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Dosimetria de filtros dinamicos aprimoradosSILVA, ROSIANE A. da 09 October 2014 (has links)
Made available in DSpace on 2014-10-09T12:51:10Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 / Made available in DSpace on 2014-10-09T13:56:23Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 / Dissertacao (Mestrado) / IPEN/D / Instituto de Pesquisas Energeticas e Nucleares - IPEN/CNEN-SP
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Desenvolvimento de conjunto detector cintilador com sistema de contagens e aquisicao de dados para medidas de vazao utilizando tracadores radioativosCOSTA, FABIO E. da 09 October 2014 (has links)
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07178.pdf: 5559120 bytes, checksum: 99e8bb52573d489b59ca94f5400da04c (MD5) / Dissertacao (Mestrado) / IPEN/D / Instituto de Pesquisas Energeticas e Nucleares - IPEN/CNEN-SP
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Dosimetria de filtros dinamicos aprimoradosSILVA, ROSIANE A. da 09 October 2014 (has links)
Made available in DSpace on 2014-10-09T12:51:10Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 / Made available in DSpace on 2014-10-09T13:56:23Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 / O objetivo deste trabalho foi realizar a dosimetria de filtros dinâmicos aprimorados (“Enhanced Dynamic Wedge” – EDW). Isso foi feito com dois intuitos: 1) a avaliação da implementação clínica do filtro dinâmico aprimorado considerando-se suas vantagens e desvantagens; e 2) a comparação entre a eficiência e a melhor aplicabilidade de três sistemas dosimétricos diferentes em conjunto com o filtro dinâmico aprimorado. Os sistemas dosimétricos utilizados foram: o Sistema de Imagem de Feixe (“Beam Image System” – BIS2G), da Scanditronix-Wellhöfer, uma câmara de ionização cilíndrica de 0,6 cm3 do tipo Farmer, e um arranjo linear de câmaras de ionização múltiplas (“Ionization Chamber Linear Detector Array”) com 23 câmaras de ionização cilíndricas de 0,14 cm3, tipo Farmer. Com o Sistema de Imagem de Feixe – BIS2G foi possível obter curvas de fluência que permitiram analisar a simetria dos perfis de fluência, linearidade da dose, efeito da taxa de dose e efeito da gravidade, características diretamente ligadas à qualidade do funcionamento do filtro dinâmico aprimorado, além de ter sido possível também calcular o fator filtro para campos simétricos. Com a câmara de ionização mediu-se a porcentagem de dose em profundidade - PDP e calculou-se o fator filtro para campos simétricos e campos assimétricos (uma das vantagens do EDW). Com o arranjo linear de câmaras de ionização múltiplas foi possível obter curvas de isodose que permitiram a verificação da simetria e a comparação com os resultados obtidos com o BIS2G, além do cálculo do fator filtro para campos simétricos. O fator filtro calculado através de medidas tomadas com os três sistemas foi também comparado com resultados obtidos por dois formalismos, de Gibbons1 e de Klein et al 2, bem conhecidos da literatura e que serviram para a validação dos resultados e deste trabalho. Destas comparações verificou-se que os ângulos do filtro dinâmico aprimorado que apresentam maior diferença entre resultados obtidos e os formalismos foram os ângulos de 45º e de 60º em relação ao método de Klein et al que apresentaram diferenças de 2,1% em relação ao BIS2G, 1,9% em relação à câmara de ionização e 1,1% em relação ao arranjo linear de câmaras de ionização. / Dissertacao (Mestrado) / IPEN/D / Instituto de Pesquisas Energeticas e Nucleares - IPEN/CNEN-SP
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Desenvolvimento de conjunto detector cintilador com sistema de contagens e aquisicao de dados para medidas de vazao utilizando tracadores radioativosCOSTA, FABIO E. da 09 October 2014 (has links)
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07178.pdf: 5559120 bytes, checksum: 99e8bb52573d489b59ca94f5400da04c (MD5) / Dissertacao (Mestrado) / IPEN/D / Instituto de Pesquisas Energeticas e Nucleares - IPEN/CNEN-SP
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Oscillations des neutrinos sur et hors faisceau : étude des performances du système d’acquisition d’OPERA / Neutrino oscillations " on " and " off -beam" : studies of the OPERA acquisition system performanceBrugière, Timothée 25 February 2011 (has links)
