Confidentiality as a group norm and how it affected self-disclosures in personal growth groups were compared between control and treated groups. The sample consisted of 53 students enrolled in a graduate level group counseling course. The students were randomly assigned to six groups: three control and three experimental groups. Each group had two facilitators. The groups all met in the same place, at the same time and observed the same protocols. The process group model was followed. This study had four hypotheses and three main objectives: first, to determine what effect establishing confidentiality as a norm had on a participant's self-disclosures, second, to determine if the group members believed that the norm of confidentiality would be breached by either the group facilitators or the group members; and, finally, to examine the attitudes and opinions of control and treated group members towards the belief that confidentiality as a group norm would promote more self-disclosures in personal growth groups. The qualitative and quantative data revealed that confidentiality as a norm did not produce significantly greater self-disclosures. Group members generally believed that confidentiality among members would be observed and members had a high belief that their group facilitators would not violate their stated ethical standards. There was no significant difference between control and treated groups in their belief that confidentiality as a norm was important for self-disclosures to occur. / Graduation date: 1986

Evolutionary theory provides a useful framework for understanding the possible genesis and benefits of spirituality and/or religiosity. Research within psychology on Attachment and Object Relations Theory indicates congruence between the way we relate and perceive others and the way we relate to and perceive “God”. In addition research has indicated that spirituality and religiosity in general are related to better health outcomes. This study examined the possible differential benefits of using the Pennebaker Written Emotional Disclosure paradigm with or without a spiritual/religious framework. Furthermore, it was hypothesized that any incremental benefits would be moderated by attachment style and level of object relations development. This study provided no support for either a differential effect of writing instructions or for a moderating effect of attachment style or level of object relations development. Implications and suggestions for future inquiry are discussed.

According to the interpersonal process model, interactions characterized by self-disclosure and empathic responding foster emotional intimacy between the two participating individuals (Reis & Shaver, 1988). This study provided “insider” and “outsider” perspectives of this model, examining the relation between perceived and observed behaviors in couple interactions and their relative contributions to the development of intimate feelings. The sample consisted of 102 community couples who completed measures of intimacy after engaging in videotaped discussions about relationship injuries that occurred both within and outside of the relationship. Both self-report and observational measures were used to assess disclosure and empathic responding during these discussions. There was significant agreement between self- and observer-report of men’s behavior, between self- and observer-report of women’s male partner’s behavior, and between partners’ report of disclosure and empathic responding. There was mixed support for global distress and attachment style as predictors of differences between self- and observer-report. Whereas an earlier study using observational measures found gender differences in the effect of self-disclosure and empathic responding on intimacy (Mitchell et al., 2008), in this study self-report measures from the same sample indicated that perception of both an individual’s own and his or her partner’s disclosure and empathic responding predicted intimacy for both men and women. Observational measures provided incremental validity relative to self-report measures in predicting intimacy. These findings suggest that targeting certain personal and relational characteristics may be helpful in treating intimacy deficits and also indicate that self-report and observational measures provide unique information about the influence of behaviors on the development of intimate feelings in couple relationships.

The Administration Yuan Department of Health revised the medical treatment method, the third reading to have already passed on April 28th in 93 years. Revise the point be increasing the medical juristical person particularly the chapter the part already the clear statement standard it to change the system and build up the system. This research is standard according to the latest medical treatment organization classification that announced, the current conditions that inquires into the medical treatment organization finance information to make public currently, and from the point of view of stackholders:Investors and donators, analyzing the reading of hospital¡¦s public information for different relation persons, the usage index sign of the financial report, relatively manage it with company mutually the congeniality, the aptness and urgency that makes public currently for the hospital finance information is the research point of this thesises. Hospital's user in the information is divided into the exterior inspector,investor and inner part the governor, the hospital and company are establishing the dissimilarity on the property, the index sign that make public is also different, ducting in to make public the feasibility of the information with the analytical hospital from here. The medical treatment juristical person for match with the ordinance provision and reach the society direct to carry out the information to make public, is an irresistible general trend. With Department of Health announce the corporate body hospital financial report and each hospital manages the data the finance that make public voluntarily on the website for sample carry on the discussion. Because the medical treatment juristical person organization belongs to the not-for-profit organization, making public in the finance information up is different from in appear on market the listed company generally, The purpose of this research is inquiring into the hospital in order to respond the all society to inspect the public wealth to fly to, it carries on the public finance clarity and importance's lying in through the public lesson responsibility to safeguard the public benefit and the others rights, by the publication and transparency of the finance information, the public-spirited service and the mission responsibility that let the people understand and recognizes the pure hospital to should have, makes public the index sign and the rating result to information, expect the idea that can build up inspecting the hospital information to make public, being the investor and donator contributing money the reference that the person carries on making policy. This research makes use of the domestic and international cultural heritage research through ising analytical than the research, letting the donator known the management information and funds that its organization should make public the hospital to fly to, making the hospital be able to participate the social salvage more physically, Letting the investor known to take hospital as to invest the object of information's making public should belong to which contents, making the funds of the capital market flowed into the medical treatment industry, reaching the correction lawmaking purpose of the medical treatment method. Carrying out the hospital manages the mechanism to mainly expect to lie in the trust that can raise to contribute money the person and investor to the medical treatment juristical person, Making the national health insurance resource ability reasonable assigned through the publicly transparent finance information, reducing the medical treatment juristical person organization and an output information dissymmetry of the National Health Insurance Bureau and the morals risk of the occurrence, Passing by the public finance information makes public, and combines the exterior resultant force direct, can make to contribute money the person,investor eventually, the public ,the medical treatment promoter and the health insurance bureau to all win.

