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Thesis (M.S.)--Ohio University, August, 1997. / Title from PDF t.p.

Thesis (M.S.)--Brigham Young University. Dept. of Geological Sciences, 2007. / Includes bibliographical references (p. 38-41).

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Convective heat transfer during hot pressing in wood-based composite panel manufacturing is widely accepted as the most important means of heat transport for resin curing. The rate of convective heat transfer to the panel core is controlled by its permeability. Permeability in the plane of the panel also controls the flow of vapor to the panel edges, thereby influencing the potential for panel "blowing". This research considers how flake thickness, flake alignment and changing mat density during hot-pressing influences OSB mat permeability, through its thickness and in the plane of the panel. Some previous research exists but it fails to address the affects of horizontal and vertical density gradients as well as flake alignment. An apparatus was designed to allow cold pressing of aligned flakes to desired densities while enabling permeability measurements through the mat thickness. An additional apparatus was designed to allow the measuring of permeability in the plane of the mat. These designs permitted permeability measurements in mats that had no vertical density gradient, allowing for the direct study of permeability versus density (compaction ratio). Superficial permeability was determined using Darcy's law and for each sample, multiple readings were made at five different pressure differentials. Permeability through the mat thickness was highly dependent on compaction ratio and to a lesser extent flake thickness. As the compaction ratio is increased, the initial reduction in permeability is severe, once higher compaction ratios are achieved the reduction in permeability is less pronounced. Permeability decreased with decreasing flake thickness. Permeability in the plane of the mat decreases with increasing compaction ratio but in a less severe manner than through the mat thickness. In this case, the permeability-compaction ratio relationship appears linear in nature. Again, permeability decreases with decreasing flake thickness. / Master of Science

The sustainability of groundwater resources is important for the environment, the economy and communities where surface water is scarce. It is a hidden resource, but additional information can be extracted by combining groundwater measurements and lithological information with groundwater flow equations in groundwater models. The models convert data and knowledge about the groundwater systems into information, such as relative inflow and outflow rates and water-level predictions that can be readily understood by groundwater managers. ¶ The development of models to effectively inform groundwater management policies is, however, a complex task that presents a fundamental scientific challenge. This thesis presents methods and results for water balances calculated using groundwater flow models. Groundwater flow modelling methods and approaches are discussed, and their capabilities and limitations are reviewed. Two groundwater systems are studied for the Great Artesian Basin (GAB) and for the irrigation area near Bowen, Queensland. Three approaches to water balance modelling are applied in comprehensive model-development frameworks that take into account model objectives, data and knowledge availability and sensitivity analysis techniques. The three models show numerical methods of increasing complexity. The Bowen study area is well-suited to the least-complex method because data collection has been a priority there. As a contrast, the GAB is a large, poorly-monitored basin for which more knowledge of the groundwater system can be gained from its simulation by the steady state and transient groundwater flow models. The Bowen impact assessment model calculates dynamic historical water balances. The GAB aquifer models are high-complexity representations of the groundwater system that include predicted responses of the system to changes in hydrological conditions. These are comprehensive and well-documented attempts to model these systems. They provide a platform for scenario investigation and future improvements. ¶ Darcy’s Law was used in a GIS (Geographic Information System) to calculate dynamic water balances for an aquifer near the Queensland town of Bowen. This is the first time this approach has been applied to generate a complete groundwater balance. Over the period 1989-1997 the model estimates average total inflows to be 87 % groundwater recharge by rainfall and irrigation return flow, 12 % river recharge and 1 % inflow across the study area boundary. Outflows are estimated to be 66 % evapotranspiration, 28 % water bore discharge, 4 % discharge to the ocean and 2 % groundwater loss to rivers. Analyses show that evapotranspiration is the most uncertain parameter value. The GIS method was found to be useful for calculating water balances more accurately than analytical methods, because of their simplifying assumptions, and less time consuming than the more complex numerical models developed for the GAB aquifer. ¶ For the GAB, a steady state numerical model was developed and tested and predictive scenarios were run. The purpose of this modelling was both to gain a better understanding of the water balance of the GAB and to provide a tool that could predict water level recoveries under different bore rehabilitation scenarios. The model complexity is greater than in any previous numerical groundwater model of the GAB. In particular, the model uses more data, extends over a larger area and uses a generally finer discretisation than previous models. For the nearest surface artesian aquifer in 1960 the model estimates total inflows to be 60 % groundwater recharge and 40 % diffuse vertical inter-aquifer leakage. The model estimates outflows to be 53 % diffuse vertical leakage, 43 % water bore discharge, 3 % spring discharge and 1 % discharge to the ocean. Analyses show that the model is most sensitive to changes in horizontal hydraulic conductivity and recharge. The model-predicted heads match field measurements with a Scaled RMS error of 0.8 %, which is well within the guideline error of 5 %. The predictive scenarios show net vertical leakage into the aquifer decreasing and net vertical leakage out of the aquifer increasing, as bore flows are reduced. These estimates of inflows and outflows complement other studies of the Basin and add to our understanding of its hydrodynamics. In this way the water balance helps provide a sound basis for the development of GAB groundwater management plans and policies. Through its water level recovery predictions, the model has also been used to support the GAB Sustainability Initiative. ¶ A transient numerical model of the GAB was also developed and tested, and predictive scenarios were run. This model builds on the steady state model, and is more complex, with a calibration period (1965-1999) that is longer than in any previous GAB model. During calibration the model observations were expressed and weighted so that the minimisation of the objective function reflected the relative importance of the model’s potential uses, these being respectively: to simulate the impact of changing bore flows, to more generally inform water management plans and to provide an estimate of the water balance. It was found that the 1960 steady state assumption was not correct. Discluding anthropogenic discharge, the model is most sensitive to recharge and hydraulic conductivity. The model-predicted heads match field measurements with a Scaled RMS error of 2.7 %, which is well within the guideline error of 5 %, but the increased data requirements of the transient model highlighted deficiencies in the data available for the modelling. In particular, the uneven spread of the groundwater measurements over both time and space, the questionable accuracy of measurements from both high temperature and pressure bores, and corroded bores, and the type of discharge measured (for example, maximum yield or flow-as-found), became evident during the calibration of the model. Insights and the value of this work indicates for the first time that at the start of 2005 outflows were estimated to exceed inflows by 266 GL/year, or 62 % of total inflows, and, assuming that inflows through the aquifer’s boundary will not be reduced due to climate change, it will be possible to recover some of the lost groundwater pressure if all stock and domestic bores are rehabilitated and new extractions are limited. In this case the modelling estimates that inflows could exceed outflows by up to 40 % of total outflows.

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In this study, the impact of various flow models is assessed under free and forced convection: compressible versus incompressible models for a Pressurized Water Reactor, and Darcy's law vs full momentum equation for High Temperature Gas Reactor. Euler equations with friction forces and a momentum and energy source/sink are used. The geometric model consists of a one-dimensional rectangular loop system. The fluid is heated up and cooled down along the vertical legs. A pressurizer and a pump are included along the horizontal legs. The compressible model is assumed to be the most accurate model in this study. Simulations show that under forced convection compressible and incompressible models yield the same transient and steady-state. As free convection is studied, compressible and incompressible models have different transient but the same final steady-state. As Darcy's law is used, pressure and velocity steady-state profiles yield some differences compared to the compressible model both under free and forced convections. It is also noted some differences in the transient.

Thesis (Ph. D.)--Institute of Paper Chemistry, 1967. / Bibliography: leaves 76-77.