OPERA (Oscillation Project with Emulsion-tRacking Apparatus) est une expérience sur faisceau de neutrino située dans le Hall C du laboratoire souterrain du Gran Sasso (LNGS), en Italie, à une profondeur équivalente à 3.8 km d'eau (correspondant à une coupure en énergie à 1.5 TeV pour les muons à la surface). L'objectif premier d'OPERA est l'observation directe de l'oscillation νμ ➝ ντ dans le secteur des neutrinos atmosphériques par apparition d'événements ντ à 730km de la cible, dans un faisceau (CNGS) quasiment pur en νμ. OPERA est un détecteur hybride contenant une partie cible (~125 000 briques composées d'une succession de feuilles d'émulsion et de plomb) instrumentée et d'un spectromètre. La prise de données a commencé en 2006 et 55 000 événements neutrinos ont été enregistrés à ce jour. Le premier candidat ντ a été observé cette année. Le travail produit pendant cette thèse est axé suivant trois sujets principaux : la définition de règles de déclenchement du système d'acquisition du trajectographe pour les événements neutrinos du faisceau, la synchronisation des éléments du trajectographe et des plans de RPC ainsi que l'implémentation des résultats dans la simulation et l'étude de la faisabilité d'une analyse des oscillations des neutrinos atmosphériques dans les données hors-faisceau. La modification des règles de déclenchement du trajectographe a permis d'atteindre les valeurs proposées dans le proposal d'OPERA, ie une efficacité de déclenchement supérieure à 99%. Cette évolution a été rendu possible par la mise en place de fenêtres en temps en coïncidence avec le faisceau CNGS pendant lesquelles les coupures sont abaissées, permettant de récupérer les événements de basse multiplicité. Une étude poussée de l'intercalibration des détecteurs électroniques a permis la synchronisation de l'ensemble des informations venant des éléments du trajectographe et des RPC. Les résultats de cette analyse sont maintenant inclus dans la simulation du détecteur. Le travail de calibration a permis de produire une étude sur l'oscillation des neutrinos atmosphériques "hors-faisceau" grace à la détection de particules montantes. Les analyses présentées dans cette thèse ont permis une meilleure compréhension du détecteur d'OPERA et démontré sa capacité à observer des phénomènes ne dépendant pas du faiseau CNGS. Des analyses sur la détection des neutrinos atmosphériques et la caractérisation du flux de muons cosmiques (variations saisonnières entre autres) sont désormais possibles grace à la statistique accumulée et la compréhension plus fine des systèmes d'acquisition. Les corrections sur la propagation des signaux dans les détecteurs électroniques sont aujourd'hui utilisées pour la mesure de la vélocité des neutrinos du faisceau / OPERA (" Oscillation Project with Emulsion-tRacking Apparatus ") is a neutrino beam experiment located in hall C of the Gran Sasso underground laboratory (LNGS), in Italia, under a equivalent of 3.8 km water (corresponding to a cut at 1.5 TeV for the muons). The first purpose of OPERA is the direct observation of the νμ ➝ ντ oscillation in the atmospheric sector observing an ντ appearance 730 km away from the target in a quasi pure νμ beam (CNGS). OPERA is an hybrid detector with an instrumented target part (~125 000 bricks made with emulsion and lead sheets) and a spectrometer. The data taking have started in 2006 and 55 000 events have been registred. The first ντ candidate have been observed this year. The work done during this thesis is oriented around three main topics : Define the trigger rules of the target tracker acquisition system for beam neutrino events, synchronise target tracker and RPC elements, implement the results inside the simulation and the study of the feasibility of an atmospheric neutrino analysis using off-beam data. The new trigger rules succeeds to reach the values of OPERA proposal, ie a trigger efficiency greater than 99%. This improvement have been done thanks to coincidence time windows with the CNGS beam during which lower cut are applied, allowing low multiplicity events to be kept. A deep study of electronic detectors intercalibration makes possible the target tracker and RPC data synchronisation. The analysis results are now included in the official simulation. This calibration work have been then used for a study of " off-beam " atmospheric neutrino oscillation thanks to the selection of up-going particles. The analysis showed in the thesis have improved the OPERA detector understanding and demonstrate the feasability of an observation of phenomenoms independant from the CNGS beam. Analysis on atmospherics neutrino detection and muons flux caracterisation (seasonal variations for example) are now possible thanks to the accumulated statistics and the deeper understanding of the acquisition systems. Correction on signal propagation inside the electronic detectors are now used for a neutrino velocity measurement
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Monitoracao continua do balanco termico para determinacao da potencia do reator IEA-R1NAHUEL CARDENAS, JOSE P. 09 October 2014 (has links)
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06916.pdf: 11842255 bytes, checksum: 3613e123a5688532ff6194076f7f0e1a (MD5) / Dissertacao (Mestrado) / IPEN/D / Instituto de Pesquisas Energeticas e Nucleares - IPEN/CNEN-SP
