The use of vacuum coating is mostly limited to production of high fat containing extruded aqua and pet diets. The physical characteristics of extrudates are favourable for vacuum coating due to their high porosity and durability. However, with pelleted feed for broilers, there are potentially several opportunities, but there are also challenges; these are explored here. The opportunities identified were inclusion of high level of oils, protected delivery of feed additives (e.g., enzymes, probiotics, vaccines, etc.), improved and safe use of offensive feed additives and improvement of shelf-life of feed and additives. Challenges include the relatively high density of pellets (low porosity) which limits liquid infusion, increased processing cost and decreased feed throughput. However, feed ingredients selection and alternating processing variables (temperature, moisture, die specifications etc.) were deemed to overcome the challenges of low porosity. Three experiments were conducted to evaluate the use of vacuum coating in pelleted feed. In the first experiment, the effect of particle size on post-pellet oil absorption (OA), porosity, pellet durability index (PDI) and bulk density were investigated. The three particle sizes for three grains (wheat, barley and corn) were pelleted using a 4.7 mm die to get whole grain (WP), coarse (CP), and fine (FP) grind pellets. The pellets were coated with 15% canola oil without (VC-) and with (VC+; 0.3 bar) vacuum coating. The grain type was found to have a significant effect on the particle size when ground through either fine (3.2 mm) or coarse (6.4 mm) screen. With coarse grinding, the mean particle size was 1896, 1290 and 1057 µm, respectively for barley, wheat and corn; with fine grinding, the mean particle size was 1153, 767 and 732 µm, respectively. Porosity of CP from wheat and corn was significantly (P<0.01) higher than WP and FP. For barley, there was no difference in porosity of CP and FP but both were significantly higher than WP. For wheat, OA of CP was highest (P<0.01), but no significant difference was found between FP and WP. However, for barley, higher OA was found in FP followed by CP and WP. In corn, OA of CP was higher than for FP or WP. Vacuum coating (VC+) improved (P<0.01) OA of all pellets compared to VC-. Porosity was positively correlated with OA and negatively correlated to PDI and bulk density. Overall, the first experiment suggested that alteration of particle size and grain type could be the options for improving the oil absorption by vacuum coating. A second experiment was conducted to observe the effect of enzyme addition method (EAM; E-, without enzyme; PreE+, Pre-pellet addition of enzyme; PosE+, post-pellet addition of enzyme), conditioning temperature (CT; 65 or 95°C) and coating method (CM; VC- or VC+) on broiler performance when fed wheat-rye-based diets. Enzyme addition (pre or post-pellet addition in comparison to without enzyme) significantly improved (P<0.01) the body weight at 21 and 35d. Higher CT (95°C) improved feed conversion ratio (FCR) in both starter (P<0.01) and grow/finish phase (P=0.04) and PDI of both starter and grow/finish pellets (P<0.01) when compared to low CT (65°C). Vacuum coating did not have any effect on the diet extract viscosity, animal performance or digesta viscosity in either of the phases. However, with post-pellet vacuum coating, there was high retention of xylanase activity after processing. Vacuum coating significantly (P<0.05) reduced the relative length of small intestine of broilers at 21d but not at 35d. In the third experiment, broiler grow/finish diets were stored in an incubator (37°C) to see if vacuum coating can improve the shelf-life of feed. The results showed post-pellet vacuum-coated pellets retained higher enzyme activity after 15 days of storage. Although no effect of vacuum coating on animal performance was observed, vacuum coating was able to protect the enzyme during processing and storage. Further work needs to be done to translate these benefits to improve animal performance, which might be achieved using various vacuum coating and processing conditions, and bioactives.

No description available.

