Comprehensive carbon chemistry (TA, DIC, pH, and fCO2) and other pertinent data (temperature, salinity, nitrate, and Chl a) were measured for the surface water samples collecting from the entire East China Sea (ECS) shelf in July 2007. Results showed that the spatial variations of carbon chemistry parameters were closely responded to the distribution of different water types. The lowest and highest TA values corresponded well to the least saline Changjiang Diluted Water (CDW) and the most saline Kuroshio Water (KW), respectively. The low DIC and fCO2 but high pH values of CDW and the Yellow Sea Water (YSW) were generally found in the northern part of shelf, while the high DIC and fCO2 but low pH values of the Coastal Upwelling Water (CUW) were observed in the southwestern shelf. Intermediate DIC, fCO2 and pH values of the warm and oligotrophic KW and Taiwan Current Warm Water (TCWW) occurred in the southeastern shelf. The CDW and the YSW were the two major CO2 sinks with fluxes of -7.2 to -12.5 and -5.9 to -11.4 mmolC m-2 day-1, respectively. The CUW was the most important CO2 source with a flux of 2.4 to 3.5 mmolC m-2 day-1. The KW and the TCWW were weak CO2 sources with fluxes of 0.7 to 1.2 and 0.4 to 0.6 mmolC m-2 day-1, respectively. As the while, entire ECS acted as a sink of atmospheric CO2 with a flux of -1.2 to -2.2 mmolC m-2 day-1 during the study period. On contrary to previous thought, result from this study, suggests that instead of high biological production, high TA input from Huanghe might contribute largely to the major sink in the YSW. Since the capacity of CO2 uptake is closely related to different water types, the change of circulation pattern in response to the reduction of CDW after the full operation of Three-Gorges Dam (TGD) may play an important role on the possible future change of the capacity of the overall ECS to uptake atmospheric CO2.

Thesis (M.S. in Engineering Acoustics)--Naval Postgraduate School, September 2003. / Thesis advisor(s): Kevin B. Smith, Daphne Kapolka. Includes bibliographical references (p. 69-71). Also available online.

This thesis considers the maritime boundary dispute between China and Japan in the East China Sea in an attempt to resolve the dilemma of continental shelf entitlement and delimitation. The dispute concerns how to delimit a maritime boundary where the parties rely on the different basis for continental shelf entitlement provided for in Article 76(1) of UNCLOS, namely natural prolongation and distance, and the area to be delimited is less than 400 nautical miles when measured from the coasts of both States. China asserts its entitlement based on natural prolongation to the outer edge of the continental margin, while Japan claims a 200 nautical mile distance continental shelf. Using the doctrinal approach, this thesis notes that delimitation must be carried out in accordance with entitlement and focuses on an analysis of the meaning of Article 76(1), enquiring into the role of natural prolongation in the establishment of the outer edge of the continental margin beyond 200 nautical miles. It re-assesses the ICJ's decision in the Libya/Malta case where it was held that unless the delimitation area is at least 400 nautical miles, natural prolongation is irrelevant. This thesis considers the status of natural prolongation under customary international law and UNCLOS, arguing that natural prolongation is a valid basis for continental shelf entitlement. In critiquing the Libya/Malta decision, this thesis argues that there is no 400 nautical mile rule in UNCLOS, that the determination of each State's entitlement must be conducted on an individual basis, the length of the delimitation area being immaterial. Arguing that the two criteria of natural prolongation and distance are equally valid, this thesis found that they could be applied simultaneously over the same area to determine the area of overlapping entitlements, which is then the area to be delimited. Other connected issues to this dispute including the role of the Diaoyu/Senkaku Island dispute and the duty of States in disputed maritime areas are also discussed in relation to the main delimitation question. On the basis of the analysis, two options for delimiting the East China Sea were considered: the three-stage methodology and an alternative involving the use of a median line to divide the area of overlapping entitlements. In both methods, the position taken was that natural prolongation and distance should be reflected as relevant circumstances. Thus, it was acknowledged that both methods could produce similar results. However, the second option was shown to be preferable as it is embodies the quality of objectivity compared with the threestage methodology where adjusting the line in the second stage to take account of relevant circumstances proved to be subjective and unpredictable.

