Thesis (Ph. D.)--University of Wisconsin--Madison, 1982. / Typescript. Vita. Description based on print version record. Includes bibliographical references.

Specific Drosphila tRNA Ser4,7 plasmids were identified and isolated by hybridization with purified [¹²⁵I] tRNA Ser4,7 molecules. Seven clones were isolated carrying the Drosphila Ser tRNA Ser4,7 gene and were further characterized by restriction endonuclease digestion; agarose gel electrophoresis and hybridization with individual purified [¹²⁵I] tRNA Ser4,7 molecules. The results show that five different DNA fragments have been isolated, four which code for a single, specific isoacceptor, and one which appears to code for two different isoacceptors. Two plasmids which initially contained multiple Hind III inserts upon primary isolation were recloned to contain single Hind III inserts containing the tRNA Ser4,7 gene. One of these recloned plasmids contained a smaller tRNA Ser4,7 gene carrying insert than did its original multiple insert isolate. Small tRNA Ser4,7 gene carrying restriction fragments were labelled with T4 polynucleotide kinase and [³²P] ATP, strand separated, and electroeluted, in preparation for nucleotide sequencing. / Science, Faculty of / Microbiology and Immunology, Department of / Graduate

Capripoxviruses are of particular interest as live recombinant vectors for use in the veterinary field, since their host-range is restricted to cattle, goats and sheep. The work presented in this thesis is a preliminary study undertaken on the South African Neethling vaccine strain of lumpy skin disease virus (LSDV). As a departure point towards the eventual identification of strong promoter areas in the 143 kb genome of LSDV, a portion of its genome was cloned. Three methods for purification of LSDV DNA were compared, to determine which yielded the best quality DNA for cloning. DNA extracted directly from infected cells was excessively contaminated with bovine host-DNA, complicating the cloning of LSDV DNA. The use of pulsed field gel electrophoresis solved the contamination problem, by separating viral DNA from bovine DNA. However, insufficient amounts of viral DNA for cloning purposes, could be recovered from the gel. Sufficient amounts of good quality LSDV DNA was obtained by extraction from purified virions. Purified LSDV DNA was digested with various restriction enzymes to identify those which yielded several 4-1 0 kb fragments, for cloning into the Bluescribe plasmid transcription vector. Enrichment for large fragments (8-1 0 kb) was achieved by sucrose density centrifugation. Cloned fragments were analysed by Southern blot hybridisation to verify their viral origin. Hybridisation studies indicated that several unique regions of the LSDV genome were cloned as Pst I and Bam HI fragments respectively, i.e. the cloned fragments contained no overlapping regions. In total, 71.25 kb of the DNA of the LSDV Neethling vaccine strain has been cloned, representing approximately 50% of the viral genome. The availability of these clones now paves the way for further molecular investigations of the LSDV Neethling genome, including identification of promoter regions. A trial gene, which will be cloned and expressed in LSDV, namely the cloned VPS-gene of bluetongue virus serotype 4, was prepared and its nucleotide sequence determined. Homopolymer sequences present at the terminal ends of the gene as a result of the original cloning strategy, are known to interfere with expression and were removed by means of the polymerase chain reaction (PCR). The nucleotide sequence of the resulting PCR-tailored BTV4 VPS-genewas determined and used to deduce the amino acid sequence of the protein. The gene is 1638 bp in length and encodes a protein of 526 aa. Conserved sequences, 6 bp in length and unique to the 5'- and 3'terminal ends of all BTV genes, were detected at the termini of the tailored gene, confirming that the original clone was a full-length copy of the gene. Amplification by PCR did not mutate the open reading frame (OAF) of the gene, since it was of similar length to that reported for 5 other BTV serotypes. With a view to future investigations, including the identification of promoter sequences in the LSDV genome, a preliminary investigation of LSDV protein synthesis was undertaken, to acquire some knowledge of the growth cycle of the virus. Eighteen putative virus-specific proteins were identified by radio-labelling infected cells with [³⁵S]-methionine. By pulse-labelling infected cells with [³⁵S]methionine at various times post infection (p.i.), viral proteins were first detected at 16 hr p.i. It is, however, unlikely that the early phase of viral replication commences as late as 16 hr p.i. and these results might be attributed to various problems, such as the low multiplicity of infection used and that host protein shut-down was inefficient, thus masking the presence viral proteins. In conclusion, this investigation resulted in the cloning of 71,25 kb of the LSDV genome, the tailoring and sequencing of the BTV4 VPS gene and the identification of 18 putative LSDV proteins. This now paves the way for further research to develop LSDV as a vaccine vector.

