Recent studies have offered an abundance of evidence which indicates that night blindness is caused by vitamin A deficiency. Both adults and children have been used to investigate the relationship between vitamin A deficiency and night blindness.

The first chapter explains the motivation for measuring rod function, in particular the rod’s dynamic recovery from a substantial bleach which results in so-called ‘rate limited’ recovery of sensitivity. The physiological processes that underpin the replenishment of the rod photopigment are described and discussed, and explain the way in which rod function can act as a marker for retinal health. Overall, this chapter explains why rod function is worthy of further investigation.Then follows a description of the experimental methods used in the study of rod function, presented in later chapters. The psychophysical procedures are described and a new method of dark adaptation measurement is presented. The key feature of this technique is a red background.Nonlinear mathematical models are used to describe the reduction in visual thresholds with time following a bleach. Chapter three describes the difficulties associated with numerical methods of nonlinear regression and presents a novel, multi start algorithm that extracts the parameters of interest from a model that adequately describes dark adaptation in the healthy normal subject.Chapter 4 verifies the algorithm presented in chapter 3, which is shown to be reliable and robust. A series of numerical experiments are performed to evaluate some of the characteristics of the algorithm’s performance.In chapter five, a series of experiments are presented to investigate the possible effect of a luminous background on dark adaptation (DA). The first experiment tests whether the rod system can detect a dim red background and the second, whether the rod thresh olds, when measured against light emitted by a red light emitting diode (LED), were linear. The third explores whether the background had any effect on the recovery of rod sensitivity. Finally, conventional contrast sensitivity is used to investigate the recovery from a photo bleach.A novel laboratory based apparatus was used to measure dark adaptation in a group of 36 subjects and the results of these measurements are presented in chapter six. The aim here was to see if the data collected were comparable with the dark adaptation data in the literature. These subjects were asked to make two visits so that an assessment of the test retest reliability of the method could be made. The method is shown to be reliable and capable of characterising the recovery of the visual system after a photo bleach.Although inherently flexible the analogue apparatus was prone to subject driven variability. Greater consistency of measurement was achieved using a digital device developed in partnership with an industry partner, Elektron (UK). This device, described in chapter seven provided fine control of many of the experimental parameters. It was used to measure the dark adaptation of a young healthy group of 21 people.This study uses new methodological approaches, both experimental and statistical, that are robust and reliable to facilitate investigation of rod function, and presents new findings about the early phase of rod sensitivity recovery.

When an item is submitted to a crime laboratory, the first step in analysis is to examine the item under white light. The next step in examination often involves the use of alternate light sources (ALS) to search for potential biological evidence. Dark adaptation has been suggested as a method to maximize benefits from fluorescent evidence examinations. Dark adaptation refers to the ways the human eye adapts to low light conditions through pupil dilation and rod cell activation. This study evaluates the Crime-lite Eye®, a device designed to help forensic scientists determine their level of dark adaptation before commencing an ALS examination. When tested, the use of the Crime-lite Eye® device resulted in 14% more visualization of fluorescence and 11% more accuracy in pattern recognition, though results were not statistically significant. Since results were more accurate overall, however, and because allowing for a period of dark adaptation would not significantly delay investigation efforts, laboratories should consider implementing a dark adaptation period into their workflow during fluorescent examinations. Additionally, some ALS manufacturers have begun to include a strobing feature in their devices, such as the GlowTorch FN Forensic Light™. It is known from studies on human attention that flickering stimuli are very effective at capturing attention. Any material fluorescing in response to a strobing ALS would look to the examiner to be suddenly appearing and disappearing as a series of sudden onset stimuli, potentially making weak fluorescence easier to see. Participants in this study were asked to examine four plaid shirts in ambient light conditions and dark conditions, while using either a solid ALS or a strobing ALS. Participants were slightly more accurate while using the strobing ALS device (90% vs 82% in ambient light conditions and 93% vs 92% in dark lighting conditions). However, many of them reported feeling eye strain and annoyance while using the strobing feature. As the change in accuracy was not statistically significant, there is no evidence at present that suggests forensic laboratories need to implement a strobing ALS device into their protocols.

The present study is a part of a long-time cooperative study of the Home Economics Department of the North Texas State Teachers College, begun in 1940. The purpose is to compare the dark adaptations of second and third-grade children made in 1940 with those made of the same children in 1941 and in 1942. Also included in this study is the comparison of a group of freshmen college men made in 1940 with a group of twenty-five men made in 1942. An attempt is also made to determine whether an individual has higher dark adaptation on sunshiny days than on cloudy days.

