The goal of this research was to evaluate the application uniformity of subsurface drip distribution systems and the recovery of emitter flow rates. Emission volume in the field, and laboratory measured flow rates were determined for emitters from three locations. Additionally, the effects of lateral orientation with respect to slope on emitter plugging was evaluated. Two different emitters were tested to evaluate slope effects on emitter plugging (type Y and Z). The emitters were alternately spliced together and installed in an up and down orientation on slopes of 0, 1, 2 and 4% and along the contour on slopes of 1 and 2%. The emitters were covered with soil and underwent a simulated year of dosing cycles, and then flushed with a flushing velocity of 0.6 m/s. Initial flow rates for the two emitter types were 2.38 L/hr with a C.V. of 0.07. There was no significant difference in flow rates among slopes for type Y emitters, but there was a significant difference between the 1% and 2 % contour slopes for type Z emitters. Application uniformity of three different laterals at each site was evaluated. Sections of the lateral from the beginning, middle and end were excavated and emission volumes were recorded for each emitter. Application uniformity of laterals ranged from 48.69 to 9.49%, 83.55 to 72.60%, and 44.41 to 0% for sites A, B, and C, respectively. Mean emitter flow rate was 2.21, 2.24, and 2.56 L/hr for sites A, B, and C, respectively under laboratory conditions. Application uniformity under laboratory conditions ranged from 70.97 to 14.91%, 86.67 to 79.99%, and 85.04 to 0.00% for sites A, B, and C, respectively. A flushing velocity of 0.15 m/s with no chlorination, shock chlorination of 3400 mg/L and flushing velocity of 0.15 m/s, and shock chlorination of 3400 mg/L and flushing velocity of 0.6 m/s treatment regiments were applied to all laterals collected to assess emitter flow rate recovery to the nominal flow rate published by the manufacturer. All laterals showed an increase in the number of emitters within 10% of the published nominal flow rate.

The goal of this research was to evaluate the application uniformity of subsurface drip distribution systems and the recovery of emitter flow rates. Emission volume in the field, and laboratory measured flow rates were determined for emitters from three locations. Additionally, the effects of lateral orientation with respect to slope on emitter plugging was evaluated. Two different emitters were tested to evaluate slope effects on emitter plugging (type Y and Z). The emitters were alternately spliced together and installed in an up and down orientation on slopes of 0, 1, 2 and 4% and along the contour on slopes of 1 and 2%. The emitters were covered with soil and underwent a simulated year of dosing cycles, and then flushed with a flushing velocity of 0.6 m/s. Initial flow rates for the two emitter types were 2.38 L/hr with a C.V. of 0.07. There was no significant difference in flow rates among slopes for type Y emitters, but there was a significant difference between the 1% and 2 % contour slopes for type Z emitters. Application uniformity of three different laterals at each site was evaluated. Sections of the lateral from the beginning, middle and end were excavated and emission volumes were recorded for each emitter. Application uniformity of laterals ranged from 48.69 to 9.49%, 83.55 to 72.60%, and 44.41 to 0% for sites A, B, and C, respectively. Mean emitter flow rate was 2.21, 2.24, and 2.56 L/hr for sites A, B, and C, respectively under laboratory conditions. Application uniformity under laboratory conditions ranged from 70.97 to 14.91%, 86.67 to 79.99%, and 85.04 to 0.00% for sites A, B, and C, respectively. A flushing velocity of 0.15 m/s with no chlorination, shock chlorination of 3400 mg/L and flushing velocity of 0.15 m/s, and shock chlorination of 3400 mg/L and flushing velocity of 0.6 m/s treatment regiments were applied to all laterals collected to assess emitter flow rate recovery to the nominal flow rate published by the manufacturer. All laterals showed an increase in the number of emitters within 10% of the published nominal flow rate.

