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An overview of the varied clinico-neurological features of dyskinesias in general is presented, and literature an the epidemiology af tardive dyskinesia since the introduction of antipsychotic drugs in 1950, reviewed. Furthermore reasons for the wide variations in previously published prevalence figures have been critically highlighted, and suggestions based upon the current state of clinical and experimental knowledge put forward concerning the pathogenesis of drug induced movement disorders. The type and prevalence of abnormal or purposeless involuntary movements has been surveyed among a large sample of long term White patients resident in Town Hill Hospital for a period of not less than 4 years, mast af whom were either currently receiving or had received neuroleptic medication. This sample comprised 190 men and 98 women whose ages ranged from the third to the ninth decade. Patients manifesting abnormal movements were grouped into 5 general diagnostic categories for analysis viz. schisophrenic disorders, affective disorders, organic brain disorders and syndromes, defective mental development and discrete neurological disorder. The movements were clinically classified in terms cf the areas of the body involved and semi quantitatively measured according to a standardised duration rating scale procedure. Involuntary movements were noted to be present in a total o-f 83 patients examined, most o-f which were adjudged to correspond to the syndrome currently termed 'tardive dyskinesia'. Subtype analysis o-f movement distribution indicated that 277. of cases manifested classical oro-facial dyskinesia while 527. showed body dyskinesia o-f the type designated ' pseudaakathisia'; the balance o-f the patients presented combinations o-f the two types. Schizophrenic disorders constituted the commonest diagnostic category in the dyskinesia group up to the fifth decade. Functionally obtrusive involuntary movements were observed in only some 77. of the patients with dyskinesia. Prevalence overall was equal between the sexes, and no correlations were discerned between age, sex, diagnosis or dyskinesia subtype of cases and the rating scores obtained. Prevalence rates obtained by this survey are favourably low by comparison with many results of overseas investigators, and are similar in this respect to figures reported in the very few prevalence studies carried out to date in South African institutions. / Thesis (M.Med.)-University of Natal, Durban, 1985.

The aim of this study was to determine if dialect status has an effect on the frequency at which kindergarteners produce nonmainstream English markings for regular third person, IS and ARE, and regular past tense when producing oral narratives. Specifically, I wished to determine if child speakers of African American English (AAE) and child speakers of Southern White English (SWE) mark these structures with nonmainstream English forms at different rates. The narrative data came from language samples that had been previously collected from twenty kindergarten speakers of AAE and twenty kindergarten speakers of SWE. All of the children were recruited from various primary schools in rural Louisiana, and their dialect status was confirmed with a listener judgment task. The narratives were elicited by asking the children to produce narratives based on three to four pictures. Their narratives were then transcribed and coded. Once the narratives were transcribed, the target grammar structures were coded as mainstream overt, nonmainstream overt, or nonmainstream zero. The rate of nonmainstream marking was calculated by dividing each childs number of nonmainstream overt and nonmainstream zero markings by the total number of opportunities that each child had to produce the structures. For all three grammar structures, the AAE-speaking children producing higher rates of nonmainstream marking than their SWE-speaking peers. Additionally, it was found that both groups were more likely to produce nonmainstream forms with the auxiliary than copular BE form. These findings suggest that the rate of nonmainstream marking in narratives differs based on a childs dialect status in ways that are consistent with what has been documented in studies of conversational language samples. However, by comparing the current results to a previous study of the grammatical structures produced in conversation, it was found that narratives were more likely to elicit past tense structures while conversations were more likely to elicit present tense structures.

This thesis deals with factors which may be related to faulty body image in anorexic, bulimic, overweight, and non-eating-disordered (ED) women. It was found that anorexic, bulimic, and overweight women overestimated their body sizes whereas non-eating-disordered controls were accurate regardless of assessment method. Additionally, ED women had slimmer notions of average, normal-healthy, ideal and own ideal sizes than did controls. For controls and successful dieters, the larger one perceived oneself to be the larger were one's selection of references sizes; this was not found for anorexic and bulimic women, nor for unsuccessful dieters. Successful dieters in a weight loss program had more accurate body images and selected larger references than did unsuccessful dieters. Body size confrontation resulted in more accurate body image and in more positive attitudes toward dieting in anorexics.

Visual manifestations of migraine are largely considered transient, without permanent sequelae. Recent findings raise the possibility of persistent ocular and neural manifestations. This thesis investigates visual function in migraine during the period between episodes by applying various psychophysical tests to two migraine groups (migraine with aura ( n = 20) and migraine without aura (n = 20)) and comparing the results to those of a nonheadache control group (n = 20). Tests were designed to address the level of visual system involvement, and to investigate the extent to which selective visual processes, specifically, motion and other forms of temporal modulation are adversely affected in migraine. / The first experiment assessed global processing of complex form and motion in Glass patterns. Compared to nonheadache participants, the migraine groups demonstrated significantly elevated motion detection than motion discrimination thresholds. In contrast, average form detection thresholds were almost identical between subject groups. The second experiment measured perimetrically, in each eye, global motion sensitivity in fifteen localized visual field regions and compared these results in the same subjects to those obtained from conventional luminance-based perimetry. Perimetry testing revealed that two-thirds of migraineurs had localized deficits in motion coherence. Almost all motion field defects occurred in regions of normal sensitivity to the luminance targets. Over 80% of migrainous visual field defects were nonhomonymous, indicating that dysfunction occurs largely prior to the optic chiasm. Homonymous defects were also detected, raising the possibility of postchiasmal dysfunction, although several of these defects may represent independent monocular losses. The stability of a sample of field defects was retested after a 4--6 week delay. Sixty-percent of the motion defects persisted. These regions could support normal resolution acuity, but in most cases, not the discrimination of small increments in speed in globally coherent motion. / Also included is a study of the spatial and temporal frequency characteristics of visual discomfort to grating patterns. Visual discomfort was experienced by a greater proportion of migraineurs than nonheadache controls, and at significantly lower levels of stimulus contrast in migraineurs than in controls. Gratings modulated at high temporal frequencies were particularly effective in eliciting discomfort in migraineurs. / Comparison of individual results across the various tests suggests that functional deficits in migraine (i) are demonstrated on tasks that involve global motion and other forms of temporal modulation, (ii) occur primarily prior to the optic chiasm, but may, in some cases, also involve higher-levels of the visual pathway. Theoretical and clinical implications on migraine pathology and the visual system are discussed.