSW) were generally found in the northern part of shelf, while the high DIC and fCO2 but low pH values of the Coastal Upwelling Water (CUW) were observed in the southwestern shelf. Intermediate DIC, fCO2 and pH values of the warm and oligotrophic KW and Taiwan Current Warm Water (TCWW) occurred in the southeastern shelf. The CDW and the YSW were the two major CO2 sinks with fluxes of -7.2 to -12.5 and -5.9 to -11.4 mmolC m-2 day-1, respectively. The CUW was the most important CO2 source with a flux of 2.4 to 3.5 mmolC m-2 day-1. The KW and the TCWW were weak CO2 sources with fluxes of 0.7 to 1.2 and 0.4 to 0.6 mmolC m-2 day-1, respectively. As the while, entire ECS acted as a sink of atmospheric CO2 with a flux of -1.2 to -2.2 mmolC m-2 day-1 during the study period. On contrary to previous thought, result from this study, suggests that instead of high biological production, high TA input from Huanghe might contribute largely to the major sink in the YSW. Since the capacity of CO2 uptake is closely related to different water types, the change of circulation pattern in response to the reduction of CDW after the full operation of Three-Gorges Dam (TGD) may play an important role on the possible future change of the capacity of the overall ECS to uptake atmospheric CO2.

名古屋大学年代測定総合研究センターシンポジウム報告

Scatter observed in the fatigue test results of a cast nickel-based superalloy may arise from its coarse grain microstructure. With only a few grains through the sample cross-section, it has been postulated that the inherent anisotropy of individual grains results in the different surface strain distributions during testing. Crystal plasticity finite element modelling (CPFEM) was used to model the deformation of a fat test piece containing a few grains in the cross-section. The mesh was generated using EBSD maps from the surfaces of samples that were subjected to monotonic and cyclic loading at two different temperatures. Digital image correlation (DIC) was used to study the local strain the same sur- faces. Heterogeneous strain distribution, that could be responsible for scatter in the fatigue test results, was observed both in the model and experimentally. However, they were quantitatively different. These differences are attributed to the simplistic microstructural representation in the model and its inability to accurately represent intergranular deformation. The inherent anisotropy within grains resulted in different surface strain distributions during cyclic loading and it was observed that the fatigue life of the test specimens could be correlated to the maximum plastic strain in the sample at the end of the first cycle. As the CPFE model captured the maximum strain measured experimentally, the maximum strain at the end of the first cycle was determined as a fatigue indicator parameter (FIP) for the number of cycles to failure. Randomly generated synthetic microstructures were then loaded in tension and it was observed that when using local strain as a FIP, the scatter in orientations of individual grains resulted in scatter in the expected fatigue life.

Dissolved inorganic carbon (DIC), titration alkalinity (TA), and nitrate + nitrite (N+N) are measured from seasonal cruises at the time-series site SEATS in the northern South China Sea (18¢XN 116¢XE) between March 2002 and November 2004. The most distinctive feature of the annual nDIC (DIC normalized to a constant salinity of 33.8) cycle is an increase in wintertime and a decrease in summertime (March¡VAugust). The nDIC drawdown (-3.15 ¡Ó 2.23 mmol m-2 day-1) at summertime is mainly attributed to biological uptake of DIC. The other terms in the DIC budget calculation, i.e. the carbon fluxes of air-sea CO2 gas exchange, horizontal advection and vertical diffusion, are estimated to be -0.48 ¡Ó 0.31, -0.70 ¡Ó 0.86, and 2.50 ¡Ó 0.59 mmol m-2 day-1, respectively. Accordingly, results from the DIC budget calculation reveals a net community production (NCP) of -4.47 ¡Ó 1.98 mmol m-2 day-1. This calculated NCP from our data is in good agreement with the export and new production previously reported in the South China Sea. The consistency demonstrates that carbon system is almost in a steady state during summertime at SEATS. According to the Refield C : N ratio of 106 : 16, a flux of 0.67 ¡Ó 0.30 mmol m-2 day-1 of bioavailable nitrogen (Nbio) is needed to sustain the calculated NCP. The source terms in the Nbio budget calculation, i.e. the nitrogen fluxes of vertical diffusion, wet deposition, dry deposition and the contribution from the putative nitrogen-fixing cyanobacteria Trichodesmium and Richelia intra., are estimated to be 0.20 ¡Ó 0.04, 0.03 ¡Ó 0.01, 0.04 ~ 0.08, and 0.02 ~ 0.13 mmol m-2 day-1, respectively. It thus seems that all the source terms can only collectively account for 50 ~ 70% Nbio needed to support the estimated NCP. With this regard, unicellular cyanobacteria, which have been reported as an important N2-fixer in the subtropical North Pacific and identified by the nitrogenase genes (nifH) in the small size (less than 10

Extreme temperatures have increasingly played an important role in engineering applications, including leading edges during hypersonic flight, spacecraft re-entry, and propulsion systems. In order to design for such thermo-mechanical conditions, materials must be characterized using suitable measurement methods. DIC is a popular and versatile method in full-field measurement. In brief, DIC compares images of a sample between its undeformed and deformed state in order to get displacement and strain field maps. Since the images are acquired from digital cameras, it is important to have high contrast images for meaningful correlation. Exposure time is a pivotal camera setting relating to camera sensitivity. Alteration in exposure time results in variation of image contrast, thereby affecting DIC correlation. Also, it is well known that at extreme temperatures, materials emit light which can saturate DIC camera sensors, but the light can be mitigated using optical bandpass filters. In previous work, many have shown that blue bandpass filters can effectively extend the temperature range of DIC, and our lab has shown that ultraviolet (UV) filters can extend the range further. In this thesis, four different temperatures: room temperature, 1300°C, 1450°C, and 1600°C were tested by rigid-motion experiments. At each temperature level, UV images were acquired in order to examine the variation of DIC error over the whole range of exposure time. UV images were acquired at exposure times ranging from 500μs to 61,000μs, which are the minimum and maximum possible values for the cameras used in this thesis. The results showed that there were higher errors of UV-DIC at extremely dark or bright exposure times where as errors were generally insignificant at intermediate exposure times. In order to perform meaningful DIC up to 1600oC, the exposure time for the camera used in this thesis is suggested to be set between 10,000μs and 40,000μs.

