Thesis (Ph. D.)--University of Oklahoma. / Includes bibliographical references.

Thesis (Ph. D.)--Case Western Reserve University, 2006. / [School of Medicine] Department of Environmental Health Sciences. Includes bibliographical references. Available online via OhioLINK's ETD Center.

Thesis (Ph. D.)--Case Western Reserve University, 2006. / [School of Medicine] Department of Pharmacology. Includes bibliographical references. Available online via OhioLINK's ETD Center.

CP1 is a sequence specific DNA-binding protein of the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae which recognizes the highly conserved centromere DNA element I (CDEI) of yeast centromeres. The gene encoding CP1, which was designated CEP1 for centromere protein 1, was cloned and sequenced. CEP1 encodes a highly acidic protein of molecular weight 39,400. CEP1 was mapped to a position 4.6 centiMorgans centromere distal to SUP4 on the right arm of chromosome X. Phenotypic analysis of cep1 mutants demonstrated that yeast strains lacking CP1 are viable but have a 35% increase in cell doubling time, a ninefold increase in the rate of mitotic chromosome loss, and are methionine auxotrophs. Detailed analysis of the mitotic chromosome-loss phenotype showed that the loss is primarily due to chromosome nondisjunction (2:0 segregation). During meiosis cep1 null mutants exhibited aberrant segregation of centromere containing plasmids, chromosome fragments, and chromosomes. The predominant missegregation event observed was precocious sister segregation. The mutants also displayed a nonrandom 20% decrease in spore viability. Missegregation of chromosomes accounted for some but not all of this decreased spore viability, the remainder of which is presumed to be related to the pleiotropic consequences of the cep1 mutation. Together with the observed mitotic missegregation phenotype the results are interpreted as suggesting that CP1 promotes sister chromatid-kinetochore adhesion. The following conclusions are based on my mutational analysis of CP1: (1) CP1 is normally present in functional excess, (2) the C-terminal 143 amino acids are sufficient for full CP1 function in chromosome segregation and methionine metabolism, and (3) while DNA binding is apparently necessary for function, DNA binding per se is not sufficient. All of the mutations which caused an observable phenotype affected both centromere function and methionine metabolism. In addition, a direct correlation was observed in the degree to which both phenotypes were affected by different mutations. None of the mutant proteins displayed trans-dominant effects in a wild type background; however, two nonfunctional DNA binding-competent mutants exerted a dominant negative effect on the ability of PHO4 to suppress cep1 methionine auxotrophy. The data are consistent with a model in which CP1 performs a similar function at centromeres and promoters.

The regulation of protein function through oligomerization is a common theme in biological systems. In this work, I have focused on the effects of the oligomeric states of the human Rad52 protein on activities related to DNA binding. HsRad52, a member of the RAD52 epistasis group, is thought to play an important and as yet undefined role in homologous recombination. HsRad52 preferentially binds to ssDNA over dsDNA and stimulates HsRad51-mediated strand exchange (Benson et al., 1998). In either the presence or absence of DNA, HsRad52 has been observed to form both 10 nm ring-like structures as well as higher order oligomers consisting of multiple 10 nm rings (Van Dyck et al., 1998; Van Dyck et al., 1999). Earlier protein-protein interaction studies mapped the domain responsible for HsRad52 self-association in the N-terminus (residues 85-159) (Shen et al., 1996). Data presented here identifies a novel self-association domain in the C-terminus of HsRad52 that is responsible for the formation of higher order oligomers. VanDyck et al. observed DNA ending binding complexes consisting of multiple rings (Van Dyck et al., 1999). They proposed that these higher order oligomers may be functionally relevant. In this work, we demonstrate that DNA binding depends on neither ring shaped oligomers nor higher order oligomers but that activities of HsRad52 that require simultaneous interaction with more than one DNA molecule depend on the formation of higher order oligomers consisting of multiple HsRad52 rings. Early studies of HsRad52 proposed that the DNA binding domain resides in the highly conserved N-terminus of the protein (Park et al., 1996). A series of studies using truncation mutants of HsRad52 have provided evidence that supports this hypothesis. For example, we demonstrated that a truncation mutant containing only the first 85 residues of the protein is still able to bind DNA (Lloyd, submitted 2002). In this study, we demonstrate that aromatic (Y65, F79 and Y81) and hydrophobic (L43, I52 and I66) residues within the N-terminus contribute to DNA binding by either directly contacting the DNA or by stabilizing the structure of the protein. In summary, through the work presented in this dissertation, we have determined that the formation of 10 nm rings is mediated by a self-association domain in the N-terminus and that the formation of higher order oligomers consisting of multiple HsRad52 rings is mediated by an additional self-association domain in the C-terminus. We have correlated the oligomeric properties of HsRad52 with its biochemical functions related to DNA binding. Additionally, we have demonstrated that aromatic and hydrophobic residues contribute to DNA binding. Further studies will differentiate between the contribution of these residues to the DNA binding by stabilizing the overall structure of the protein versus making specific DNA contacts. Additional studies will also address how the oligomeric state of HsRad52 contributes to its role in HsRad51-mediated strand exchange.