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Monitoracao continua do balanco termico para determinacao da potencia do reator IEA-R1NAHUEL CARDENAS, JOSE P. 09 October 2014 (has links)
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06916.pdf: 11842255 bytes, checksum: 3613e123a5688532ff6194076f7f0e1a (MD5) / Dissertacao (Mestrado) / IPEN/D / Instituto de Pesquisas Energeticas e Nucleares - IPEN/CNEN-SP
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Evaluation of gigabit links for use in HEP trigger processingAnderson, Christopher R. January 1999 (has links)
No description available.
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Monitoração e diagnóstico para detecção de falhas de sensores utilizando a metodologia GMDH / Monitoring and diagnosis for sensor fault detection using GMDH methodologyGonçalves, Iraci Martinez Pereira 16 February 2006 (has links)
O sistema de detecção de falhas e diagnóstico é um sistema de suporte ao operador dedicado a funções específicas que alertam os operadores para problemas de falhas em sensores e atuadores, e auxiliam no diagnóstico antes que os limites normais de alarmes sejam atingidos. Sistemas de suporte ao operador surgiram para diminuir a complexidade dos painéis causada pelo grande aumento de informação disponível nas salas de controle das centrais nucleares. Neste trabalho foi desenvolvido um Sistema de Monitoração e Diagnóstico utilizando a metodologia GMDH (Group Method of Data Handling) aplicado ao reator de pesquisas do Ipen IEA-R1. O sistema faz a monitoração, comparando os valores calculados pelo modelo GMDH com os valores medidos. A metodologia desenvolvida foi aplicada inicialmente em modelos teóricos: um modelo teórico de trocador de calor e um modelo teórico do reator IEA-R1. Os resultados obtidos com os modelos teóricos propiciaram uma base para a aplicação da metodologia aos dados de operação do reator. Para a monitoração de dados de operação foram desenvolvidos três modelos GMDH: o primeiro utilizou apenas variáveis de processo, o segundo modelo foi desenvolvido considerando-se algumas variáveis nucleares e três variáveis de temperatura, e o terceiro modelo GMDH considerou todas as variáveis possíveis. Os três modelos apresentaram resultados excelentes, mostrando amplamente a viabilidade da utilização da metodologia GMDH na monitoração de dados de operação. A comparação entre os resultados dos três modelos desenvolvidos mostrou ainda a capacidade da metodologia GMDH de escolher as melhores variáveis para otimização do modelo. Para a implementação de um sistema de diagnóstico, foram adicionadas falhas sinteticamente aos valores das variáveis de temperatura. Os valores de falhas correspondem a uma descalibração da temperatura e o resultado da monitoração de dados com falhas foi utilizado para a elaboração de um sistema de diagnóstico simples e objetivo baseado na lógica nebulosa. / The fault detection and diagnosis system is an Operator Support System dedicated to specific functions that alerts operators to sensors and actuators fault problems, and guide them in the diagnosis before the normal alarm limits are reached. Operator Support Systems appears to reduce panels complexity caused by the increase of the available information in nuclear power plants control room. In this work a Monitoring and Diagnosis System was developed based on the GMDH (Group Method of Data Handling) methodology. The methodology was applied to the IPEN research reactor IEA-R1. The system performs the monitoring, comparing GMDH model calculated values with measured values. The methodology developed was firstly applied in theoretical models: a heat exchanger model and an IPEN reactor theoretical model. The results obtained with theoretical models gave a base to methodology application to the actual reactor operation data. Three GMDH models were developed for actual operation data monitoring: the first one using just the thermal process variables, the second one was developed considering also some nuclear variables, and the third GMDH model considered all the reactor variables. The three models presented excellent results, showing the methodology utilization viability in monitoring the operation data. The comparison between the three developed models results also shows the methodology capacity to choose by itself the best set of input variables for the model optimization. For the system diagnosis implementation, faults were simulated in the actual temperature variable values by adding a step change. The fault values correspond to a typical temperature descalibration and the result of monitoring faulty data was then used to build a simple diagnosis system based on fuzzy logic.