Made available in DSpace on 2014-06-11T19:26:47Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2005-01-25Bitstream added on 2014-06-13T20:34:45Z : No. of bitstreams: 1 andrade_la_me_botfca.pdf: 1207218 bytes, checksum: c40efa691ed75ddb73200db6e9eaa325 (MD5) / Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP) / A irrigação por gotejamento no Brasil ganhou novo impulso a partir dos anos 90, quando diversas empresas internacionais especializadas neste mercado aportaram por aqui. Alguns destes produtos que estão no mercado, quando apresentam informações técnicas, normalmente não estão em Português. A existência de normas de avaliação que sejam aceitas pela comunidade tem grande valia para os que escolhem, projetam, compram, instalam, operam e avaliam equipamentos de irrigação. Uma norma estabelecida representa o estado da arte em sua área de atuação. A ISO 9261:2004 é uma norma internacional que orienta como avaliar e especificar gotejadores (emissores com vazão menor ou igual a 24 L.h-1) e entre outras informações, defini o que é uma mangueira gotejadora colapsável, ou fita do Inglês tape. O ensaio de resistência à tensão conforme a ISO 9261:2004 é uma ferramenta útil para classificar um modelo de mangueira gotejadora em reutilizável e não reutilizável. A mangueira reutilizável pode ser removida do campo e ser reinstalada de uma época de cultivo para outra. A mangueira gotejadora não reutilizável não é adequada para ser removida do campo para outra reinstalação. O objetivo deste estudo foi a de aplicar a ISO 9261:2004 na avaliação de mangueiras gotejadoras colapsáveis, daqui em diante citada como mangueira (s) gotejadora (s). No Laboratório de Irrigação da Universidade Estadual Paulista Julio de Mesquita Filho - Faculdade de Ciências Agronômicas, ensaiou-se duas mangueiras gotejadoras de acordo com a norma ISO 9261:2004. Uma marca é o Golden Drip fabricado na Coréia do Sul pela empresa Seo Won Inc, e a outra é um protótipo em fase de testes, codificado como P2015, da empresa Petroisa Brasil. Os dois produtos avaliados não foram especificados e/ou fabricados de acordo com a norma ISO 9261. As duas mangueiras gotejadoras são similares visualmente... / Drip irrigation systems in Brazilian Market have had an increase after 90`s, when several expertise international corporations in that business came here. Some drip tapes that farmers can find in Brazilian Market, donþt have technical information in Portuguese language. Standards in their respective areas can be important tools for people who select, design, purchase, install, operate and evaluate irrigation equipment. 5 The ISO 9261:2004 gives mechanical and functional requirements for agricultural irrigation emitters and emitting pipes, and, provides methods for testing conformity with such requirements. It also specifies the data to be supplied by the manufacturer to permit correct information, installation and operation in the field. It is applicable to emitters, emitting and dripping (trickling) pipes, hoses, including collapsible hoses (tapes) and tubing of which the emitting units form an integral part, to emitters and emitting units with or without pressure regulation and with flow rates not exceeding 24 L.h-1 per outlet. It is not applicable to porous pipe, nor does it cover the performance of pipes as regards clogging. The carry out the resistence to tension for emitting pipe is a good tool to classify in non-reusable and reusable emitting pipes. Non-reusable emitting pipe is not intended for removal from the field and reinstallation. Reusable emitting pipe is designed for removal from the field and reinstallation with proper handling from one season to another or under other circumstances. This work was developed at the Irrigation Laboratory - UNESP to evaluate two drip collapsible hose (P2015 and Golden Drip) according to ISO 9261:2004. The Golden Drip is a commercial product from South Korea and P2015 is an industrial prototype from Petroisa Brasil. Both drip tape are similar. The raw material is basic polyethylene resin added with UV protection...(Complete abstract click electronic access below)