CP1 (encoded by the gene CEP1) is a sequence-specific DNA-binding protein of Saccharomyces cerevisiae that recognizes a sequence element (CDEI) found in both yeast centromeres and gene promoters. Strains lacking CP1 are viable but exhibit defects in growth, chromosome segregation, and methionine biosynthesis. To investigate the basis of the methionine requirement, a YEp24-based yeast genomic DNA library was screened for plasmids which suppressed the methionine auxotrophy of a cep1 null mutant. The suppressing plasmids contained either CEP1 or DNA derived from the PHO4 locus. PHO4 encodes a factor which positively regulates transcription of genes involved in phosphate metabolism via an interaction with CDEI-like elements within the promoters of these genes. Subcloning experiments confirmed that suppression correlated with increased dosage of PHO4. PHO4c, pho80, and pho84 mutations, all of which lead to constitutive activation of the PHO4 transcription factor, also suppressed cep1 methionine auxotrophy. The suppression appeared to be a direct effect of PHO4, not a secondary effect of PHO regulon derepression, and was dependent on a second transcriptional regulatory protein encoded by PHO2. Spontaneously arising extragenic suppressors of the cep1 methionine auxotrophy were also isolated; approximately one-third of the them were alleles of pho80. While PHO4 overexpression suppressed the methionine auxotrophy of a cep1 mutant, CEP1 overexpression failed to suppress the phenotype of a pho4 mutant; however, a cep1 null mutation suppressed the low-Pi growth deficiency of a pho84 mutant. The results suggest that CP1 functions as a transcriptional regulator of MET genes, and that activation of PHO4 restores expression to those genes transcriptionally-disabled by the cep1mutation. The results also suggest the existence of a network that cross-regulates transcription of genes involved in methionine biosynthesis and phosphate metabolism. A direct molecular approach to investigate CP1's role in MET gene expression was also taken. CDEI sites are associated with the promoter regions of most MET genes, but only MET16, the gene encoding PAPS reductase, has been shown to require CP1 for expression; both PAPS reductase activity, and MET16 mRNA are absent in cep1 mutants. Results of the present study demonstrate that CP1 participates in two systems which regulate expression of MET16, one triggered by methionine starvation and requiring the transactivator MET4 (pathway-specific control), and the other triggered by starvation for many different amino acids and requiring GCN4 (general control). CP1 was shown to mediate its regulatory function through the upstream CDEI site, and to act directly or indirectly to modulate the chromatin structure of the MET16 promoter. In addition, the pho80 mutation was found to partially restore MET16 expression to the cep1 strain, confirming the proposed nature of PHO4 suppression. A second methionine biosynthetic gene MET25, was also analyzed. Like MET16, MET25 was found to be regulated by both pathway-specific and general control mechanisms, but in contrast to MET16, CP1 only participated in the pathway-specific response of this gene. The results demonstrate that CP1, possibly by modulating changes in chromatin structure, assists the regulatory proteins MET4 and GCN4 in activating transcription of MET genes.

