Previous research on the Qumran scrolls, and in particular, IQM, has only recently involved the use of the most stringent literary - and form - critical techniques. These are of great value to Qumran studies; the history of the sect and its ideas can be learnt only when the texts are properly understood. IQM has been recognised by most scholars as a composite work, and XV-XIX has long been regarded as a unit. To this must be added II-IX which also comprises a single document. Both these documents are themselves composite. II-IX is a war-rule written in the Hasmonean period, and drawing on sources which originated in the Maccabean and immediate post Maccabean period. XV-XIX is a dualistic war-rule, which has developed from an earlier non-dualistic rule, of which col. XIV, 2-16a represents a small fragment. Cols. X-XII consist of a collection of liturgical pieces which have been found to reflect a Maccabean context in many cases. Col. XIII represent a fragment of liturgy probably associated with a covenant ceremony. Cols. II-IX, X-XII, XIII, XIV, and XV-XIX were collected and probably copied together; XV, 4-6a seems to refer to two documents which were independent at the time of writing, but have subsequently been incorporated into IQM - these are identified as II-IX and X-XII. XIII and XIV existed as fragments when they were brought together with the rest of the material from cols. II-IX, X-XII and XV-XIX. XV-XIX probably attained its present form in the second half of the first century B.C. In the first half of the first century A.D. a compiler produced from the collected documents a war-rule which included an introduction (col. I) written by the compiler. The final result is the War Scroll, the manuscript of which was written soon after the composition (= IQM). Its purpose is to prepare for the imminent war against the Romans.

Concentrating on six representative media sites, 28 Days Later (2002), Dawn of the Dead (2004), Land of the Dead (2005), Children of Men (2007), Snowpiercer (2013), and one television series The Walking Dead (2010-present), this dissertation examines the strain of post-millennial apocalyptic media emphasizing a neo-liberal form of collaboration as the path to survival. Unlike traditional collaboration, the neo-liberal construction centers on the individual’s responsibility in maintaining harmony through intra-group homogeny. Through close textual analysis, critical race theory, and feminist media studies, this project seeks to understand how post-racial and post-feminist representational strategies elide inequality and ignore tensions surrounding racial or gender differences to create harmony-through-homogeny in popular apocalyptic film and television.

This thesis examines the policies and procedures created during and after the First World War that provided the foundation for how the United States commemorated its war dead for the next century. Many of the techniques used in modern times date back to the Great War. However, one hundred years earlier, America possessed very few methods or even ideas about how to locate, identify, repatriate, and honor its military personnel that died during foreign conflicts. These ideas were not conceived in the halls of government buildings. On the contrary, concerned citizens originated many of the concepts later codified by the American government. This paper draws extensively upon archival documents, newspapers, and published primary sources to trace the history of America’s burial and repatriation policies, the Army Graves Registration Services, and how American dead came to permanently rest in military cemeteries on the continent of Europe. The unprecedented dilemma of over 80,000 American soldiers buried in France and surrounding countries at the conclusion of the First World War in 1918 propelled the United States to solve many social, political, and military problems that arose over the final disposition of those remains. The solutions to those problems became the foundation for how America would repatriate, honor, and mourn its military dead for the next century. Some of these battles persist even today as the nation tries to grapple with the proper way to commemorate the nation’s participation in the First World War on the eve of the conflict’s centennial.

The various sections of this thesis are interconnected by a sense of inescapable misery. The second section works as a bridge in that sense, connecting the misery of home and abroad. Quite fittingly, W.E.B. du Bois, who toward the end of his life acquired Ghanaian citizenship (he died and is buried in Ghana), serves as the major influence from which the connective (t)issues explored in the various sections are drawn. After the du Bois tradition of examining shared black experiences, the bridge section (II) of the thesis has his words for a title. At the heart of these poems and within the pursuit of a clear image lies the question posed by W.E.B. du Bois in The Souls of Black Folk, “For where in the world may we go and be safe from lying and brute force?”

Forests provide humans with a range of valuable ecosystem services, but current forest management practices may increase susceptibility to damage from disturbances such as pest insects. One such practise is the harvesting of residue, which decreases the amount of dead wood in the forest. Dead wood has been shown to be of importance for biodiversity and could decrease vulnerability to biotic disturbances. Sustainable forest management and conservation of biological diversity is required to maintain ecologically healthy forests. I aimed to investigate if biodiversity connected to dead wood could contribute to insect pest mitigation. I sampled ground-dwelling arthropods with pitfall traps in monoculture pine stands in Central Sweden on plots where dead wood had been either added or removed. To relate catches from pitfall traps to predation pressure of pest insects, I used plasticine model larvae to measure the attack rate. Contrary to my expectations, total arthropod abundance was higher when dead wood had been removed. Furthermore, the presence of dead wood had no effect on total arthropod diversity and diversity and abundance of predators. There was no relationship between predator catches and attack rates on plasticine model larvae. My results contradict previous findings that dead wood promotes biodiversity and pest mitigation. This highlights the need for studies targeting the more specific effects of different types of dead wood, in different types of forest stands on specific taxonomic groups and ecological processes, as results do not appear to be uniform across studies.

