Visuomotor behaviour – from handling simple objects to operating complex devices – is of fundamental importance in our everyday lives, yet there is relatively little evidence as to how healthy ageing affects these processes. A central role is played by the human capacity for reaching and grasping. Grasping an object requires complex visuomotor transformations, including processing of the object’s extrinsic features (it’s spatial location) and intrinsic features (such as size and shape). It has been documented that action relevant intrinsic object properties automatically facilitate specific motor actions despite being task-irrelevant, the so-called object affordance effect. These effects have been demonstrated for (1) grasp type (precision and power grips being facilitated by small and large objects) and (2) object-orientation (whereby right and left handed grasps are facilitated by object-orientation), and might underlie the effortlessness with which humans can interact with objects. Yet, these paradigms have not previously been employed in the study of healthy ageing, and little is known concerning how these processes change over the life span. Elucidating these changes is of particular importance as age-related degeneration of white matter integrity is well documented. Consequently, if successful visuomotor behaviour relies on white matter integrity, age-related reductions in affordance effects should be observed. This prediction was tested in a series of experiments. Experiment 1 investigated age-differences in object-size compatibility effects, and results corroborated our prediction of age-related reductions in object-size effects. Experiment 2 investigated age-differences in (1) spatial compatibility effects versus object-orientation effects, and (2) the locus of the effects (facilitation versus interference effects). Results revealed (1) some evidence of larger affordance than spatial effects in both age-groups, and (2) interference effects in the younger group and both facilitation and interference effects in the older group, showing a potential change in processing modes or strategies. Experiments 3 and 4 addressed the main competing account, the attention-directing hypothesis (according to which attentional shifts are responsible for the generation of automatic response codes, rather than the affects arising from afforded actions), by using a novel stimulus set in which such attentional differences can be ruled out. Results provided strong evidence in favour of the object-size affordance hypothesis. A final neuroimaging experiment investigated age-differences in the object-size effect and its neural correlates by combining behavioural, functional MRI and diffusion tensor imaging (DTI) data. Results revealed evidence of age-differences, both on the behavioural and functional level. For the DTI data, we investigated all four diffusion metrics (something which is not frequently reported in the healthy ageing literature), and found widespread age-related differences in white matter integrity. The empirical findings presented in this thesis offer a significant contribution to ageing research, by further elucidating the relationship between age-related neurophysiological changes and visuomotor behaviour. The overall picture which emerged from this series of experiments was consistent with our prediction of age-related reductions in affordance effects. Furthermore, it is likely that these age-differences may have, at least in part, a neurophysiological basis.

Cette thèse a pour but de développer des techniques en imagerie par résonance magnétique(IRM) afin de détecter des altérations neurologiques à l’échelle microscopique dans des modèlesanimaux. Deux modèles chez la souris ont été étudiés en particulier: le modèle Glio6 de glioblastomehumain et le modèle MAP6, apparenté à la schizophrénie. Les méthodologies développées ont étécentrées autour de l’IRM du tenseur de diffusion (DTI) 3D rapide et à haute résolution spatiale pourdes applications ex vivo et in vivo chez le rongeur. Dans le modèle Glio6, la migration de cellulestumorales dans le corps calleux a été précocement détectée et quantifiée alors qu’aucun signe n’étaitvisible sur les IRM anatomiques classiques. La tractographie, imagerie des fibres de la matièreblanche, a permis d’identifier des déficits de certains tracts et de leurs connectivités dans le modèleMAP6. Des altérations inhomogènes ont été détectées, avec en particulier une réduction drastique dela voie cortico-spinale, résultats mettant en exergue le rôle primordial de la protéine MAP6 lors de laneuromorphogénèse. La méthode « Super Résolution » développée puis appliquée in vivo aux sourisMAP6, a permis d’obtenir en moins d’une heure une imagerie de tractographie comparable à celleobtenue ex vivo (en 59h), ce qui ouvre la voie à des suivis longitudinaux in vivo pour des études dudéveloppement du cerveau ou de l’évaluation de nouvelles thérapies. D’autre part, une méthode IRMcellulaire in vivo quantitative a été mise en place. Le principe