Tanzania is endowed with more than 10,000 plant species, of which 1,100 are endemic. The coastal regions host most endemic species, due to its wide range of productive ecological conditions. Over 25 % of all species are used as wild-harvested medicinal plants. About 60% of the Tanzanian population in both rural and urban areas depends on traditional medicine and herbs as their primary health care, and as a means of generating income. This is due to high costs and unavailability of the universal healthcare, which was abolished in 1993. The aim of the thesis is to make a structured and a quantitative investigation to identify traded medicinal plants traded in markets of Dar es Salaam in Tanzania with a purpose to understand the chain and consequences of commercial trade on wild-harvested medicinal plants. A quantitative market research using free list surveys was used in combination with individually repeated in-depth structured and semi-structured interviews. Furthermore, Conservation Assessment and Planning Management method was used to prioritise species that are in need of conservation due to commercial trade. The results show that the chain of commercial trade of medicinal plant species begins in the forest and is then distributed to different stakeholders, such as harvesters, vendors, Traditional Healing Practitioners, consumers and exporters. The research also shows that the large urban and international demand of medicinal plant species supplied by the vendors and exporters is the major threat, specifically to destructively harvested species such as Cassia abbreviata, Zanthoxylum usambarense, Zanthoxylum chalybeum, Myrsine africana, Milicia excelsa and Prunus Africana. These medicinal plants species are up-rooted and/or ring-barked and are therefore in need of conservation. This calls for several conservation guidelines such as policy and regulations, Traditional Ecological Knowledge, education and planting of the medicinal plant species in their natural forests as well as collecting samples of medicinal plant species in a herbarium. Policies can be implemented to conserve these species, for instance only allowing registered practitioners to harvest the medicinal plant species to a level that will sustainably balance the quantity of medicinal plant species in the forest and its supply. In conclusion, an important policy regulation could be an export tax on internationally-traded wild-harvested medicinal that is levied on the purchasing international pharmaceutical companies, which would then be used to fund the conservation of the medicinal plant species to retain a sustainable wild stock. More investigation on the actual population sizes of these plant species is needed in order to secure their existence and contribute to sustainable development both socially and environmentally

This final project is made as a Minor Field Study in Dar es Salaam, Tanzania. Tanzania is one of the poorest countries in the world and this is reflected in the way they live. Many people live in simple houses made out of mud, but the house that have been studied for this final project are a luxurious house from a Tanzanian perspective. The company that builds these houses are National Housing Corporation and it is this company that have provided drawings, information and educational visits. The purpose of this project is to gain knowledge about how a Tanzanian twostorey family house is constructed and designed. The aim is to evaluate if Swedish knowledge in building technique can be implemented to a Tanzanian two-storey family house concerning the climate, building structure and eco friendly construction. To be able to carry through with this final project a Minor Field Study has been executed in Dar es Salaam, Tanzania. During the field study educational visits, interviews and own observations has been made. By studying the drawings, read the interviews and look at photographs that were taken at the site several conclusions have been made. The foundation is the thing that differ the most from a Swedish villa. The slab is cast on underground walls and has only a mould around. Since it does not have a mould underneath the concrete can mix with the limestones and the drainage function is destroyed. The concrete strip that is placed underneath the underground walls has a damp proof membrane underneath which should be placed over the entire foundation structure. The roof is constructed by trusses and rafters in small dimensions. The dimensions could be increased to enlarge the distance between them. The windows are equipped with grilles that should protect from break-ins but also makes it harder to get out in case of fire. The upper slab is merged with the balconies and the balconies do not have an inclination out from the house. This could cause damages on the structure if water is stored there. The walls are made out of concrete which is the best material concerning the climate. To get an even better indoor climate the walls and the rest of the structure could be isolated so energy can be saved when the air conditioner is used. Tanzanian do not think in an eco friendly way but in this question a lot of improvements could be made. From a Swedish perspective there are a lot of things that can be improved on the studied house to get a more sustainable house concerning the structure, climate and eco friendly. / Detta examensarbete har gjorts som en Minor Field Study i Dar es Salaam, Tanzania. Tanzania är ett av de fattigaste länderna i världen och detta återspeglas i deras sätt att bo. Många människor bor i enkla hus gjorda av lera men huset som har studerats för detta examensarbete är ett lyxigt hus sätt ur ett tanzaniskt perspektiv. Företaget som bygger dessa hus är National Housing Corporation och är det bolag som har lämnat ritningar, information och ordnat studiebesök. Syftet med detta projekt är att få kunskap om hur en tanzanisk tvåvåningsvilla byggs och utformas. Målet är att utvärdera om svenska kunskaper i byggnadsteknik kan implementeras på en tanzanisk tvåvåningsvilla med hänseende till konstruktionen, klimatet och miljövänlig konstruktion. För att kunna genomföra detta examensarbete har en Minor Field Study gjorts i Dar es Salaam, Tanzania. Under fältstudien har studiebesök, intervjuer och egna observationer gjorts. Genom att studera ritningar, läsa gjorda intervjuer och titta på fotografier som togs på plats har flera slutsatser gjorts. Grundkonstruktionen är det som skiljer sig mest från en svensk villa. Plattan är gjuten på underjordiska väggar och har bara en gjutform runt om. Eftersom det inte finns någon form under kan betongen blandas med kalkstenen och dräneringsfunktionen kan då förstöras. Betongdelen som är placerad under de underjordiska väggarna har en fuktspärr som också borde placeras över resten av grundkonstruktionen. Taket är konstruerat av takstolar och takbjälkar i små dimensioner. De små dimensionerna resulterar i att takstolarna och takbjälkarna måste sitta tätare än om de skulle ha haft större dimensioner. Fönstren är försedda med galler som ska skydda från inbrott, men de gör det också svårare att komma ut i händelse av brand. Det övre bjälklaget är hopgjutet med balkongerna och balkongerna har inte någon lutning ut från huset. Detta kan orsaka skador på konstruktionen om vatten samlas där. Väggarna är gjorda av betong som är det bästa materialet ur klimatsynpunkt. För att få ännu bättre inomhusklimat kan väggarna och resten av konstruktionen isoleras mot värmen så att energi kan sparas när luftkonditioneringen används. Tanzanier tänker inte på ett miljövänligt sätt, och därför finns det en hel del förbättringar att göra på det här området. Ur ett svenskt perspektiv finns det mycket som kan förbättras på det studerade huset för att få ett mer hållbart hus med hänseende till konstruktionen, klimatet och miljövänlig konstruktion.