The long stated vision of persistent memory is set to be realized with the release of 3D XPoint memory by Intel and Micron. Persistent memory, as the name suggests, amalgamates the persistence (non-volatility) property of storage devices (like disks) with byte-addressability and low latency of memory. These properties of persistent memory coupled with its accessibility through the processor load/store interface enable programmers to design in-memory persistent data structures. An important challenge in designing persistent memory systems is to provide support for maintaining crash consistency of these in-memory data structures. Crash consistency is necessary to ensure the correct recovery of program state after a crash. Ordering is a primitive that can be used to design crash consistent programs. It provides guarantees on the order of updates to persistent memory. Atomicity can also be used to design crash consistent programs via two primitives. First, as an atomic durability primitive which guarantees that in the presence of system crashes updates are made durable atomically, which means either all or none of the updates are made durable. Second, in the form of ACID transactions that guarantee atomic visibility and atomic durability. Existing systems do not support ordering, let alone atomic durability or ACID. In fact, these systems implement various performance enhancing optimizations that deliberately reorder updates to memory. Moreover, software in these systems cannot explicitly control the movement of data from volatile cache to persistent memory. Therefore, any ordering requirement has to be enforced synchronously which degrades performance because program execution is stalled waiting for updates to reach persistent memory. This thesis aims to provide the design principles and efficient implementations for three crash consistency primitives: ordering, atomic durability and ACID transactions. A set of persistency models have been proposed recently which provide support for the ordering primitive. This thesis extends the taxonomy of these models by adding buffering, which allows the hardware to enforce ordering in the background, as a new layer of classification. It then goes on show how the existing implementation of a buffered model degenerates to a performance inefficient non-buffered model because of the presence of conflicts and proposes efficient solutions to eliminate or limit the impact of these conflicts with minimal hardware modifications. This thesis also proposes the first implementation of a buffered model for a server class processor with multi-banked caches and multiple memory controllers. Write ahead logging (WAL) is a commonly used approach to provide atomic durability. This thesis argues that existing implementations ofWAL in software are not only inefficient, because of the fine grained ordering dependencies, but also waste precious execution cycles to implement a fundamentally data movement task. It then proposes ATOM, a hardware log manager based on undo logging that performs the logging operation out of the critical path. This thesis presents the design principles behind ATOM and two techniques that optimize its performance. These techniques enable the memory controller to enforce fine grained ordering required for logging and to even perform logging in some cases. In doing so, ATOM significantly reduces processor stall cycles and improves performance. The most commonly used abstraction employed to atomically update persistent data is that of durable transactions with ACID (Atomicity, Consistency, Isolation and Durability) semantics that make updates within a transaction both visible and durable atomically. As a final contribution, this thesis tackles the problem of providing efficient support for durable transactions in hardware by integrating hardware support for atomic durability with hardware transactional memory (HTM). It proposes DHTM (durable hardware transactional memory) in which durability is considered as a first class design constraint. DHTM guarantees atomic durability via hardware redo-logging, and integrates this logging support with a commercial HTM to provide atomic visibility. Furthermore, DHTM leverages the same logging infrastructure to extend the supported transaction size, from being L1-limited to the LLC, with minor changes to the coherence protocol.

This dissertation presents findings from three separate investigations, a laboratory study and two field studies that evaluated the durability of the Fiber Reinforced Polymer (FRP)-concrete bond. The laboratory study explored the role of porosity on CFRP-concrete bond following immersion in warm water. Two disparate field studies measured residual bond after 20 years outdoor exposure of FRP repairs of full-size masonry walls and after 12 years for partially submerged piles supporting the Friendship Trail Bridge, Tampa Bay. The ACI 440 code requires the same surface preparation for all externally bonded FRP concrete repairs. This disregards the role of porosity that is a function of the water / cementitious (w/c) ratio. Concretes with high w/c ratios are low strength concretes, have large voids and a more elaborate capillary pore network compared to low w/c, high strength concretes. Epoxies will therefore penetrate deeper into high porosity concretes. As a result, the performance of low strength, high porosity concrete under moisture exposure can be anticipated to be superior. The laboratory study was intended to determine whether this hypothesis was correct or not. Three different concrete mixes with water / cementitious ratios of 0.73, 0.44 and 0.25 representing high, medium and low porosities were used for the study. The corresponding target compressive strengths were 2,500 psi, 5,000 psi and 7,500 psi respectively. A total of eighteen, 9 in. x 9 in. x 2.5 in. thick slabs, three for each concrete porosity were tested. Slabs were allowed to cure for over 90 days before surfaces were lightly sand blasted to provide the required concrete surface profile (CSP 3). Specimens were then pre-conditioned in an oven for 48 hours to ensure uniform drying. Concrete porosity was characterized using mercury porosimetry, SEM, 3D surface scanning and images obtained using a portable microscope. Two commercially available CFRP materials were bonded to the oven-dried prepared slab surfaces and the epoxy allowed to cure at room temperature for 4 weeks. Twelve FRP bonded slabs were completely