Orientador: Marcelo Brocchi / Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Instituto de Biologia / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-25T03:27:50Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Cordeiro_TamiresFernandaVilasBoas_M.pdf: 3029203 bytes, checksum: 69ac5762ed6eaafac425a284455352cf (MD5) Previous issue date: 2014 / Resumo: Salmonella enterica é um dos patógenos de origem alimentar mais prevalente. É uma bactéria gram-negativa, pertencente à família Enterobacteriaceae, intracelular facultativa, não formadora de esporo, anaeróbia facultativa, capaz de infectar animais incluindo o homem. Geralmente é adquirida por meio de alimentos contaminados com tal micro-organismo e pode causar em humanos gastroenterite e bacteremia. O presente trabalho propõe a construção de linhagens mutantes de S. enterica Typhimurium para genes codificadores de proteínas associadas ao nucleóide (NAPs ¿ Nucleoid-Associated Proteins). Tais proteínas auxiliam no enovelamento do DNA, permitindo que o cromossomo bacteriano seja compactado, além disso também influenciam na regulação transcricional de genes, em especial daqueles que respondem a mudanças ambientais. As NAPs são numerosas e o estudo desse grupo é bastante importante, pois vários esclarecimentos ainda precisam ser feitos a respeito de grande parte dessas proteínas. Dados recentes do nosso grupo de pesquisa têm demonstrado que mutantes nulos de S. enterica Typhimurium para genes codificadores de NAPs são atenuados quanto à virulência e capazes de induzir proteção no modelo murino de infecção. Esses resultados demonstram o importante papel de tais proteínas na virulência bacteriana. Assim, o presente estudo tem como objetivo a construção de mutantes nulos para dois genes codificadores de NAPs (stpA e ybaB) em S. enterica Typhimurium e a avaliação do fenótipo desses mutantes. Não há dados na literatura sobre o papel de tais NAPs com relação à virulência bacteriana. No caso de YbaB, não existem dados na literatura sobre o papel desta NAP em enterobactérias. Foi utilizado o sistema de recombinação ? Red para obtenção dos mutantes. Para observação do fenótipo de tais linhagens, foram feitos experimentos in vitro e in vivo. Os resultados observados nos experimentos in vitro mostram fenótipos interessantes das linhagens mutantes em comparação com as respectivas linhagens selvagens. No caso da mutação ?stpA, foi observada maior sobrevivência de células com essa deleção a certas situações de estresse em comparação com a linhagem selvagem. Já para a mutação ?ybaB, nossos ensaios de motilidade sugerem que a deleção desse gene teve efeito sobre a motilidade das células mutantes. Quanto à virulência dos mutantes construídos, tais mutações não afetaram a patogenicidade de S. enterica de modo considerável. Assim, as linhagens mutantes obtidas no presente trabalho não apresentam potencial de serem aplicadas como vacinas, mas lançam perspectivas para estudos futuros a respeito do papel biológico de YbaB em S. enterica / Abstract: Salmonella enterica is one of the most prevalent foodborne pathogens. It is a gram- negative bacterium, belonging to the Enterobacteriaceae family, intracellular facultative, non-spore forming, anaerobic facultative, capable of infecting animals, including man. It¿s usually acquired through foods contaminated with such microorganism and can cause gastroenteritis and bacteremia in humans. This study proposes the construction of mutant strains of S. enterica Typhimurium for genes encoding nucleoid-associated proteins (NAPs). These proteins help on folding of DNA, allowing the bacterial chromosome to be compressed, also influencing the transcriptional regulation of genes, especially those that respond to environmental changes. The NAPs are numerous and the study of this group is very important, because several explanations still have to be made regarding most of these proteins. Recent data from our research group has shown that null mutants of S. enterica Typhimurium for genes encoding NAPs are attenuated for virulence and capable of inducing protection in a murine model of infection. These results demonstrate the important role of these proteins in bacterial virulence. Thus, the present study aims at the construction of null mutants for two genes encoding NAPs (stpA and ybaB) in S. enterica Typhimurium and at the evaluation of the phenotype of these mutants. There are no data in the literature about the role of such NAPs regarding bacterial virulence. For the YbaB, there are no data in the literature about the role of this NAP in enterobacteria. The ? Red recombination system was used to obtain the mutants. For observation of the phenotype of such strains, in vitro and in vivo experiments were performed. The results obtained in in vitro experiments showed interesting phenotypes of mutant strains compared to their wild-type strains. In the case of ?stpA mutation, increased cell survival was observed on certain stress situations compared to the wild-type strain. For the ?ybaB mutation, our studies suggest that deletion of this gene had effect on motility of mutant cells. For virulence of the constructed mutants, these mutations did not affect the pathogenicity of S. enterica considerably. Thus, the mutant strains obtained in this study have no potential to be applied as vaccines, but this work provides prospects for future studies on the biological role of YbaB in S. enterica / Mestrado / Genetica de Microorganismos / Mestra em Genética e Biologia Molecular