This study was an attempt to begin to understand the phenomenon of coming out from the parental perspective. Specifically, it focused on the factors contained within a child’s disclosure of his or her sexual orientation and their impact on a parent’s satisfaction with the disclosure. Participants were eleven parents of gay and lesbian children. Participants were interviewed individually regarding their memories of the moment that their children revealed their sexual orientations to them. Participants were asked questions about the parent/child relationship prior to the disclosure, questions about the disclosure as it actually occurred, and were also asked to describe the most ideal coming out scenario that they could imagine. Interview data were analyzed according to the naturalistic inquiry process as outlined by Lincoln and Guba (1985). The results indicate that there are two types of components that influence parental satisfaction with the disclosure of a child’s sexual orientation: relational components and process components. Relational components are those aspects of the parent/child dynamic that influence a parent’s feelings of satisfaction regarding the disclosure experience. Process components are the specific elements of the disclosure moment that influence a parent’s ability to assimilate the information shared by the child and subsequently allow for the integration of that information into their schema of the child and the parent/child relationship. These two categories are discussed along with a proposed framework for understanding them as well as methods of integrating them into an individual’s coming out script. The findings of the current study may be useful in helping gay and lesbian children develop more successful and accessible coming out disclosures which are targeted towards their parents. In addition, these results may guide the interventions of mental health professionals as they work with individuals who are preparing to come out to their parents. Future studies that address the specific components mentioned within this study would be useful, as would studies which address the coming out phenomenon from the perspective of other family members.

Thesis (M.A.)--West Virginia University, 2002. / Title from document title page. Document formatted into pages; contains v, 42 p. Includes abstract. Includes bibliographical references (p. 30-35).

Thesis ( Ph.D. ) -- University of Texas at Arlington, 2008.

Title from PDF of title page (University of Missouri--Columbia, viewed on Feb 15, 2010). The entire thesis text is included in the research.pdf file; the official abstract appears in the short.pdf file; a non-technical public abstract appears in the public.pdf file. Dissertation advisor: Dr. Inder Khurana and Dr. Raynolde Pereira Vita. Includes bibliographical references.

Thesis (M.A.)--York University, 2001. Graduate Programme in Psychology. / Typescript. Includes bibliographical references (leaves 47-53). Also available on the Internet. MODE OF ACCESS via web browser by entering the following URL: http://wwwlib.umi.com/cr/yorku/fullcit?pMQ67725.

Research has shown that when a person who stutters self-discloses to a listener that he or she is a stutterer, this self-disclosure may positively impact the listeners' perceptions of the stuttering speaker. However, findings from previous studies have been limited in several ways. The purpose of this study was to further examine if listeners' perceptions of a stuttering speaker vary depending on whether or not the speaker self-discloses that they stutter, and if listener perceptions are subject to gender bias. We addressed limitations of prior studies by utilizing both male and female stuttering speakers who spoke directly to the viewer of the video, by balancing combinations of video viewings to account for potential effects of order, and by attempting to recruit a larger number of subjects. Participants (n =27) were randomly assigned to view two of the four possible videos (male self-disclosure, male no self-disclosure, female self-disclosure, and female no self-disclosure). After viewing both videos, participants immediately filled out a survey assessing their perceptions of the speakers' personality traits. Results for effects of self-disclosure achieved significance for "no difference" for traits of more intelligent, more unintelligent, and more unfriendly. These non-significant trends suggest self-disclosure might positively affect listener perceptions of a stuttering speaker, Results for effects of gender achieved significance for "no difference" for traits of more intelligent, more unintelligent, and more confident. In summary, results from this study show potential emerging trends that self-disclosure positively affects listeners' perceptions of stuttering speakers. / text