Comprehensive carbon chemistry (TA, DIC, pH, and fCO2) and other pertinent data (temperature, salinity, nitrate, and Chl a) were measured for the surface water samples collecting from the entire East China Sea (ECS) shelf in July 2007. Results showed that the spatial variations of carbon chemistry parameters were closely responded to the distribution of different water types. The lowest and highest TA values corresponded well to the least saline Changjiang Diluted Water (CDW) and the most saline Kuroshio Water (KW), respectively. The low DIC and fCO2 but high pH values of CDW and the Yellow Sea Water (YSW) were generally found in the northern part of shelf, while the high DIC and fCO2 but low pH values of the Coastal Upwelling Water (CUW) were observed in the southwestern shelf. Intermediate DIC, fCO2 and pH values of the warm and oligotrophic KW and Taiwan Current Warm Water (TCWW) occurred in the southeastern shelf. The CDW and the YSW were the two major CO2 sinks with fluxes of -7.2 to -12.5 and -5.9 to -11.4 mmolC m-2 day-1, respectively. The CUW was the most important CO2 source with a flux of 2.4 to 3.5 mmolC m-2 day-1. The KW and the TCWW were weak CO2 sources with fluxes of 0.7 to 1.2 and 0.4 to 0.6 mmolC m-2 day-1, respectively. As the while, entire ECS acted as a sink of atmospheric CO2 with a flux of -1.2 to -2.2 mmolC m-2 day-1 during the study period. On contrary to previous thought, result from this study, suggests that instead of high biological production, high TA input from Huanghe might contribute largely to the major sink in the YSW. Since the capacity of CO2 uptake is closely related to different water types, the change of circulation pattern in response to the reduction of CDW after the full operation of Three-Gorges Dam (TGD) may play an important role on the possible future change of the capacity of the overall ECS to uptake atmospheric CO2.

Thesis (M.S. in Engineering Acoustics)--Naval Postgraduate School, September 2003. / Thesis advisor(s): Kevin B. Smith, Daphne Kapolka. Includes bibliographical references (p. 69-71). Also available online.

This thesis considers the maritime boundary dispute between China and Japan in the East China Sea in an attempt to resolve the dilemma of continental shelf entitlement and delimitation. The dispute concerns how to delimit a maritime boundary where the parties rely on the different basis for continental shelf entitlement provided for in Article 76(1) of UNCLOS, namely natural prolongation and distance, and the area to be delimited is less than 400 nautical miles when measured from the coasts of both States. China asserts its entitlement based on natural prolongation to the outer edge of the continental margin, while Japan claims a 200 nautical mile distance continental shelf. Using the doctrinal approach, this thesis notes that delimitation must be carried out in accordance with entitlement and focuses on an analysis of the meaning of Article 76(1), enquiring into the role of natural prolongation in the establishment of the outer edge of the continental margin beyond 200 nautical miles. It re-assesses the ICJ's decision in the Libya/Malta case where it was held that unless the delimitation area is at least 400 nautical miles, natural prolongation is irrelevant. This thesis considers the status of natural prolongation under customary international law and UNCLOS, arguing that natural prolongation is a valid basis for continental shelf entitlement. In critiquing the Libya/Malta decision, this thesis argues that there is no 400 nautical mile rule in UNCLOS, that the determination of each State's entitlement must be conducted on an individual basis, the length of the delimitation area being immaterial. Arguing that the two criteria of natural prolongation and distance are equally valid, this thesis found that they could be applied simultaneously over the same area to determine the area of overlapping entitlements, which is then the area to be delimited. Other connected issues to this dispute including the role of the Diaoyu/Senkaku Island dispute and the duty of States in disputed maritime areas are also discussed in relation to the main delimitation question. On the basis of the analysis, two options for delimiting the East China Sea were considered: the three-stage methodology and an alternative involving the use of a median line to divide the area of overlapping entitlements. In both methods, the position taken was that natural prolongation and distance should be reflected as relevant circumstances. Thus, it was acknowledged that both methods could produce similar results. However, the second option was shown to be preferable as it is embodies the quality of objectivity compared with the threestage methodology where adjusting the line in the second stage to take account of relevant circumstances proved to be subjective and unpredictable.