submerged in potable water at 30 oC (86 oF) as part of the aging program. The six remaining slabs were used for establishing baseline bond values through destructive pull-off tests. The twelve exposed slabs were similarly tested following 15 weeks of exposure. Results showed minimal degradation in the high porosity, low strength concrete but over 20% reduction in the low porosity, higher strength concrete. Analysis of the failure plane indicated that the lower porosity of the high strength concrete had limited the depth to which the epoxy could penetrate. This was confirmed from magnified images of the bond line taken using a microscope and from a careful assessment of the failure mode. Findings also suggest that the CSP 3 surface profile (light sand blasting) may be adequate for lower strength concrete but not so for higher strength concrete. For applications where FRP concrete repairs of higher strength concrete are permanently or intermittently exposed to moisture, alternative surface preparation may be needed to allow epoxy to penetrate deeper into the concrete substrate. The viscosity of the resin hitherto not considered may be a critical parameter. In 1995, two full-scale concrete masonry walls were repaired using three horizontally aligned 20 in. (508 mm) wide uni-directional carbon fiber sheets using different commercially available epoxies. Twenty years later the CFRP-CMU bond was determined through selective pull-off tests that were preceded by detailed non-destructive evaluation. Results showed that despite superficial damage to the top epoxy coating and debonding along masonry joints, the residual CFRP-CMU bond was largely unaffected by prolonged exposure to Florida’s harsh environment. Therein, 99% of samples exhibited in cohesive failure of the CMU or mortar. Pull-off strength was poorer at mortar joints but because the CFRP was well bonded to the masonry surface, its impact on structural performance of the repair was expected to be minimal. Overall, the repairs proved to be durable with both epoxy systems performing well. The Friendship Trail Bridge linking St. Petersburg to Tampa FL was demolished in 2016. This was the site of three disparate demonstration projects in which 13 corroding reinforced concrete piles were repaired using fiber reinforced polymer (FRP) in 2003-04, 2006, and 2008. The repairs were undertaken using combinations of carbon and glass fiber, pre-preg and wet layup, epoxy and polyurethane resin, and were installed using either shrink wrap or pressure bagging. Residual FRP-concrete bond was evaluated after up to 12 years of exposure through 120 pull-off tests conducted on 10 representative repaired piles. Results showed a wide variation in the measured pull-off strength depending on the type of resin, the number of FRP layers, the prevailing conditions at the time the epoxy was mixed and the method of installation. Epoxy-based systems were found to be sensitive to ambient conditions at installation. Pressure bagging improved performance. The highest residual bond was recorded in pressure bagged piles repaired in 2008. The findings suggest that in marine environments epoxy-based systems installed using pressure bagging can lead to durable repairs.

Corrosion of reinforcing steel in concrete due to chloride ingress is one of the main causes of the deterioration of reinforced concrete structures, particularly in marine environments. It is therefore important to develop a reliable prediction model of chloride ingress into concrete, which can be used to predict the chloride concentration profiles accurately to help to assess the service life for reinforced concrete structures. Cementitious materials are porous media with a highly complex and active chemical composition. Ionic transport in cementitious materials is a complicated process involving mechanisms such as diffusion, migration, ionic binding, adsorption and electrochemical interactions taking place in the pore solution of the materials. The process is dependent on not only the microstructural properties of the materials such as porosity, pore size distribution and connectivity but also the electrochemical properties of the pore solution including ionic adsorption and ion-ion interactions. This thesis presents a numerical study on the multi-component ionic transport in concrete with the main focus on the microscopic scale. This study first investigated the impact of the Electric Double Layer (EDL) on the ionic transport in cement-based materials. The EDL is a well-known phenomenon found in porous materials, which caused by the surface charges at the interface between solid surfaces and pore solutions. The numerical investigation is performed by solving the multi-component ionic transport model with considering the surface charges for a cement paste subjected to an externally applied electric field. The surface charge in the present model is taken into account by modifying the Nernst-Planck equation in which the electrostatic potential is dependent not only on the externally applied electric field but also on the dissimilar diffusivity of different ionic species including the surface charges. Some important features about the impact of surface charge on the concentration distribution, migration speed and flux of individual ionic species are discussed. Then a new one-dimensional numerical model for the multi-component ionic transport in concrete to simulate the rapid chloride migration test is proposed. Advantages and disadvantages of the traditional methods used to determine the local electrostatic potential, i.e. electro-neutrality condition and Poisson’s equation, are illustrated. Based on the discussion a new electro-neutrality condition is presented, which can avoid the numerical difficulties caused by the Poisson’s equation, and remain the non-linearity of the electric field distribution. This model with the new electro-neutrality condition is employed to simulate the RCM test to prove its applicability. The new model is promising in solving the multi-component ionic transport problems especially in microscopic scale. Lastly, a one-dimensional numerical investigation on the chloride ingress in a surface-treated mortar with considering the penetration of sealer induced porosity gradient was performed. The numerical model was carefully treated to apply governing equations of ionic transport to this situation of two pore structures, with every parameter clearly defined on the microscopic scale.