Orientador: João Carlos Cury Saad / Banca: Ramiundo Leite Cruz / Banca: Tarlei Arriel Botrel / Resumo: A irrigação por gotejamento no Brasil ganhou novo impulso a partir dos anos 90, quando diversas empresas internacionais especializadas neste mercado aportaram por aqui. Alguns destes produtos que estão no mercado, quando apresentam informações técnicas, normalmente não estão em Português. A existência de normas de avaliação que sejam aceitas pela comunidade tem grande valia para os que escolhem, projetam, compram, instalam, operam e avaliam equipamentos de irrigação. Uma norma estabelecida representa o estado da arte em sua área de atuação. A ISO 9261:2004 é uma norma internacional que orienta como avaliar e especificar gotejadores (emissores com vazão menor ou igual a 24 L.h-1) e entre outras informações, defini o que é uma mangueira gotejadora colapsável, ou fita do Inglês "tape". O ensaio de resistência à tensão conforme a ISO 9261:2004 é uma ferramenta útil para classificar um modelo de mangueira gotejadora em reutilizável e não reutilizável. A mangueira reutilizável pode ser removida do campo e ser reinstalada de uma época de cultivo para outra. A mangueira gotejadora não reutilizável não é adequada para ser removida do campo para outra reinstalação. O objetivo deste estudo foi a de aplicar a ISO 9261:2004 na avaliação de mangueiras gotejadoras colapsáveis, daqui em diante citada como mangueira (s) gotejadora (s). No Laboratório de Irrigação da Universidade Estadual Paulista "Julio de Mesquita Filho" - Faculdade de Ciências Agronômicas, ensaiou-se duas mangueiras gotejadoras de acordo com a norma ISO 9261:2004. Uma marca é o Golden Drip fabricado na Coréia do Sul pela empresa Seo Won Inc, e a outra é um protótipo em fase de testes, codificado como P2015, da empresa Petroisa Brasil. Os dois produtos avaliados não foram especificados e/ou fabricados de acordo com a norma ISO 9261. As duas mangueiras gotejadoras são similares visualmente...(Resumo completo, clicar acesso eletrônico abaixo) / Abstract: Drip irrigation systems in Brazilian Market have had an increase after 90's, when several expertise international corporations in that business came here. Some drip tapes that farmers can find in Brazilian Market, donþt have technical information in Portuguese language. Standards in their respective areas can be important tools for people who select, design, purchase, install, operate and evaluate irrigation equipment. 5 The ISO 9261:2004 gives mechanical and functional requirements for agricultural irrigation emitters and emitting pipes, and, provides methods for testing conformity with such requirements. It also specifies the data to be supplied by the manufacturer to permit correct information, installation and operation in the field. It is applicable to emitters, emitting and dripping (trickling) pipes, hoses, including collapsible hoses ("tapes") and tubing of which the emitting units form an integral part, to emitters and emitting units with or without pressure regulation and with flow rates not exceeding 24 L.h-1 per outlet. It is not applicable to porous pipe, nor does it cover the performance of pipes as regards clogging. The carry out the resistence to tension for emitting pipe is a good tool to classify in non-reusable and reusable emitting pipes. Non-reusable emitting pipe is not intended for removal from the field and reinstallation. Reusable emitting pipe is designed for removal from the field and reinstallation with proper handling from one season to another or under other circumstances. This work was developed at the Irrigation Laboratory - UNESP to evaluate two drip collapsible hose (P2015 and Golden Drip) according to ISO 9261:2004. The Golden Drip is a commercial product from South Korea and P2015 is an industrial prototype from Petroisa Brasil. Both drip tape are similar. The raw material is basic polyethylene resin added with UV protection...(Complete abstract click electronic access below) / Mestre

Sustainable Built Environments Senior Capstone Project / This paper examines Subsurface Drip Irrigation(SDI) as a solution to water conservation in landscape irrigation. This is a problem because of the drought that the southwestern United States is experiencing, and the amount of water that landscapes utilize and which is ultimately wasted due to inefficient practices. Subsurface drip irrigation represents a potential solution due to its high efficiency and water saving ability; however, there are some problems within it as a system. Utilizing a multiple case studies approach, this paper looked at three of the top irrigation companies, Rain Bird, Toro, and Netafim, and examined how they innovated to overcome the problems with SDI. Synthesizing the best and most effective practices from each company, a model for improving SDI was generated.

2 pp. / Drip irrigation is the slow, measured application of waer through devices called emitters. Now a wide variety of quality products has been developed to make drip irrigation reliable and easy.