China and Japan have claimed sovereignty of tiny, inhabitant islands in the East China Sea for a long time. This paper attempts to analyze this territorial dispute from the conflict transformation perspective to seek a peaceful end. I believe that Nationalism plays a key role and interferes to resolve the dispute by international conflict resolution methods. To prove the influence of the nationalism on the dispute, I conducted a survey to measure individual’s nationalistic attributions and inquire attitudes toward the islands dispute of Chinese and Japanese. The survey result shows that a majority of the both Chinese and Japanese participants having a strong individual nationalistic attribution support their nation’s sovereignty over the islands. Moreover, a majority of the Chinese and Japanese having a weak individual nationalistic attribution do not support their nations’ sovereignty rather take different positions regarding to the islands dispute.

China and Japan have claimed sovereignty of tiny, inhabitant islands in the East China Sea for a long time. This paper attempts to analyze this territorial dispute from the conflict transformation perspective to seek a peaceful end. I believe that Nationalism plays a key role and interferes to resolve the dispute by international conflict resolution methods. To prove the influence of the nationalism on the dispute, I conducted a survey to measure individual’s nationalistic attributions and inquire attitudes toward the islands dispute of Chinese and Japanese. The survey result shows that a majority of the both Chinese and Japanese participants having a strong individual nationalistic attribution support their nation’s sovereignty over the islands. Moreover, a majority of the Chinese and Japanese having a weak individual nationalistic attribution do not support their nations’ sovereignty rather take different positions regarding to the islands dispute.

The purpose of this thesis is to investigate the value-added of the Navy's nowcast/forecast and GFO satellite to the naval antisubmarine warfare (ASW) and anti-surface warfare. For the former, the nowcast/forecast versus observational fields were used by the WAPP to determine the suggested presets for MK 48 variant torpedo. The metric used to compare the two sets of outputs is the relative difference in acoustic coverage area generated by WAPP. Output presets are created for five different scenarios, two anti-surface warfare scenarios and three ASW scenarios, in each of two regions: the East China Sea and South China Sea. Analysis of the output reveals that POM outperforms MODAS in all tactic scenarios. For the latter, the MODAS (T, S) profiles were used by the WAPP to determine suggested presets for Mk 48 variant torpedo. The only difference in the MODAS fields was the altimeter used to initialize the respective MODAS fields. The same metrics used in the nowcast/forecast case were used to generate and compare the acoustic coverages. Analysis of the output reveals that, in most situations, WAPP output is not very sensitive to the difference in altimeter orbit.

This study utilized, for the first time, the d18Osw as a tracer to investigate the seasonal variations of circulation in the Taiwan Strait (TS), which is the predominant sea passage with an average depth of 60 m connecting the East China Sea (ECS) and the South China Sea (SCS). The result shows that the circulation system in TS is mainly influenced by the inter-mixing among the China Coastal Water (CCW), the SCS water (SCSW), and the Kuroshio Water (KW). In spring, the KW dominates in TS, whereas the CCW is still observed in northwest TS. During the summer, SCSW replaces the KW and becomes the major water type in the TS, yet the KW is found to be restricted in the southwest part and the bottom of the TS. Due to the larger discharge from rivers (mainly the Yangtz River), the CCW has a more extensive distribution in the TS in summer than other seasons. In fall and winter, the CCW occupies the northern part of TS due to the stronger northeastern monsoon which limits the intrusion of the KW through the Luzon Strait to the northern TS. The two distinct water types inevitably form a front in the central TS. The hydrographic variations at Penghu Channel (PHC) were also explored in this study. The d18Osw indicates that the perennial intrusion of the KW into the PHC is varying throughout different seasons. This intrusion is found strongest in fall and winter. In summer, the upper layer of PHC is occupied chiefly by SCSW, while the KW remains at the bottom layer in PHC. By including an additional inflow of 0.5Sv from TS to ECS, this study further reconstructed a box model of the ECS, which was previously furnished by Lin(1999). The new estimates suggest that ~0.38*104 km3/year of the Kuroshio surface water (0-50m) and ~1.54*104 km3/year of the upwelled Kuroshio subsurface water (50-150m) are transported to the ECS, while ~3.83*104 km3/year of the ECS water are exported to the western Pacific Ocean.