As the importance of indium for research and industry grows, the need for rapid, accurate analysis of the metal Increases. The dead stop titration method, which has been used for other metals, will now be applied to the quantitative determination of indium ion in aqueous solution. The uses of indium. Indium metal las found increased used during the last few years and is now comercially available. For a long time after its spectroscopic discovery in 1863 by Reich and Richter, it was regarded as little ore than further substantiation of the chemist's periodic classification of the elements. The first major use was more when it was discovered that coating bearing surfaces with the metal gave high corrosion resistance and caused the surface to retain a core complete all film (Latiner and Hildebrand, p. 1).For recently, indium has been used widely in a great many different applications. Sims (1556) and Schneider (1951) have summarized many of these.

My dissertation analyzes the passages related to the priesthood, cult, and temple in the Aramaic Scrolls from Qumran. The Aramaic Scrolls comprise roughly 15% of the manuscripts found in the Qumran caves, and testify to the presence of a flourishing Jewish Aramaic literary tradition dating to the early Hellenistic period (ca. late fourth to early second century BCE). Scholarship since the mid-2000s has increasingly understood these writings as a corpus of related literature on both literary and socio-historical grounds, and has emphasized their shared features, genres, and theological outlook. Roughly half of the Aramaic Scrolls display a strong interest in Israel’s priestly institutions: the priesthood, cult, and temple. That many of these compositions display such an interest has not gone unnoticed. To date, however, few scholars have analyzed the priestly passages in any given composition in light of the broader corpus, and no scholars have undertaken a comprehensive treatment of the priestly passages in the Aramaic Scrolls. My dissertation fills these lacunae. After a brief introduction to the dissertation in Chapter 1, Chapter 2 gives an overview and assessment of earlier treatments of the Aramaic Scrolls. Chapters 3 through 5 offer analyses of the passages related to the priesthood, cult, and temple found in fourteen of the approximately thirty Aramaic Scrolls, dealing with each composition in turn. In Chapter 6, I synthesize the material in the previous three chapters, and show that the Aramaic Scrolls reflect a remarkably consistent conception of Israel’s priestly institutions. By way of conclusion in Chapter 7, I situate the Aramaic Scrolls in the context of broader scholarly proposals concerning the history of the Second Temple Jewish priesthood, and demonstrate how this corpus can shed new light on an otherwise poorly documented period in Jewish history, namely, the pre-Hasmonean, Hellenistic period. / Dissertation / Doctor of Philosophy (PhD) / My dissertation is a literary analysis of themes related to the Jewish priesthood in the Aramaic Dead Sea Scrolls. It uses the results of this literary analysis to understand better the history of the Jewish priesthood in the Second Temple period.

Working from Charland's (1987) description of constitutive rhetoric, this thesis is concerned what the popular zombie apocalypse television series The Walking Dead (TWD) has to say regarding survival behavior in a post-apocalyptic world. TWD's plot focuses primarily on the relationships between survivor characters situated among the crumbling remains of society and humanity. An attempt is made to show how TWD (1) establishes a common ideology among its characters, and therefore (2) constitutes its characters as a primary audience through an ideology of inhumanity by three narrative ideological effects. In doing so, the study aims to advance understanding of constitutive rhetoric in a temporal sense and also to emphasize that popular culture artifacts suggest viewers as secondary audiences and implied auditors tied to ideologies. The results of this analysis suggest the new order of a post-apocalyptic world binds survivors into a collective and transhistorical subject. These characters are tied to their past before the apocalypse and also become relatively relatable for viewers. / Master of Arts

Dead languages present a case where the original language community no longer exists. This results in a language for which the evidence is limited by the paucity of surviving texts and in which no new linguistic uses can be generated. Ludwig Wittgenstein argued that the meaning of language is simply its use by a language community. On this view a dead language is coextensive with the existing corpus, with the linguistic dynamic provided by the community of readers. Donald Davidson argued that the meaning of language is not conventional, but rather is discovered in a dynamic process of "passing theories" generated by the speaker and listener. On this view a dead language is incomplete, because such dynamic theories can only be negotiated by participating in a living language community and are thus not captured by the extant corpus. We agree with Davidson's view of theories of meaning and conclude that our interpretations of dead languages will suffer epistemological underdetermination that removes any guarantee that they reflect the meanings as heard by the original language community. / Master of Arts