abstract: Potential-Induced Degradation (PID) is an extremely serious photovoltaic (PV) durability issue significantly observed in crystalline silicon PV modules due to its rapid power degradation, particularly when compared to other PV degradation modes. The focus of this dissertation is to understand PID mechanisms and to develop PID-free cells and modules. PID-affected modules have been claimed to be fully recovered by high temperature and reverse potential treatments. However, the results obtained in this work indicate that the near-full recovery of efficiency can be achieved only at high irradiance conditions, but the full recovery of efficiency at low irradiance levels, of shunt resistance, and of quantum efficiency (QE) at short wavelengths could not be achieved. The QE loss observed at short wavelengths was modeled by changing the front surface recombination velocity. The QE scaling error due to a measurement on a PID shunted cell was addressed by developing a very low input impedance accessory applicable to an existing QE system. The impacts of silicon nitride (SiNx) anti-reflection coating (ARC) refractive index (RI) and emitter sheet resistance on PID are presented. Low RI ARC cells (1.87) were observed to be PID-susceptible whereas high RI ARC cells (2.05) were determined to be PID-resistant using a method employing high dose corona charging followed by time-resolved measurement of surface voltage. It has been demonstrated that the PID could be prevented by deploying an emitter having a low sheet resistance (~ 60 /sq) even if a PID-susceptible ARC is used in a cell. Secondary ion mass spectroscopy (SIMS) results suggest that a high phosphorous emitter layer hinders sodium transport, which is responsible for the PID. Cells can be screened for PID susceptibility by illuminated lock-in thermography (ILIT) during the cell fabrication process, and the sample structure for this can advantageously be simplified as long as the sample has the SiNx ARC and an aluminum back surface field. Finally, this dissertation presents a prospective method for eliminating or minimizing the PID issue either in the factory during manufacturing or in the field after system installation. The method uses commercially available, thin, and flexible Corning® Willow® Glass sheets or strips on the PV module glass superstrates, disrupting the current leakage path from the cells to the grounded frame. / Dissertation/Thesis / Doctoral Dissertation Electrical Engineering 2016

The main theme of this research was to investigate the durability of concrete made using waste materials as a cement replacement. This is a method to produce green sustainable concrete. The objective was to use locally available wastes to produce a concrete that could be used by the local authority. The mechanical, physical and chemical properties of concrete made predominantly with IFA as a partial cement replacement have been tested. The IFA was won locally from the domestic waste incinerator at Coventry, UK. The other materials used in the mixes included Ground Granulated Blast Furnace Slag (GGBS), silica fume and by-pass dust, which was used as an activator and was also won locally from the Rugby cement plant. Compressive strength and tensile strength, workability, corrosion of embedded steel, shrinkage and expansion, freeze and thaw, corrosion and chloride ingress were studied. Water permeability was studied by the author on mortar samples during one year and on concrete samples during the following. Carbonation was studied on concrete samples and finally mechanical experiments were carried out on concrete beams and slabs. Two further experiments were carried out to complete the study of durability of concrete made with waste materials being, the ASR (Alkaline Silica Reaction) and sulphate attack experiments. One main physical experiment, in the form of a trial mix, was carried out in one of the waste recycling sites of Warwickshire in September 2013. Subsequent to observations during the site trial, the author compared results of setting time, heat of hydration and strength of the trial mix and control mixes. The outcome of this research was a novel mix that had more than 30 percent waste material and a further 40 percent of secondary materials, making it as sustainable as possible. Both laboratory and site trial results have achieved compressive strength which are higher than 30 MPa, indicating that the novel mix concrete could be used for structural purposes. Most of the durability results of the novel mix were comparable with the control OPC mix and the novel mix concrete, in terms of transport properties, induced less electrical current seepage. Furthermore the tensile strength of the novel mix concrete was higher than the control OPC concrete and this is due to the higher ductility index of the novel mix.