repose sur la mesure combinée desrelaxivités cellulaires in vitro (pouvoir à réduire les temps de relaxation T2*, T2 et T1) pour convertir lestrois paramètres de la relaxation in vivo en concentrations cellulaires. En utilisant le modèle de gliomeU87 et des cellules U937 marquées magnétiquement, les résultats ont montré qu’une très large gammede concentrations cellulaires peut être quantifiée et que la biodistribution des cellules U937 autour dela tumeur est hétérogène, information essentielle pour étudier l’efficacité d’une thérapie cellulaire. / This thesis aims to develop magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) techniques to detectneurological damage at the microscopic level in animal models. Two mouse models were examined inparticular human glioblastoma model (Glio6) and a schizophrenia mouse model (MAP6 model). Themethodologies developed were centered around 3D fast diffusion tensor imaging (DTI) with highspatial resolution for ex vivo and in vivo applications in rodents. In Glio6 model, the migration oftumor cells in the corpus callosum was early detected and quantified while no signs were visible onconventional anatomical MRI. Tractography identified deficits of some tracts and their connectivity inthe MAP6 model. Inhomogeneous alterations were detected, especially with a drastic reduction of thecorticospinal pathway. Theses results highlight the crucial role of the MAP6 protein in the braindevelopment. The "Super Resolution" post-proccesing was developed and applied in vivo to MAP6mouse model. Tractography imaging comparable to that obtained ex vivo (in 59h) was obtained in lessthan one hour, paving the way for in vivo longitudinal studies as brain development studies orevaluation of new therapies. On the other hand, a in vivo cellular MRI method has been established.The principle is based on the combined measurement of cell relaxivities in vitro, to obtain in vivo cellconcentrations based on relaxation parameters. Using the U87 glioma model and U937 magneticallylabeled cells, the results showed that a wide range of cell concentrations can be quantified and thebiodistribution of U937 cells around the tumor is heterogeneous, information essential to study theeffectiveness of cell therapy.

L'érythropoiétine (Epo) est une protéine ubiquitaire dans les tissus de l'organisme. Elle est dotée d'une fonction endocrine, autocrine et paracrine. Elle favorise les activités anti-apoptotiques des tissus soumis à un stress hypoxique. Dans de nombreux modèles animaux de traumatisme ou d'agression du système nerveux central et quelques études cliniques, l'Epo recombinante humaine (Epo-rh) a révélé des propriétés neuroprotectrices. L'objectif principal de ce travail est d'améliorer les connaissances sur l'Epo afin de favoriser l'inclusion de l'Epo-rh dans l'arsenal thérapeutique chez l'homme après traumatisme du système nerveux central. Deux axes de travail ont été explorés : dans un première partie, pour expliquer l'échec de la mise en oeuvre d'une étude de la tolérance et d'efficacité biologioque de l'Epo-rh dans le Traumatisme Médullaire Déficitaire (TMD) chez l'homme, nous avons étudié l'épidémiologie des TMD sur la période 1997-2006, à partir du Registre des accidents du Rhône. Ensuite nous avons étudié l'évolution de cette incidence entre 2 périodes de 6 ans : 1995-2001 et 2003-2008. Parallèlement, compte tenu d'une incidence de traumatisme crânien (TC) 20 fois plus élevée que celle du TMD chez l'homme, nous avons entrepris de caractériser les effets d'un TC expérimental par percussion fluide latérale (LFPI) chez le rat afin de mieux comprendre la pharmacologie et les mécanismes d'action moléculaires, en particulier anti-inflammatoires et neuroprotecteurs, de l'Epo-rh / Erythropoietin (Epo) is an ubiquitous cytokine. It has endocrine, paracrin and autocrin functions. It improves antiapoptotic mechanisms on all tissues subjected to hypoxic stress. In many animal models of brain trauma but also in other brain injury models, and some human clinical studies, recombinant Human Epo (Epo-rh) has proven neuro-protective properties. The main goal of this work was to improve and incorporate Epo-rh in the pharmacological arsenal of treatment in brain and spinal cord traumatic injuries in human. In a first part, to explore the reasons of failure of inclusion in a Spinal Cord Injury (SCI) study to test the thrombo-embolic tolerance and efficacy of Epo-rh, we studied the epidemiology of SCI using the road crash Rhône registry in the period 1997-2006. Then we compared the epidemiological trends of the SCI incidence, associated trauma, mortality and fatality rates in two periods of 6 years: 1995-2001 and 2003-2008. In a second part, due to the 20-fold higher incidence of traumatic brian injury (TBI) in comparison to SCI, we characterized the effects of a moderate (1.6-1.8 atm) lateral fluid percussion injury (LFPI) in order to understand and characterize the pharmacological, anti-inflammatory and neuroprotective mechanisms of action of Epo-rh in such a brain injury