Introduction. Stone crushing in Dar-es-Salaam Tanzania is largely an informal occupational activity, with approximately 7000 workers exposed to varying level of respirable dust. A highly marginalized, self employed, informal stonecrusher is prone to multiple work related risks, particularly dust related respiratory diseases. Aim. This study, the first to be done among informal stone crushers in Southern Africa, aimed at determining the prevalence of dust related respiratory outcomes and relationships between these health endpoints and exposure to respirable dust in this sample of stonecrushers. Methods. This was primarly a cross-sectional descriptive study with analytic components. This study analysed a subset of data collected in a health survey of stone crushers in Kigamboni informal stone quarry in Dar-es-Salaam, Tanzania in 2007. All 200 workers working in the quarry were interviewed. A subset of 86 and 59 workers underwent exposure assessment and health assessments (spirometry and chest radiography) respectively. Associations were investigated between exposure measures and respiratory outcomes. Results. The average age of the workers was 36.3 years with 51.5% males participating in the study. Smoking was common with 30.1% male, 8.25% female smokers, with 2% ex-smokers. Personal dust sampling showed varying dust levels ranging from 0.5-2.8mg/m3 with geometric mean of 1.2gm/m3. The exposure duration of workers in the quarry ranged from 1-62 years with mean of 7.8 years. No single worker was found to use personal protective equipment at work. Reported prevalence of doctor diagnosed respiratory diseases was low: pulmonary tuberculosis (2%), chronic bronchitis (2%), asthma (3%), pneumonia (3%). In contrast, there was high prevalence of respiratory symptoms: chronic cough (13.5%), phlegm production (14.5%), productive cough (10%), wheezing (14%), mild breathlessness (9.5% ) and coughing blood (7.5%). Mean forced expiratory volume in one second (FEV1) and forced vital capacity (FVC) adjusted for age, height and sex was 2.6L/min and 3.7 L respectively, among males and 2.1L/min and 3.0L respectively among females. Adjusted exposure odds ratios for symptoms were statistically significant for mild and moderate breathlessness with odds ratios of 3.4 and 3.1 respectively. Linear regression showed statistically significant decline of 2.3mls in FEV1 with years of exposure while controlling for sex, age, height , doctor diagnosed TB and smoking showing that with prolonged exposure in the quarry, workers are at a risk of developing obstructive lung disease. This trend was not evident for FVC. The majority of films were normal (60.9%), with 19.6% read as 1/0 and 19.9% as 0/1. Discussion. This study identified adverse respiratory outcomes among informal stonecrushers, particularly a high prevalence of respiratory symptoms and clinically important lung function deficits. These are in keeping with other environment studies where workers were exposed to respirable dust. Recommendations. Urgent policy initiatives for developing cost effective hazard control, engineering interventions to protect these marginalized self-employed informal sector stonecrushers are needed. / Thesis (M.Med.)-University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, 2010.