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Μοντελοποίηση και έλεγχος βιομηχανικών συστημάτωνΔεληγιάννης, Βασίλειος 19 October 2009 (has links)
Κύριος στόχος της παρούσας διατριβής ήταν να συμβάλλει στην συστηματοποίηση του έργου του Ηλεκτρολόγου Μηχανικού όταν αναλύει, μοντελοποιεί και σχεδιάζει τον έλεγχο ενός βιομηχανικού συστήματος.
Για την μοντελοποίηση βιομηχανικών συστημάτων έχουν προταθεί διάφορες μέθοδοι, όπως τα δίκτυα Petri και όλες οι μορφές αυτομάτων ελέγχου. Τα αυτόματα αποτέλεσαν την βάση για την δημιουργία μιας νέας μεθόδου μοντελοποίησης στα πλαίσια της παρούσας διατριβής. Τα Γενικευμένα Αυτόματα (Global Automata), όπως ονομάστηκε η νέα μέθοδος, δανείζονται χαρακτηριστικά από τις διάφορες προϋπάρχουσες μορφές αυτομάτων, ενώ εισαγάγουν νέες παραμέτρους μοντελοποίησης ώστε να καλύψουν τις όποιες ανάγκες των σύγχρονων βιομηχανικών συστημάτων.
Βάσει της μεθόδου αναπτύχθηκαν διάφορα εργαλεία με στόχο την αύξηση της δύναμης μοντελοποίησης της. Το πρώτο εργαλείο περιλαμβάνει μια συστηματοποιημένη τεχνική συγχώνευσης καταστάσεων ενός μοντέλου και αποσκοπεί στον περιορισμό της υπέρμετρης αύξησης του γράφου καταστάσεων, ο οποίος σε περιπτώσεις μεγάλων συστημάτων μπορεί να φτάσει τις δεκάδες χιλιάδες καταστάσεις. Το δεύτερο εργαλείο που αναπτύχθηκε, αποτελεί την σύνθεση αυτομάτων με στόχο την δημιουργία ενός νέου αυτομάτου που έχει την ίδια ακριβώς συμπεριφορά με τα αρχικά. Η σύνθεση επιτρέπει την δημιουργία μοντέλου ακόμα και ενός συστήματος υψηλής πολυπλοκότητας, μέσω σύνθεσης των μοντέλων όλων των υποσυστημάτων του. Τέλος, τα γενικευμένα αυτόματα επιτρέπουν την δημιουργία ιεραρχικών μοντέλων που αποτελούνται από πλήθος αυτομάτων ιεραρχικά δομημένων. Σε αυτή την περίπτωση το αυτόματο του ανωτέρου επιπέδου έχει τον ρόλο του επόπτη-συντονιστή και τροφοδοτεί τα αυτόματα του κατώτερου επιπέδου με δεδομένα, τιμές αναφοράς κτλ.