The Changjiang River provides the main source of sediment and terrestrial derived organic carbon (OC) to the Changjiang large delta-front estuary (LDE) in the East China Sea (ECS). This study analyzed bulk OC, biomarkers including lignin and plant pigment, black carbon (BC) on ECS sediments sampled in winter 2009 and 2010 in order to study the OC cycling under the influence of natural and anthropogenic disturbance. Low-oxygen tolerant foraminiferal microfossils were analyzed in another two sediment cores to study the historical hypoxia events in the Changjiang LDE. Bulk carbon to nitrogen (C/N) ratio and stable isotope δ13C in the surface sediment samples indicated a mixture source of terrestrial, deltaic and marine derived OC. Refractory BC and reworked marine OC seemed to comprise most of the OC pool with older, less reactive signatures as deduced from ∆14C, and BC analyses. Winter wind/wave energy and hydrodynamic sorting had a substantial winnowing effect on surface sediment OC redistribution. As a result, the highest lignin concentration shifted to the south during the 2010 cruise after the summer flood event. In addition, algal inputs from local deltaic lakes due to eutrophication and/or lateral transport likely caused the observed lack of benthic-pelagic coupling of pigment concentrations between the surface sediments and the water column after the summer flood in 2010. For the down-core sediment, the mass accumulation rate distribution followed the dispersal pathway of the ECS sediment. Terrestrial and marine derived OC showed significant spatial and temporal distribution. Lignin rich materials were better preserved in sediments closer to the coast while offshore sediments tended to be composed of lignin-poor, degraded OC, that were likely hydrodynamically sorted to a long distance during transport. Besides eutrophication, plant pigments indicated that marine-derived OC was mostly deposited in the sediment mixed layer with decay in the underlying sediment accumulation layer. The total OC standing stock since 1900 is approximately 1.62±1.15 kgC m^-2, about 1/10 of the total OC stock in all the middle and lower lakes in the Changjiang catchment. There has been an increase in the number of hypoxic bottom water events on the Changjiang LDE over the past 60 yrs indicated from the increases in low-oxygen tolerant foraminiferal microfossils due to excess deposition of OC and summer stratification.

The East China Sea (ECS) dispute between Japan, the People’s Republic of China, and the Republic of China began in the early 1970s and has continued to escalate. Although the Japanese government claims to handle conflicts in the disputed area as domestic matters, scholarship has focused on the dispute as an international relations or legal issue between states. This project explores the dispute as an issue in domestic Japanese politics by examining the narratives and power dynamics of the major political parties, nationalist and ultraconservative groups, and Okinawan activists vis-à-vis the national government and international actors.

China and Japan have claimed sovereignty of tiny, inhabitant islands in the East China Sea for a long time. This paper attempts to analyze this territorial dispute from the conflict transformation perspective to seek a peaceful end. I believe that Nationalism plays a key role and interferes to resolve the dispute by international conflict resolution methods. To prove the influence of the nationalism on the dispute, I conducted a survey to measure individual’s nationalistic attributions and inquire attitudes toward the islands dispute of Chinese and Japanese. The survey result shows that a majority of the both Chinese and Japanese participants having a strong individual nationalistic attribution support their nation’s sovereignty over the islands. Moreover, a majority of the Chinese and Japanese having a weak individual nationalistic attribution do not support their nations’ sovereignty rather take different positions regarding to the islands dispute.

China and Japan have claimed sovereignty of tiny, inhabitant islands in the East China Sea for a long time. This paper attempts to analyze this territorial dispute from the conflict transformation perspective to seek a peaceful end. I believe that Nationalism plays a key role and interferes to resolve the dispute by international conflict resolution methods. To prove the influence of the nationalism on the dispute, I conducted a survey to measure individual’s nationalistic attributions and inquire attitudes toward the islands dispute of Chinese and Japanese. The survey result shows that a majority of the both Chinese and Japanese participants having a strong individual nationalistic attribution support their nation’s sovereignty over the islands. Moreover, a majority of the Chinese and Japanese having a weak individual nationalistic attribution do not support their nations’ sovereignty rather take different positions regarding to the islands dispute.

The purpose of this thesis is to investigate the value-added of the Navy's nowcast/forecast and GFO satellite to the naval antisubmarine warfare (ASW) and anti-surface warfare. For the former, the nowcast/forecast versus observational fields were used by the WAPP to determine the suggested presets for MK 48 variant torpedo. The metric used to compare the two sets of outputs is the relative difference in acoustic coverage area generated by WAPP. Output presets are created for five different scenarios, two anti-surface warfare scenarios and three ASW scenarios, in each of two regions: the East China Sea and South China Sea. Analysis of the output reveals that POM outperforms MODAS in all tactic scenarios. For the latter, the MODAS (T, S) profiles were used by the WAPP to determine suggested presets for Mk 48 variant torpedo. The only difference in the MODAS fields was the altimeter used to initialize the respective MODAS fields. The same metrics used in the nowcast/forecast case were used to generate and compare the acoustic coverages. Analysis of the output reveals that, in most situations, WAPP output is not very sensitive to the difference in altimeter orbit.