La Dystrophie Myotonique de type 1 (DM1) est cause par l’expansion anormale d’un triplet CTG dans la partie 3’UTR du gène DMPK, entrainant l’agrégation du transcrit mutant dans des inclusions ribonucléoprotéiques appelées foci. D’après plusieurs études structurales sur des courtes répétitions CUG, il a été proposé que les expansions CUG se replient en une structure en tige-boucle qui interfère avec l’activité de plusieurs facteurs lié au métabolisme de l’ARN et altère leur fonction cellulaire. Le facteur d’épissage muscleblind-like 1 (MBNL1) a été identifié par sa capacité à interagir avec les répétitions CUG. In vivo, ces répétitions entrainent la séquestration de cette protéine aboutissant en une déplétion nucléaire. Un autre facteur d’épissage, la CUG Binding protein (CUGBP1), est également impliqué dans la pathologie. Au lieu d’être séquestré par les répétitions, la stabilité protéique de CUGBP1 est augmentée dans les tissus DM1 entrainant un gain d’activité pour ce facteur. La séquestration de MBNL1 et la stabilisation de CUGBP1 résultent en la dérégulation de l’épissage alternatif de plusieurs transcrits musculaires et du cerveau et la réexpression d’isoformes protéiques fœtales dans les tissus adultes. Cependant, de récentes études suggèrent que d’autres facteurs ou voies de signalisation que celles faisant intervenir MBNL1 et CUGBP1 pourraient être impliquées dans la pathologie DM1.Le but de mon travail de thèse a été d’identifier de nouveaux facteurs ayant la capacité d’interagir avec les répétitions CUG. A l’aide d’une purification sur chromatographie d’affinité utilisant un ARN contenant 95 répétitions CUG comme appât, nous avons identifié l’ARN hélicase p68/DDX5. p68 fait partie de la famille des protéines DEAD-box, caractérisée par un core protéique conservé constitué de neufs domaines hautement conservés, dont le motif DEAD, à l’origine du nom de ces protéines. p68 est impliquée dans de nombreux aspects du métabolisme de l’ARN, dont la transcription, l’épissage, l’export, la traduction et la dégradation des ARN. Nous avons montré, que p68 colocalise avec les foci CUG dans un modèle cellulaire exprimant la partie 3’UTR du gène DMPK contenant de longues répétitions CTG. Nous avons identifié que p68 augmente l’interaction de MBNL1 sur les répétitions CUG et une structure secondaire particulière d’un élément régulateur de l’ARN pré-messager cardiac Troponin T (TNNT2), dont l’épissage est dérégulé dans la pathologie. L’insertion de mutations dans le core de l’hélicase de p68 abolit l’effet de p68 sur la fixation de MBNL1 ainsi que la colocalisation de p68 avec les expansions CUG in vivo, suggérant que le remodelage des structures secondaires ARN de manière ATP-dépendante par p68 facilite l’interaction de MBNL1. Nous trouvons également que la compétence de p68 pour réguler l’inclusion de l’exon alternatif 5 de TNNT2 dépend de l’intégrité des sites de fixation de MBNL1.Nous proposons que p68 agit comme un modificateur de l’activité de MBNL1 sur ces cibles d’épissage ainsi que sur les expansions CUG à l’origine de la pathologie. / Myotonic Dystrophy type I (DM1) is caused by an abnormal expansion of CTG triplets in the 3’ UTR of the DMPK gene, leading to the aggregation of the mutant transcript in nuclear RNA foci. Based on structural studies on short CUG repeats, it has been proposed that expanded CUG repeats fold into an imperfect hairpin structure that interferes with the activities of RNA binding proteins and alters their normal cellular function. The muscleblind-like 1 protein (MBNL1) was identified by its ability to bind to CUG repeats. It has been shown that the expanded mutant transcript promotes the sequestration of the MBNL1 splicing factor in nuclear RNA foci. CUGBP1 is another splicing factor that is involved in DM1. Instead of being sequestered by the repeats, the steady-state level of CUGBP1 is increased in DM1 tissues, leading to a gain of activity of the protein. The sequestration of MBNL1 and the up-regulation of CUGBP1 in DM1 results in the misregulation of alternative splicing of a subset of muscle and brain-specific transcripts, leading to the re-expression of fetal isoforms in adult tissues. However, several recent studies suggest that factors or signaling pathways other than MBNL1 and CUGBP1 could be involved in DM1 pathogenesis.The aim of this work was to isolate new factors that bind to CUG repeats. Using an affinity chromatography strategy with an RNA containing 95 pure CUG repeats, we identified the RNA helicase p68 (DDX5). p68 is a prototype of DEAD-box RNA helicase proteins. This family is characterized by a conserved core, consisting of nine conserved motifs including the DEAD signature, which gives rise to the name to these proteins. p68 is involved in many aspects of RNA metabolism including transcription, RNA processing, RNA export, translation and mRNA degradation. We showed that p68 colocalized with RNA foci in cells expressing the 3’UTR of the DMPK gene containing expanded CTG repeats. We found that p68 increased MBNL1 binding onto pathological repeats and the stem-loop structure regulatory element within the cardiac Troponin T (TNNT2) pre-mRNA, splicing of which is misregulated in DM1. Mutations in the helicase core of p68 prevented both the stimulatory effect of the protein on MBNL1 binding and the colocalization of p68 with CUG repeats, suggesting that remodeling of RNA secondary structure through a ATP-dependant manner by p68 facilitates MBNL1 binding. We also found that the competence of p68 for regulating TNNT2 exon 5 inclusion depended on the integrity of MBNL1 binding sites.We propose that p68 acts as a modifier of MBNL1 activity on splicing targets and pathogenic RNA.