Les programmes de démolition sont en très forte croissance, notamment dans le cadre des grands projets de ville. La déconstruction engendre des millions de tonnes de déchets souvent de nature minérale (béton). Actuellement seule une partie du béton issu de la déconstruction est recyclée, principalement pour des travaux routiers. La valorisation de l’intégralité de ces matériaux en tant que constituants pour la fabrication de bétons recyclés ouvre aujourd’hui de nouvelles perspectives environnementales, économiques et technologiques. Ces perspectives nécessitent de lever certains verrous scientifiques et technologiques. La réutilisation des granulats recyclés de démolition/déconstruction permet de limiter l’extraction des matières premières et donc de participer à la préservation des gisements naturels des granulats.L’incorporation des granulats recyclés affecte les propriétés du béton à l’état frais et à l’état durci. La principale raison est l’absorption d’eau qui est très élevée surtout pour la fraction sable. Il est donc difficile de contrôler le rapport E/C effectif puisqu’il existe la cinétique d’hydratation du ciment et la cinétique d’absorption du sable recyclé (SR). En addition, l’incorporation du SR génère une baisse de résistance mécanique et les propriétés de durabilité du mortier. Cette baisse est liée à la porosité du sable recyclé, aux propriétés de la nouvelle pâte de ciment et aux propriétés mécaniques de la zone d’interface (ITZ). La thèse proposée par le laboratoire FM2D / MaST (IFSTTAR) est intitulée ‘Effet du traitement du sable recyclé sur les propriétés d’un mortier’. Cette thèse porte sur l’étude du comportement du mortier à base de sable recyclé traité et non-traité. Dans le but de résoudre cette problématique, nous proposons 2 approches :-Identifier un degré de saturation optimal du SR pour obtenir un rapport E/C effectif constant.-Améliorer la microstructure du SR par des produits chimiques avant son incorporation dans le mortier. Un procédé de traitement du SR est développé au laboratoire. Les traitements chimiques proposés consistent à diminuer le coefficient d’absorption d’eau du SR en premier lieu. Les propriétés à l’état frais et à l’état durci (résistance en compression, propriétés de durabilité vis-à-vis la corrosion d’armature et retrait) des mortiers à base de SR traité ont été étudiées.Les résultats obtenus durant ce travail de recherche indique un succès du traitement chimique du sable recyclé. Le WAC du SR diminue après traitement et les propriétés du mortier à l’état frais et à l’état durci sont améliorées. Ainsi, les propriétés de durabilité du mortier à base de SR traité sont meilleurs que celles du mortier à base de SR non-traité et dans quelques cas meilleurs que le mortier ordinaire (à base de SN). / The sustainability of primary resources is subjected to continuous threat via the construction industry. In fact, the amount of construction and demolition waste (CDW) produced and dumped into landfills is increasing each year. This situation forced the concrete industry to generate effective solutions such as implementing CDW as recycled concrete aggregates (RCA) to produce new types of concrete. Furthermore, a recent life cycle assessment study proved that the concrete made of RCA presents the best environmental behavior. CDW is currently used in the road and sidewalks construction and maintenance, however it needs more time and further investigations before using it completely as RCA in new concrete for building construction field because of their poor porosity properties. The recycling of the totality of the RCA in order to be used as new materials to produce new recycled concrete opens nowadays new environmental, economic and technological perspectives. Many scientific obstacles need to be studied in order to solve these perspectives. The re-use of the CDW as RCA will allow the limitation of the extraction of the raw materials and preserving the natural aggregates fields. In this thesis, we will be studying the fraction 1-4 mm of the RCA called recycled sand (RS). The water absorption of the RS influences the fresh and the hardened properties of mortar. Therefore, it is hard to maintain a constant W/C ratio since there is two phenomena during the fabrication of mortar: the absorption kinetic of the RS and the hydration reaction of the cement. In addition, the use of the RS leads to a decrease in the compressive strength and the durability properties of mortar. This decrease is controlled by three parameters: the porosity of the RS, the properties of the new cement paste and the properties of the interfacial transition zone (ITZ).The thesis proposed by the laboratory FM2D / MaST (IFSTTAR) is entitled ‘Effect of the treatment of the recycled sand on the properties of mortar’. This research subject is a comparison study between the behavior of treated recycled sand mortar and non-treated recycled sand mortar. In order to solve the problem of the use of recycled sand new mortar, we suggest two approaches:-Determining an optimal saturation state of the recycled sand in order to obtain a constant effectif W/C ratio.-Enhancing the microstructure of the RS using chemical products before using it in formulating new mortar. The treatment process proposed in this research consists of testing different chemical products with different concentrations using different application methods and different application times. The aim behind the chemical treatments proposed is, firstly, to decrease the value of the water absorption coefficient of the RS. The fresh and the hardened properties (compressive strength, durability properties, shrinkage) of mortar made with the treated RS (100% volume substitution) will be studied and compared to the properties of mortar made of non-treated RS and finally with the normalized mortar.The results obtained during this research indicate a success of the chemical treatment. The WAC of the RS decreased and the fresh and hardened properties of the mortar as well as it durability properties were enhanced compared to the mortar made of non-treated RS.