Advanced high strength steel (AHSS) provides a lightweight material solution in response to the stringent regulation on fuel economy and greenhouse gas emissions in the automotive industry. Dual phase (DP) steels that consist of a hard martensite phase embedded in a soft ferrite matrix are the most widely used AHSS due to their simple microstructure, robust thermo-mechanical processing and attractive mechanical properties. However, DP steels are prone to deform heterogeneously with strong strain partitioning between phases. The addition of Vanadium in DP steels can form nano-precipitates of vanadium carbonitrides (V (C,N)) that strengthen the ferrite and thus reduce the strain partitioning. This study considered the influence of V (C,N) on the deformation and damage behavior of ferrite-martensite DP1300 steels at the microscopic level. The hardness of the embedded ferrite and martensite regions are determined through nano-hardness testing. In-situ uniaxial tension tests were conducted on DP steels with similar martensite volume fractions within a scanning electron microscope (SEM) chamber. Microscopic-digital image correlation (µDIC) was then employed to analyze the local strain partitioning between ferrite and martensite. Local damage events such as void formation at ferrite martensite island interfaces and in the martensite islands were observed and rationalized with the µDIC results. X-ray computed tomography (XCT) were conducted to quantitatively analyze the microstructure damage. It was found that vanadium addition helps refine the microstructure and improve mechanical compatibility between the two phases. The overall ductility of the steel is enhanced especially in terms of post-uniform elongation and true strain to fracture. / Thesis / Master of Applied Science (MASc)

Esta dissertação teve como objetivo o estudo de modelos para séries temporais bivariadas, que tem a estrutura de dependência determinada por meio de funções de cópulas. A vantagem desta abordagem é que as cópulas fornecem uma descrição completa da estrutura de dependência. Em termos de inferência, foi adotada uma abordagem Bayesiana com utilização dos métodos de Monte Carlo via cadeias de Markov (MCMC). Primeiramente, um estudo de simulações foi realizado para verificar como os seguintes fatores, tamanho das séries e variações nas funções de cópula, nas distribuições marginais, nos valores do parâmetro de cópula e nos métodos de estimação, influenciam a taxa de seleção de modelos segundo os critérios EAIC, EBIC e DIC. Posteriormente, foram realizadas aplicações a dados reais dos modelos com estrutura de dependência estática e variante no tempo / The aim of this work was to study models for bivariate time series, where the dependence structure among the series is modeled by copulas. The advantage of this approach is that copulas provide a complete description of dependence structure. In terms of inference was adopted the Bayesian approach with utilization of Markov chain Monte Carlo (MCMC) methods. First, a simulation study was performed to verify how the factors, length of the series and variations on copula functions, on marginal distributions, on copula parameter value and on estimation methods, may affect models selection rate given by EAIC, EBIC and DIC criteria. After that, we applied the models with static and time-varying dependence structure to real data

Syftet med examensarbetet har varit att studera kol i mindre vattendrag med hjälp av jämviktsmodellering i PHREEQC. Fokus har varit dynamik av löst icke organiskt kol (DIC) samt att förstå hur mycket koldioxid (CO2) som avges från mindre vattendrag och om den mängden har signifikant inverkan på den globala kolbalansen. Med hjälp av provtagen data från Krycklans avrinningsområde år 2003-2007 och 2009 har modellering av DIC och pCO2 utförts med målet att se förändring både över säsong och nedströms i ytvattensystemet. För att utvärdera modellen har tillhandahållen data över uppmätt pCO2 använts. Målet var att jämföra modellerade och tillhandahållna pCO2-värden för att se hur väl modellen kunde beskriva verkligheten och om den fungerade bättre för någon plats eller under vissa delar av året. Analysen visade att pCO2-värden för modellen följer uppmätta pCO2-värden förhållandevis bra. Avvikelserna var störst för en av provpunkterna (provpunkt 6). Modellerade pCO2-värden följde de uppmätta pCO2-värden bäst under vårfloden. Modellen och analys av data visade tydliga indikationer på en avgång av CO2 från vattendraget. / The purpose of this Master thesis has been to study carbon flux in creeks. Chemical equilibrium models were produced to this end using PHREEQC. Specifically, dissolved inorganic carbon (DIC) quantities have been studied in order to understand the discharge of carbon dioxide (CO2) from the creek headwaters and how that affects the global carbon balance. Modeling of DIC and pCO2 was conducted using data from 2003-2007 and 2009 sampled at two points in the Krycklan research catchment located in northern Sweden. Seasonal variation of DIC and pCO2 in the two sample points was studied as well as the difference of these quantities between the two points. Evaluation of the model was done in part by comparing predicted pCO2 values with actual values stemming from a previous study leading to an assessment of the validity of the model. One of the sample points showed larger discrepancies between predictedand actual values than the other. Studying the seasonal variation of discrepancies, they were at the minimum during the spring flood. Finally, the analysis showed clear indications of a net CO2 discharge from the creekstretch between the two sample points.