Novel pairs of Bet/Exo recombineering proteins were identified in the beta-proteobacterium Laribacter hongkongensis (LHK) and in the SXT genetic element isolated from Vibrio cholerae. In this research, these new recombineering proteins were functionally characterized using a variety of in vivo and in vitro techniques. The SXT-Exo and LHK-Exo proteins were both found to be alkaline exonucleases, with activities similar to those of Lambda-Exo. Both the SXT-Bet/Exo and LHK-Bet/Exo protein pairs had dsDNA recombination activity within E. coli. / Recombineering is a powerful tool used to manipulate or engineer DNA in vivo, which enables chromosomes and plasmids to be modified precisely and efficiently. It is of critical importance for research into genome and proteome function, and greatly facilitates metabolic engineering applications. The Lambda-Red (Bet and Exo) and RecET proteins constitute the most efficient bacterial recombineering systems characterized to date. However, they work only in E. coli or closely-related bacteria (e.g. Salmonella spp.), which limits their widespread application. / The Lambda-Red and RecET recombineering systems can use PCR products (double stranded DNA, dsDNA) or single stranded DNA (ssDNA, oligonucleotides) to create precise point mutations (substitutions), gene deletions and insertions in chromosomal or episomal DNA. The Exo/RecE exonuclease proteins digest dsDNA and produce long 3'-ssDNA tails. The Bet/RecT ssDNA annealing proteins bind to these 3'-ssDNA tails and promote their homologous recombination with complementary ssDNA regions on the chromosome or episome. / The results described in this thesis will be very useful in assisting the future development of novel recombineering systems that can be used for genetic engineering applications across a wide range of bacterial organisms. Such tools will greatly promote functional genomic and proteomic studies within these organisms, and may also be used for microbial engineering and biotechnological applications. / The ssDNA recombination activities of five different Bet/RecT recombinases were directly compared using an E. coli reporter system. The comparison revealed that Bet protein from LHK had a higher efficiency than Lambda-Bet or RecT. Based on their predicted secondary structure, a set of rationally-designed lambda-Bet protein truncations were prepared and their biological activity was examined, to investigate structure-function relationships within this recombinase. / Chen, Wenyang. / Adviser: Ho W.S. / Source: Dissertation Abstracts International, Volume: 73-02, Section: B, page: . / Thesis (Ph.D.)--Chinese University of Hong Kong, 2010. / Includes bibliographical references (leaves 113-128). / Electronic reproduction. Hong Kong : Chinese University of Hong Kong, [2012] System requirements: Adobe Acrobat Reader. Available via World Wide Web. / Electronic reproduction. [Ann Arbor, MI] : ProQuest Information and Learning, [201-] System requirements: Adobe Acrobat Reader. Available via World Wide Web. / Abstract also in Chinese.

The discovery of novel genes involved in hematopoietic development and lymphoid function is necessary for the understanding of these systems. To this end, we utilized transmembrane protein-specific gene trapping in embryonic stem (ES) cells, a method of forward genetics, to identify a novel, complex locus from which several splice variants arise. The trapped locus identified in the KST30 ES cell clone encodes several genes including outer membrane protein 25 (OMP25) and activin receptor interacting protein (ARIP2) and two novel genes, AK74 and AK88. AK74 is highly conserved between human and mouse with 85% identity at the amino acid level. The human homolog was cloned from CD34+ cord blood hematopoietic stem cell progenitors (HSCPs) implying that it may have a role in the hematopoietic system. We generated mice from the gene trapped ES cells, called KST30 mice, to analyze the expression pattern of transcripts from the trapped locus in the hematopoietic system. Utilizing the gene trap LacZ reporter and RT-PCR, we found that AK88 and AK74 are expressed in hematopoietic stem cells and thymocytes and that AK88 and ARIP2 are dramatically up-regulated in activated Band T lymphocytes. In addition, we found restricted expression of the gene trap in most non-lymphoid tissues. Interestingly, the expression pattern of the gene trap coincides with the expression of activin signaling components in many cell types including thymocytes, activated B cells, hematopoietic stem cells and the ductal cells of the pancreas. AK74, AK88 and ARIP2 share two exons that encode a 44 amino acid region. ARIP2 negatively regulates activin signaling through endocytosis of Activin type II receptors. The N-terminal PDZ domain associates with ActRII and mediates endocytosis via association with RalBP1. The region of ARIP2 that associates with RalBP1 encompasses the 44 amino acid region also found in AK74 and AK88, suggesting that these proteins may also associate with RalBP1, perhaps sequestering it from ARIP2. This possibility combined with the similarities between gene trap expression and expression of the components of activin signaling indicates a role of the trapped genes in activin signaling. AK74 and AK88 have a signal sequence and transmembrane domain that are predicted to direct them to mitochondria. To confirm this prediction, we examined the subcellular localization of AK74 and found that it localizes to a punctate, perinuclear structure identified as mitochondria using a mitochondria specific dye. AK74 was not seen in the cytoplasm, nucleus or at the plasma membrane of cells. To determine the function of these novel genes, AK74 was retrovirally over-expressed in a double positive thymoma cell line and examined the global expression profile using Affymetrix gene chip. AK74 changed the expression levels of 36 genes greater than 3-fold compared to vector alone. Of these genes, several are involved in cytoskeletal rearrangement, apoptosis or are regulated by calcium signaling. Using yeast two-hybrid, several candidate binding partners for AK74 were identified, one of which is the receptor for activated protein kinase C (RACK1). RACK1 was also identified as a potential binding partner for AK88. RACK1 is a WD40 domain-containing scaffolding protein that has been implicated in many pathways but most prominently in the protein kinase C signaling pathway. Association with RACK1 by either AK74 or AK88 suggests that they may be involved in RACK1 function. Both RACK1 and PKC are involved with Ca2+ signaling through different mechanisms. This, combined with global gene expression changes in AK74 over-expressing cells suggests a role for AK74, AK88 or ARIP2 in Ca2+ signaling. When we examined the expression of the trapped genes in mice homozygous for the gene-trapped allele (KST30tr/tr) we found that insertion of the gene trap caused a severe decrease in AK88 and ARIP2 but not AK74 transcripts. Analysis of KST30tr/tr mice showed no abnormalities in conventional lymphoid populations and precursors, however, intraepithelial lymphocyte (IEL) populations were altered by the loss of AK88 and/or ARIP2. There was an approximate 2-fold decrease CD8αα+ T cells in the small intestine while CD8αβ+ T cells were largely unaltered. Using gene trap technology, we have identified two novel, mitochondria-localized proteins. The cumulative findings described in this thesis, including the homology between AK74, AK88 and ARIP2, their expression pattern and the phenotype of KST30tr/tr mice, suggest possible roles of AK74 and AK88 in diverse pathways.

Thesis (D.P.H.)--University of Michigan.

Dissertation (D.P.H.)--University of Michigan.