Αναφορικά με τον προγραμματισμό των βιομηχανικών ελεγκτών που θα επωμιστούν τον έλεγχο της διεργασίας παρουσιάζονται δύο εργαλεία παραγωγής κώδικα από ένα γενικευμένο αυτόματο. Το πρώτο εργαλείο παρουσιάζει συστηματικά τα βήματα μετατροπής ενός αυτομάτου σε εκτελέσιμο κώδικα μιας γλώσσας προγραμματισμού υψηλού επιπέδου. Η χρησιμότητα είναι σημαντική κατά την διάρκεια εξομοίωσης ενός μοντέλου και επαλήθευσης της ορθής λειτουργίας του ελεγκτή, αλλά όχι μόνο. Οι σύγχρονες βιομηχανίες είναι εξοπλισμένες με Σταθμούς Εποπτικού Έλεγχου και Συλλογής Πληροφοριών (SCADA) οι οποίοι στην πλειονότητά τους φέρουν ενσωματωμένη δυνατότητα εκτέλεσης κώδικα σε μια γλώσσα υψηλού επιπέδου. Με εκτέλεση του παραγόμενου, από το εργαλείο, κώδικα σε λογισμικό SCADA, μπορεί να επιτευχθεί και έλεγχος του συστήματος. Βέβαια, ο επικρατέστερος τύπος ελεγκτή παραμένει το Προγραμματιζόμενος Λογικός Ελεγκτής, λόγω των ιδιαίτερων χαρακτηριστικών που διαθέτει και υπερισχύει συγκριτικά με τις εναλλακτικές προσεγγίσεις. Η υλοποίηση των γενικευμένων αυτομάτων σε PLC επιτυγχάνεται μέσω του δεύτερου εργαλείου, το οποίο δημιουργήθηκε με βάση το διεθνές πρότυπο IEC 61131-3 και περιγράφει όλα τα συστηματικά βήματα που πρέπει να ακολουθήσει ο μηχανικός για να υλοποιήσει την στρατηγική ελέγχου, που εμπεριέχει ένα γενικευμένο αυτόματα, σε ένα PLC. Το πρότυπο IEC 61131-3 περιλαμβάνει ένα σύνολο πέντε γλωσσών και το εργαλείο σύνθεσης τις περιλαμβάνει όλες δίνοντας κατάλληλες κατευθύνσεις υλοποίησης με βάση τα ιδιαίτερα χαρακτηριστικά της καθεμιάς.
Η παρουσίαση των γενικευμένων αυτομάτων και των εργαλείων που αναπτύχθηκαν ολοκληρώνεται μέσω παραδειγμάτων χρήσης. Οι παρουσιαζόμενες εφαρμογές αποτελούν είτε θεωρητικά συστήματα για επεξήγηση, είτε πραγματικές εφαρμογές υλοποιημένες ως εργαστηριακές διατάξεις ή ως πραγματικά συστήματα παραγωγής. / In this work Global Automata are introduced as a new method offering the convenience of modelling various types of industrial systems without any restrictions on systems properties. Their structure has common characteristics with several types of automata, such as the control graph with a finite set of states and transitions between those states. Global automata can be used for modelling hybrid systems handling both discrete and real valued variables combining flow, invariant and guard conditions from hybrid automata, with clock constraints and delayed inputs from timed and PLC automata. In addition, new modelling parameters as reset table at each transition and hierarchical classification of executable events at each state are introduced. Application independence derives from the fact that they are a super-set of every other type of automata and hence are less application depended compared to any of them.
Based on Global Automata some tools were developed in order to increase their modelling power. First tool is the ability of state aggregation which generally means the merging of two or more states in order to produce a new super-state. State aggregation is a powerful tool to avoid state space expansion. The second developed tool is automata composition and is mainly used in cases where ad-hoc modelling is not a practical solution, since it allows the construction of large system model using simple models of all system’s components. Finally, global automata allow the development of hierarchical models, consisting of two or more automata. In such case, the automaton of the higher level has the role of supervisor feeding the automata of lower level with data, reference values etc.
Two implementation tools for programming industrial controllers are also presented. The first tool is a synthesis tool for translating a global automaton into executable code of a programming language (i.e. C, Matlab). Tool usage is important for simulation and verification but is not limited on this. Contemporary industrial systems are equipped with Supervisory Control and Data Acquisition Systems (SCADA), which have embedded functions of running code. Consequently, an industrial system modelled as a global automaton can be controlled by the executable code running in a SCADA station. But, in industry the dominant controller is the Programmable Logic Controller, which is a special aim computer suitably built for the application control tasks. The IEC 61131-3 Programming Norm describes all the well-known languages for programming PLCs and the second tool is a synthesis tool for implementing global automata in PLCs based on this programming norm.
Global automata as a modelling method and all the above mentioned tools are illustrated through representative examples. The presented examples are either theoretical or real systems implemented in the laboratory or even real production systems.
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