Colored dissolved organic matter (CDOM) is a part of total dissolved organic matter (DOM) and plays an important role in marine carbon cycling. Thus, a better description of the fates of CDOM may increase our understanding of DOM sources and sinks in marginal seas. This study aims to explore the distributions and possible controlling factors of DOM in the Taiwan Strait (TS) and the East China Sea (ECS) in the summer season. The TS is a marginal sea of interest as it receives freshwater from both Taiwan Island and Mainland China and it also connects water transports between ECS, South China Sea (SCS) and Kuroshio water (KW). The concentration of DOM is slightly higher in the western side (China coast) than in the eastern side (Taiwan coast), and the highest concentration is always found in the Minjiang plume, revealing a significant impact of river discharge. The absorption and fluorescence properties of CDOM varied to a large degree with space arisen from the mixing of source waters including freshwater (from Taiwan and Mainland China), Changjiang diluted water (CDW), SCS water and KW. The KW and river-plume waters (Changjiang, Minjiang) have the lowest and highest values for absorption coefficient (a(325)) and fluorescence intensity of terrestrial humic-like CDOM (Ft: Ex/Em= 320-360/420-460), respectively. Both a (325) and Ft correlated inversely with salinity. Although the spectral slope (S) varied only within a small range, it still can be used to differentiate water masses in TS, as the S value is generally lower in coastal waters than in SCS and KW. Meanwhile, Ft is highly correlated with surface DIN and Si in TS, showing that these parameters are strongly influenced by terrestrial inputs. There are six types of water masses mixing in the ECS in summer named CDW, Yellow Sea water (YSW), China coastal upwelling water, KW, Taiwan Strait Warm Current (TSWC) and Kuroshio upwelling water. Generally, the concentrations of DOC, DON and DOP are the highest in the surface water and decrease with depth due to strong degradation below the surface. The DOC/DOP and DOC/DON ratios of the most stations are higher than the Redfield ratio, showing a carbon enrichment of DOM in the ECS. The optical properties of CDOM show particular DOM characteristics in different water masses and reveal clearly the sources of DOM over various zones. After the operation of Tree-Gorges Dam, the CDW covering zone is likely reduced as reflected from the spatial patterns of salinity and absorption coefficient. The factor analysis implies that the terrestrial inputs and influence may be the dominant factor in constraining DOM and CDOM distributions in the TS and ECS.

Bibliographic note STRAATSMA, Wietse. China's Maritime Lawfare in the South China Sea. Prague, 2018. 83 pages. Master's thesis (Mgr.) Charles University, Faculty of Social Sciences, Institute of Political Studies. Department of Security Studies. Supervisor PhDr. Vít Střítecký, M.Phil., Ph.D. Abstract The primary aim of this thesis is to examine if and how the People's Republic of China uses legal warfare to strengthen its maritime power in the South China Sea. To examine this, Dunlap's interpretation of lawfare has been combined with a lawfare typology from Kittrie to create a framework from which China's behavior has been examined. The paper posits that China's behavior in and related to the South China Sea meets the criteria of lawfare. China utilizes both instrumental lawfare and compliance-leverage disparity lawfare to justify its legal claims on the South China Sea's maritime sphere and the landforms that lie within it. This lawfare combined with enforcement has led to China gaining substantial maritime power. The islands China occupies and their militarization have granted it marine resources, naval power, and bases to project power from. The thesis contributes to the literature on China's behavior in the South China Sea by providing a lens through which to view its actions. Moreover, it contributes...