A vida é um processo dinâmico no tempo e no espaço, resultante da interação celular provida pelas junções comunicantes (JCs), canais formados por conexinas (Cxs) que permitem a passagem de moléculas de até 1kDa, e íons. O foco deste trabalho foi caracterizar a modulação de Cxs no desenvolvimento, adaptação visual e após trauma mecânico localizado na retina, através de técnicas como PCR em tempo real, western blot e imuno-histoquímica. No desenvolvimento, a Cx43 apresentou alta expressão no início (255%, P<0.01), a Cx45 teve alta expressão em todos os estágios, as Cx50 e Cx36 são pouco expressas no início (4-9%, P<0.01), mas muito expressas no final e no adulto. Na adaptação ao escuro houve regulação de 115% do RNam da Cx36 após 24h, evidenciando uma plasticidade do acoplamento frente às condições de iluminação. Na neurodegeneração, a expressão da Cx36 não variou nos diferentes tempos pós-lesão, mas a Cx43 aumentou após 7 dias. O papel do acoplamento na degeneração foi estudado utilizando bloqueadores e abridores de JCs combinados com métodos para avaliar a viabilidade celular (TUNEL, FluoroJade e LDH). Finalmente, o bloqueio das JCs diminuiu a morte celular secundária, mas a abertura gerou um efeito inicial pró-apoptótico que depois de 4h foi diluído no tecido. / Life is a dynamic process in time and space, resulting from an interaction provided by gap junctions (GJs), channels composed of connexins (Cxs) that permits the passage of molecules up to 1kDa and ions. The aim of this study was analyze the modulation of Cxs during development, dark adaptation and after local mechanical trauma in the retina using techniques like real time PCR, western blot and imunohistochemistry. In development, Cx43 was highly expressed in the beginning (255%, P<0.01), Cx45 was highly expressed during all development, Cx50 and Cx36 were virtually absent in the beginning (4-9%, P<0.01), but highly expressed in the end of development. In Dark-adaptation, Cx36 was up-regulated after 24h (115%, P < 0.05) suggesting a plasticity of the neuronal coupling in response to light conditions. In neurodegeneration, Cx36 expression didnt ranged in different days after lesion, but the Cx43 increased after 7 days. The coupling was studied by using GJ blockers and openers combined with methods to evaluating cellular viability (TUNEL, FluoroJade and LDH). Finally, blocking the cellular coupling reflects in a decrease of secondary death. GJ openers seems act allowing the spread of death in the beginning, but this effect be diluted after 4h in the tissue.

A vida é um processo dinâmico no tempo e no espaço, resultante da interação celular provida pelas junções comunicantes (JCs), canais formados por conexinas (Cxs) que permitem a passagem de moléculas de até 1kDa, e íons. O foco deste trabalho foi caracterizar a modulação de Cxs no desenvolvimento, adaptação visual e após trauma mecânico localizado na retina, através de técnicas como PCR em tempo real, western blot e imuno-histoquímica. No desenvolvimento, a Cx43 apresentou alta expressão no início (255%, P<0.01), a Cx45 teve alta expressão em todos os estágios, as Cx50 e Cx36 são pouco expressas no início (4-9%, P<0.01), mas muito expressas no final e no adulto. Na adaptação ao escuro houve regulação de 115% do RNam da Cx36 após 24h, evidenciando uma plasticidade do acoplamento frente às condições de iluminação. Na neurodegeneração, a expressão da Cx36 não variou nos diferentes tempos pós-lesão, mas a Cx43 aumentou após 7 dias. O papel do acoplamento na degeneração foi estudado utilizando bloqueadores e abridores de JCs combinados com métodos para avaliar a viabilidade celular (TUNEL, FluoroJade e LDH). Finalmente, o bloqueio das JCs diminuiu a morte celular secundária, mas a abertura gerou um efeito inicial pró-apoptótico que depois de 4h foi diluído no tecido. / Life is a dynamic process in time and space, resulting from an interaction provided by gap junctions (GJs), channels composed of connexins (Cxs) that permits the passage of molecules up to 1kDa and ions. The aim of this study was analyze the modulation of Cxs during development, dark adaptation and after local mechanical trauma in the retina using techniques like real time PCR, western blot and imunohistochemistry. In development, Cx43 was highly expressed in the beginning (255%, P<0.01), Cx45 was highly expressed during all development, Cx50 and Cx36 were virtually absent in the beginning (4-9%, P<0.01), but highly expressed in the end of development. In Dark-adaptation, Cx36 was up-regulated after 24h (115%, P < 0.05) suggesting a plasticity of the neuronal coupling in response to light conditions. In neurodegeneration, Cx36 expression didnt ranged in different days after lesion, but the Cx43 increased after 7 days. The coupling was studied by using GJ blockers and openers combined with methods to evaluating cellular viability (TUNEL, FluoroJade and LDH). Finally, blocking the cellular coupling reflects in a decrease of secondary death. GJ openers seems act allowing the spread of death in the beginning, but this effect be diluted after 4h in the tissue.