Neste trabalho buscou-se avaliar a suscetibilidade dos diferentes modelos de tubos gotejadores ao processo de entupimento quando expostos ao uso de cloreto de potássio (branco e vermelho), aplicados via diferentes qualidades de água. O experimento foi realizado em três fases, por um período de doze meses, analisando o desempenho de 22 modelos de gotejadores (autocompensante e convencionais), com quatro tratamentos e dez repetições, sendo cada repetição representada por um gotejador. Na primeira fase, foram aplicados os seguintes tratamentos: (T1) água com fitoplâncton (lago) e cloreto de potássio branco; (T2) água com fitoplâncton (lago) e cloreto de potássio vermelho; (T3) água potável (laboratório) e cloreto de potássio branco; (T4) água potável (laboratório) e cloreto de potássio vermelho. Na segunda fase foram adicionadas partículas sólidas (solo) às soluções dos tratamentos 1 (T1-Lg/B) e 2 (T2-Lg/V), mantendo a mesma solução do tratamento 3 (T3-Lb/B) e adicionado sulfato de ferro à solução do tratamento 4 (T4-Lb/V). Na terceira fase acrescentou-se hidróxido de ferro às soluções referentes a T1 (T1+So) e T2 (T2+So), mais uma aplicação de uma solução concentrada diretamente nas linhas (tubos gotejadores) sem passar pelo sistema de filtragem, sendo os tratamentos: (T1) Água do lago, cloreto de potássio branco, partículas sólidas e hidróxido de ferro, com o orifício do gotejador posicionado para baixo. (T2) água do lago, cloreto de potássio vermelho, partículas sólidas e hidróxido de ferro, com o orifício do gotejador posicionado para cima. (T3) água do lago , cloreto de potássio branco, partículas sólidas e hidróxido de ferro, com o orifício do gotejador posicionado para cima. (T4) água do lago, cloreto de potássio vermelho, partículas sólidas e hidróxido de ferro, com o orifício do gotejador posicionado para baixo. Os modelos de tubos gotejadores analisados apresentaram desempenhos variáveis, tanto na suscetibilidade ao entupimento quanto no coeficiente de variação de vazão, sugerindo que a arquitetura interna dos gotejadores, foi o fator determinante na caracterização do processo de entupimento. Não foi observada diferença significativa da dinâmica de entupimento com relação à aplicação dos cloretos de potássio branco e vermelho na ausência ou presença de fitoplâncton, mostrando que é possível fazer uso do cloreto de potássio vermelho em fertirrigação, tomando o cuidado de verificar a ausência do elemento ferro no adubo (análise de laboratório). A adição de partículas sólidas e do sulfato de ferro aos tratamentos da primeira fase, passando pelo sistema de filtragem, não potencializou mudanças significativas do cenário de suscetibilidade ao entupimento, nas condições de irrigação da segunda fase. A entrada de partículas sólidas e hidróxido de ferro no sistema sem passar pelo sistema de filtragem (fase 3) e o posicionamento do orifício dos gotejadores para baixo intensificaram o processo de entupimento, onde os modelos convencionais foram os mais sensíveis e alguns modelos autocompensantes foram mais tolerantes a presença destes elementos na água de irrigação. O modelo C3 foi o que apresentou melhor desempenho entre os modelos convencionais nas três fases estudadas, sendo que os modelos A2 e A3 destacaram-se entre os modelos autocompensantes, com uma boa recuperação da vazão ao final dos ensaios. / This work aims to evaluate the susceptibility of several dripline models against clogging process when exposed to potassium chloride (white and red), applied through different water qualities (fertirrigation). The experiment was accomplished in three phases, during a period of twelve months, analyzing the performance of 22 drip models (compensating and conventional), with four treatments and ten repetitions, being each repetition a dripper. In the first phase, it was applied the following treatments: (T1) water with fitoplancton (lake) and white potassium chloride; (T2) water with fitoplancton (lake) and red potassium chloride; (T3) potable water (laboratory) and white potassium chloride; (T4) potable water (laboratory) and red potassium chloride. In the second phase, solid particles were added to the solutions of previous treatments 1 (T1-Lg/B) and 2 (T2-Lg/V), maintaining the same solution for treatment 3 (T3-Lb/B) and added iron sulfate to the solution of treatment 4 (T4-Lb/V). In the third phase iron hydroxide was added to the solutions of T1 (T1+So) and T2 (T2+So) treatments, one more application of a concentrated solution directly in drip lines without passing through the filtration system, resulting the following treatments: (T1) water with fitoplancton, white potassium chloride, solid particles and iron hydroxide, with dripper facing down. (T2) water with fitoplancton, red potassium chloride, solid particles and iron hydroxide, with drippers facing up, (T3) water with fitoplancton , white potassium chloride, solid particles and iron hydroxide, with drippers facing up, (T4) water with fitoplancton, red potassium chloride, solid particles and hydroxide of iron, with drippers facing down. Driplines presented a variable performance, regarding the original flow rate levels and variation coefficient, suggesting that internal architecture of emitters, it is a major factor related to clogging resistance to treatments imposed. Statistical differences were not observed for clogging dynamics under the application of white or red potassium chloride, under different water quality conditions, showing that it is possible to use the red potassium chloride for fertirrigation without problems. It is recommended to certify the absence of iron element in the fertilizer based on laboratory analysis. The addition of solid particles and iron sulfate to first phase treatments, going through the filtration system, did not increase the clogging rate or emitters (second phase). The application of solid particles and iron hydroxide in the system without passing through the filtration system (phase 3) and the positioning of drippers facing down, intensified the clogging process. Conventional models were more sensitive and compensating models were more tolerant of this water quality conditions. Models C3 performance better among the conventional models in all phases studied. Models A2 and A3 stood out among compensating models, presenting a good recovery flow rate at the end of the experiment.