This study utilized, for the first time, the d18Osw as a tracer to investigate the seasonal variations of circulation in the Taiwan Strait (TS), which is the predominant sea passage with an average depth of 60 m connecting the East China Sea (ECS) and the South China Sea (SCS). The result shows that the circulation system in TS is mainly influenced by the inter-mixing among the China Coastal Water (CCW), the SCS water (SCSW), and the Kuroshio Water (KW). In spring, the KW dominates in TS, whereas the CCW is still observed in northwest TS. During the summer, SCSW replaces the KW and becomes the major water type in the TS, yet the KW is found to be restricted in the southwest part and the bottom of the TS. Due to the larger discharge from rivers (mainly the Yangtz River), the CCW has a more extensive distribution in the TS in summer than other seasons. In fall and winter, the CCW occupies the northern part of TS due to the stronger northeastern monsoon which limits the intrusion of the KW through the Luzon Strait to the northern TS. The two distinct water types inevitably form a front in the central TS. The hydrographic variations at Penghu Channel (PHC) were also explored in this study. The d18Osw indicates that the perennial intrusion of the KW into the PHC is varying throughout different seasons. This intrusion is found strongest in fall and winter. In summer, the upper layer of PHC is occupied chiefly by SCSW, while the KW remains at the bottom layer in PHC. By including an additional inflow of 0.5Sv from TS to ECS, this study further reconstructed a box model of the ECS, which was previously furnished by Lin(1999). The new estimates suggest that ~0.38*104 km3/year of the Kuroshio surface water (0-50m) and ~1.54*104 km3/year of the upwelled Kuroshio subsurface water (50-150m) are transported to the ECS, while ~3.83*104 km3/year of the ECS water are exported to the western Pacific Ocean.

Colored dissolved organic matter (CDOM) is a part of total dissolved organic matter (DOM) and plays an important role in marine carbon cycling. Thus, a better description of the fates of CDOM may increase our understanding of DOM sources and sinks in marginal seas. This study aims to explore the distributions and possible controlling factors of DOM in the Taiwan Strait (TS) and the East China Sea (ECS) in the summer season. The TS is a marginal sea of interest as it receives freshwater from both Taiwan Island and Mainland China and it also connects water transports between ECS, South China Sea (SCS) and Kuroshio water (KW). The concentration of DOM is slightly higher in the western side (China coast) than in the eastern side (Taiwan coast), and the highest concentration is always found in the Minjiang plume, revealing a significant impact of river discharge. The absorption and fluorescence properties of CDOM varied to a large degree with space arisen from the mixing of source waters including freshwater (from Taiwan and Mainland China), Changjiang diluted water (CDW), SCS water and KW. The KW and river-plume waters (Changjiang, Minjiang) have the lowest and highest values for absorption coefficient (a(325)) and fluorescence intensity of terrestrial humic-like CDOM (Ft: Ex/Em= 320-360/420-460), respectively. Both a (325) and Ft correlated inversely with salinity. Although the spectral slope (S) varied only within a small range, it still can be used to differentiate water masses in TS, as the S value is generally lower in coastal waters than in SCS and KW. Meanwhile, Ft is highly correlated with surface DIN and Si in TS, showing that these parameters are strongly influenced by terrestrial inputs. There are six types of water masses mixing in the ECS in summer named CDW, Yellow Sea water (YSW), China coastal upwelling water, KW, Taiwan Strait Warm Current (TSWC) and Kuroshio upwelling water. Generally, the concentrations of DOC, DON and DOP are the highest in the surface water and decrease with depth due to strong degradation below the surface. The DOC/DOP and DOC/DON ratios of the most stations are higher than the Redfield ratio, showing a carbon enrichment of DOM in the ECS. The optical properties of CDOM show particular DOM characteristics in different water masses and reveal clearly the sources of DOM over various zones. After the operation of Tree-Gorges Dam, the CDW covering zone is likely reduced as reflected from the spatial patterns of salinity and absorption coefficient. The factor analysis implies that the terrestrial inputs and influence may be the dominant factor in constraining DOM and CDOM distributions in the TS and ECS.