設立防空識別區的根本目的是為了維護國家空防安全，基本理念是｢禦敵於國門之外｣，是國家行使自保權的需要，是一個主權國家的重要防禦手段。空軍軍事法院院長刑洪波曾說：作為一個預警概念，防空識別區制度具有國家性、單方性、穩定性、防禦性、強制性五個方面的特性。防空識別區的劃設與國家安全的關係是緊密不分的，雖然防空識別區是由自身國家所劃設，在國際上是不具有國際法效力，但是此區可以說是一個國家空防能夠及早預警的延伸範圍，所以它的劃設是具有其必要性的。而如何劃設本身國家的防空識別區便與國際政治上國家與國家之間的影響力有密切關係。 近年來中共經濟發展迅速，在國際事務上已成關鍵，有發展成強權國家之勢，在2012年發生了日本收購釣魚島事件，對於東海戰略平衡上，破壞了中、日、台在東海上的平衡，也影響了中共防空識別區的劃定及周邊航道安全的維護。而2013年中共設立東海防空識別區，對於國際造成嚴重影響，尤其是東海地區局勢更加動盪。中共在2015年1月15日發布飛航公告，擬在台灣海峽劃設一條南北向新航路，與東西向三條新航路，此舉動造成台灣海峽及附近區域安全上的強烈衝擊。而美國為了圍堵、威攝和遏制中國大陸的崛起，近年來不斷的和日、韓等國家在黃海、東海、南海地區頻繁進行大規模軍演，並決定｢亞太再平衡政策｣，推動戰略東移目標，要在2020年內將60%的軍事力量轉移至亞太地區，擴大其在該地區的軍事基地建設，進駐先進武器在關島及其他基地。而對中華民國而言，中共劃設東海防空識別區對東海地區安全的衝擊，是非常重要的，中華民國應強化在東海的話語權，並從多邊面向思考對外發展戰略思維的調整。 / Established air defense identification zone's fundamental purpose is to safeguard national aviation security, the basic idea is the "enemy out," is the need to exercise the right of national self-protection is an important means of defense of a sovereign state. President of the Air Force Military Court Criminal Hongbo said: As an early warning concept, air defense identification zone system has national characteristics unilateral, stability, defense, mandatory five aspects. Designation of the relationship between national security and air defense identification zone are closely regardless, although the air defense identification zone is the designation of the country itself, it is in the international community does not have the force of international law, but this area can be said to be a country capable of air defense extending the scope of immediate early warning, so it is a designation of its necessity. And how the designation of their national air defense identification zone will be closely related to the international political influence on the state and between countries. In recent years, the CCP's rapid economic development, has become critical in international affairs, has developed into a potential power countries, Japan, the acquisition of the Diaoyu Island incident occurred in 2012, the strategic balance on the East China Sea, destroyed, Japan and Taiwan in the East China Sea balance, also affected the delineation and the surrounding seaways CCP air defense identification zone maintenance. And in 2013 the CPC established the East China Sea air defense identification zone for international severely affected, especially the situation in the East China Sea region more volatile. CCP released January 15, 2015 flight announcement, to be in the Taiwan Strait designation of a new north-south route, with three new east-west route, this move will have a strong impact on the vicinity of the Taiwan Strait and regional security. And the United States to containment, deterrence and curb the rise of mainland China, in recent years, and Japan, Korea and other countries frequently conduct large-scale military exercises in the Yellow Sea, East China Sea, South China Sea, and decided to "rebalance Asia policy" to promote the strategic eastward target to 60% in 2020 year will be transferred to the Asia-Pacific region's military to expand its construction of military bases in the region, advanced weapons stationed in Guam and other bases. The Republic of China, the CPC designation of the impact of the East China Sea air defense identification zone of the East China Sea regional security, it is very important to the Republic of China should strengthen the right to speak in the East China Sea, and think to adjust its foreign strategic thinking from multilateral development-oriented.