In Tanzania, an ongoing private media boom operates within the frameworks of media laws dating back to the 1970s, restricting media freedom and enabling the government to keep some control of what is written on certain topics. This is widely acknowledged and makes Tanzania an interesting subject for studies of news media confidence from an audience perspective. Confidence is viewed as an attitude consisting of three components: the cognitive, the emotive and the behavioral component. The cognitive component consists of expectations and sought gratifications, the emotive component is the feeling of confidence or the disappointment of a failed expectation and the behavioral component includes what media an individual intends to use, which should not be mistaken for what media an individual is actually using. A quantitative questionnaire in Swahili was distributed to 84 randomly selected inhabitants of Dar es Salaam, almost equally distributed between three areas: the lower class area Mwanayamala, the middle class area Kimara and the upper class area Mikocheni. After finishing the quantitative study, 9 qualitative interviews were conducted with a representative selection of those answering the questionnaire. The interviews and questionnaires were conducted during November and December 2013 and all participants were guaranteed anonymity. Finding truthful information, getting education and entertainment was the most frequent sought gratifications from media usage. Media type, language and ownership were the medium characteristics most evidently affecting confidence. Religion, social status and interests were the individual characteristics most evidently affecting confidence. News media confidence turns out to be more about mutual understanding between the individual receiver and the sending medium, than perceived accuracy and independent monitoring of power.

Magister Scientiae - MSc / Neck pain is a common health problem affecting the general population and it can be associated with significant activity limitation, It contributes to a number of lost work days and high costs in its management. The purpose of this study was to identify the trends in the physiotherapy management of patients suffering from episodes of neck pain at the physiotherapy department of the Muhimbiki Orthopaedic Institute (MOI), Dar es Salaam, Tanzania. / South Africa

This study is concerned with popular church music in Dar es Salaam and with changes in this music in relation to the concepts of temporality and spatiality. In part one, I argue that temporal change is experienced by human beings in relation to events or "stamps". Using selected stamps in the history of Tanzania from the 1980s to 2005, I discuss, on the one hand, how temporal events shaped various aspects of the music and people's experiences of the music and, on the other hand, how the music influenced people's experiences of various events and temporal rhythms. Various processes in the making ofpopular church music and various people involved in the creation of this music are considered to serve as stamps that mark the metamorphosis of the music. Likewise, the structural organization of the music and various musical elements imprint musical works and give them their identities thus causing them to be associated with other works that are organized in more or less similar ways. In part two, I use the theory of spatial trialectics to examine how popular church music is related to religious, national and gendered spaces. First, I discuss how the use of this music in religious spaces and the changes that have taken place in aspects of the music have been controversial, and I argue that the changes in the music led to changes in people's inner experiences of Christian spirituality. Second, I point out that the practice of African nationalism in this music has been aiming at liberating the national mental space through the use of traditional music materials and by addressing various national issues. The dynamics in this space involve the interaction between local and global music aesthetics. Third, I discuss the prominence ofwomen musicians in popular church music in recent years and the way in which this prominence has increased the focus on women's issues in the music. A close reading of selected songs reveals that individuals' experiences of gender problems are shaped by gendered mental space, which is informed by religious and other cultural norms. / Thesis (Ph.D.)-University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, 2006.