No description available.

One of the most common building materials is concrete and it has been for a long time. To overcome its low tensile capacity concrete structures are normally reinforced with steel rebars. The use of FRP (Fibers Reinforced Polymers) bars in concrete structures has emerged as an alternative to conventional steel reinforcement, due to the corrosion of steel in aggressive environments. FRP has been used as internal reinforcement for more than 30 years, bridges and parking garages are examples of structures in harsh environments where FRP is a good replacement for steel reinforcement. This due to the higher strength of FRP compared to steel and non-corrosive properties, however FRP as internal reinforcement is not commonly used in Scandinavia. This work has been divided into four parts, a Literature survey, a Literature study on durability, structural behaviour in the serviceability limit state and a FE analysis of previously carried out laboratory tests. In the literature survey the material FPR is described with its components, manufacturing process, history and various applications. A literature study was done to determent the long-term durability of GFRP by accelerated laboratory tests for durability, then compared to field tests on durability of GFRP rebars. The accuracy of FRP design international standards has been evaluated in terms of serviceability limit stat, such as ACI 440.1R-15, ISIS and a variant of Eurocode 2 (EC2). The design models for deflection available for these standards were compared to a database of experimental studies collected by the author. The stiffness of structures reinforced with FRP is such an important parameter so a non-linear calculation using ATENA software was conducted. Results were compared to laboratory tests performed at Denmark Technical University (DTU). In several accelerated laboratory experiments where bare FRP bars were exposed to different harsh environments the degradation of strength was significant, where an alkaline solution at elevated temperature was the harshest environment for the GFRP bars. When GFRP rebars are embedded in concrete the degradation was significantly lower (around 40 percentage points), the concrete protects the GFRP rebars considerably. The largest rate of degradation on GFRP rebars is in the initial state, in comparison to steel which starts to corrode when carbonation and/or chloride penetration critical levels reaches the reinforcement. In field studies there were small signs of degradation of the GFRP rebars, mainly in tropical climates. De-icing salts have a limited effect on the degradation. Laboratory experiments are very conservative with unrealistic harsh environments compared to the natural harsh environments. Therefore, after 20 years of service in harsh environment there were no or small signs of degradation on the GFRP rebars which indicates the validity of GFRP. All three standards evaluated had a large spread on the predicted deflection compared to the experiments, with ACI 440.1R-15 as the most conservative standard with a mean value of the deflection ratio at 0.81. The mean value of the deflection ratio when using ISIS was 0.87, slightly less conservative but with the same spread as ACI 440.1R-15. The calculation using a variant of EC2 had the most spread of results, but with a mean value of the deflection ratio at 0.93, this excluding 11 beams that had an unrealistic prediction due to the wrong prediction of the crack moment. The FEM model created had a similar stiffness as compared to the experiment from DTU, which indicates that the use of Atena was accurate for calculating the deflection of the beams. Although the ultimate load was not well predicted, probably due to the failure mode crushing of concrete in the compressive zone. Despite this, there are many structural parts where FRP could be beneficial, for example in splash zones, in edge beams and slabs etc. This could bring down the costs for maintenance and also prolong the life span of the structure.