AG to A transition at position -76 in the promoter region of the apoAI gene was previously identified, and the A-76 has been shown to be associated with high apoAI levels. The functional significance of the point mutation was assessed by analysing the DNA-protein binding and promoter activities of the different alleles. This data would suggest that the point mutation alters the function of the apoAI promoter as gel retention assays revealed that the G fragment (-140 to +10) formed an extra DNA-protein complex compared to the A fragment (-140 to +10). Concurrent with the altered DNA-protein interaction between the G and the A fragments, the transcriptional activities of the apoAI gene were found to also be altered. CAT assays have indicated a 1.91 fold increase in promoter activity of the A fragment as compared to the G fragment (-256 to +397). The difference in promoter activity was, however, highly dependent on the particular fragment used, as no difference was observed between the alleles when a fragment {-256 to +68) was used. In this study elements were identified in the region +68 to +397 that causes a reduction in the promoter activity of the G allele by 3.6 fold, whilst reducing the A allele activity by 2 fold. This data would suggest that the point mutation functionally alters the apoAI promoter activity via its interaction with other sequences especially in the region +68 to +397.

For nearly five decades, the simple eukaryote Saccharomyces cerevisiae has been used as a model for understanding the eukaryotic cell cycle. One vein of this research has focused on understanding how chromosome structure is regulated in relation to the cell cycle. This work characterizes a new mechanism that modulates the chromatin organizing condensin complex, in hopes of furthering the understanding of chromosome structure regulation in eukaryotes. During mitosis, chromosomes are condensed to facilitate their segregation through a process mediated by the condensin complex. Upon interphase onset, condensation is reversed, allowing for efficient transcription and replication of chromosomes. This work demonstrates that Ycg1, the Cap-G subunit of budding yeast condensin, is cell-cycle regulated with levels peaking in mitosis and decreasing as cells enter G1 phase. The cyclical expression of Ycg1 is unique amongst condensin subunits, and is established by a combination of cell cycle-regulated transcription and constitutive proteasomal degradation. Interestingly, when cyclical expression of Ycg1 is disrupted, condensin formation and chromosome association increases, and cells exhibit a delay in cell-cycle entry. These results demonstrate that Ycg1 levels limit condensin function, and suggest that regulating the expression of an individual condensin subunit helps to coordinate chromosome conformation with the cell cycle. These data, along with recent corroborating results in Drosophila melanogaster suggest that condensin regulation through limiting the expression of a single condensin subunit may be broadly conserved amongst eukaryotes.

No description available.