The water and sewage company in Dar es Salaam, Tanzania has expressed a lack of integrated development plan for their service area. The current planning does not combine the social, economic and environmental stakeholders. This project investigated how rapid urbanisation and Tanzania’s vision of going from a low to middle-income country before 2025 will affect the water demand together with an investigation of the sustainability of the water supply in the city, Dar es Salaam. Furthermore, the study also investigated the collected historical data from the city’s biggest water supplier, Ruvu river, to examine if there are any changes in waterflow. The study used previous research, collaboration with students and interviews with the stakeholder and experts to collect information and estimate historical patterns. With the software, Water And Evaluation Planning (WEAP), the study processed the historical data to simulate future scenarios with aim on sustainability and development mentioned above. The study shows an increased demand in the future as a result of both urbanisation and economic growth and unmet demand in all scenarios. From the historical data the study shows a small decrease in total quantity and an upgoing trend of the peaks that occur during the biggest annual rainy season. Lastly, the study finds a need of looking at the current sources of supply to achieve sustainable utilization of the resource. / Det här projektet undersöker hur en snabb urbanisering och Tanzanias vision att gå från låg- till mellaninkomstland kan komma att påverka efterfrågan på färskvattnet i Dar es Salaam fram till 2030. Från historisk flödesdata från stadens största vattengivare, Ruvu floden undersöks om det går att utläsa några ändringar i flödena sedan 1980 fram till 2010. Fortsättningsvis diskuteras även hur ett hållbart nyttjande går att åstadkomma. Information och historisk data samlades från litteratursök, intervjuer och med samarbete med studenter och vatten- och sanitetsföretaget i staden. För att undersöka framtiden för stadens vattentillgång och efterfråga användes simulationsprogrammet Water And Evaluation Planning (WEAP) som genom att processerna historisk data, kan simulera liknande variationer i framtiden. Programmet gör det också möjligt för användaren att undersöka parallella scenarios med ändrade flöden och efterfråga. Studien visar att efterfrågan på vatten kommer att öka i alla scenarios och omött efterfrågan i alla scenarios. Studien finner att för hållbart nyttjande av denna resurs kräves mer undersökningar eller alternativ för att säkra tillgången på färskvattnet. De historiska data samlade från floden visar en liten nedåtgående trend i flödesmängd och en uppåtgående trend på mängd vatten som kommer under årets största regnperiod.​

This study examines the impact of a health education film, Chumo, in Dar es Salaam on knowledge about malaria in pregnancy. Specifically, the study examines the meanings that the selected audiences make after watching the film. Drawing on the tradition of ‘reception studies’, the data for this study was generated through focus group discussions. These discussions were preceded by thematic analysis of the film and its script. An analysis of the audiences’ responses reveals that Chumo, mostly, successfully conveyed new knowledge about malaria in pregnancy, and reinforced existing knowledge bases about the disease. The audiences were able to ‘decipher’ most of the preferred meanings (of the producers) with regard to the disease, particularly in relation to the transmission of the disease and its prevention in pregnant woman. For example, the analysis indicates that both women and men become more aware of the importance of attending antenatal care sessions at local clinics (hereafter ANC). An interesting finding is that men, mostly, expressed a reluctance to attend ANC with their wives because they fear having to undergo HIV/AIDS testing. Men also expressed the sentiment that attending ANC is a women’s responsibility. The discussion groups also raised issues about the use of insecticide-treated nets - some people believe that using them will affect their health because of the chemicals used to treat the nets. From the reception analysis, various other meanings and themes, relating to the choice of storylines and gender stereotypes used in the story, were raised in discussion. The study attempted to assess whether the storyline was advantageous in conveying the core educational messages, or if some elements of the storyline either ‘got in the way’ or reinforced gender roles in ways that may or may not be helpful in terms of combatting malaria in pregnancy. The study also found that Chumo stimulated interpersonal communication, which may trigger behaviour change. It can be demonstrated, at least for the participants in these focus groups, that the film motivated positive attitudes towards behaviour change, i.e. created at least some intention to change. However, interpersonal communication and attitude to change are not, of course, actual change of behaviour: these elements only indicate the possibility of behaviour change in the future. Further study needs to be undertaken to explore whether the actual change took place and whether the change is a result of the exposure to Chumo.

This study seeks to describe the factors contributing to high adolescent pregnancy rate in Kinondoni Municipality, Dar-es-Salaam. Through the study we get to know the social economic characteristics of adolescents, the adolescents' general knowledge of reproductive health issues and the source of this knowledge. The major discoveries made from this study are that the educational status and knowledge of reproductive health of these adolescents is low, some are already dropouts from school, and others were deprived of the chance to continue with secondary education. They have nothing tangible to do because of their low education and coupled with their low economic status, they are at risk of being involved in sexual activities at an early age, ending in pregnancies. In addition, their parents' educational and economic status was also found to be low. It is important then, parents, teachers and the community in general to arrest the rate of adolescent pregnancies. / HEALTH STUDIES / MA (HEALTH STUDIES)

This study seeks to describe the factors contributing to high adolescent pregnancy rate in Kinondoni Municipality, Dar-es-Salaam. Through the study we get to know the social economic characteristics of adolescents, the adolescents' general knowledge of reproductive health issues and the source of this knowledge. The major discoveries made from this study are that the educational status and knowledge of reproductive health of these adolescents is low, some are already dropouts from school, and others were deprived of the chance to continue with secondary education. They have nothing tangible to do because of their low education and coupled with their low economic status, they are at risk of being involved in sexual activities at an early age, ending in pregnancies. In addition, their parents' educational and economic status was also found to be low. It is important then, parents, teachers and the community in general to arrest the rate of adolescent pregnancies. / HEALTH STUDIES / MA (HEALTH STUDIES)