The thesis summary is included in the 01front.pdf

The focus of this study is the economic feasibility of drip irrigation adoption using capital budgeting and quadratic programming techniques. The capital budgeting techniques used in the study are net present value (NPV) and returns above specified costs (RASC). Modified crop enterprise budgets incorporating drip irrigation are developed based on data from Texas AgriLife Extension Service crop enterprise budgets and published literature focusing on costs and returns of drip irrigation. The quadratic programming technique considers risk and incorporates the modified crop enterprise budgets to estimate a cropping pattern that maximizes the net income above specified costs for the region. The RASC per acre for drip-irrigated crops ranged from $56.34 to $1,909.03, while the RASC per acre for flood-irrigated crops ranged from $142.51 to $1,488.12. Flood-irrigated onions, cotton, and sugarcane had higher RASCs per acre, while the RASCs were greater for drip-irrigated grapefruit and oranges. Evaluating the NPV of the crops resulted in similar results; only grapefruit and oranges were economically-feasible drip-irrigated crops. The baseline results identified levels of drip irrigation adoption ranging from 52,000 acres to 64,497 acres as levels of risk were varied. The level of water available at the reservoir suggested minimal impacts on the level of drip-irrigation adoption, but serious implications for the agriculture economy. Several sensitivity scenarios concentrated on the implications of yield response and water savings that result from the adoption of drip irrigation. The greatest amounts of drip-irrigated crops were present when the yield responses were 130% of the flood-irrigated crops with a 20% water savings. As the amount of water available was reduced, the amount of drip-irrigated crops ranged from 46,111 acres to 59,724 acres. Drip irrigation appears to be an economically-viable alternative in the LRGV due to the presence of drip-irrigated crops in the entire myriad of scenarios investigated in this research. If producers are only concerned with the bottom line as provided by the RASC analysis and no other variables such as water availability, risk, and crop rotations affecting the decision making process, only drip-irrigated grapefruit and oranges are economically competitive with conventional irrigation systems.

This manuscript serves as a path through memory, through time and through experiences that have brought me to a personal understanding of death and dying and the immaculate resonance of the spirit. Tracing my way through my first experiences with death and loss, I dissect my emotional and physical journey towards complete solace and serenity facing tragedy and heartbreak. My work embodies my philosophy of maintaining a connection to loved ones through memory and through recording.