This study combines formal analysis of Shakespeare’s texts with an investigation of early modern English culture in order to explore the social energy circulating between. It argues that the conceptual categories of fluidity and loci are two features prevalent not only in Shakespeare’s plays specifically, but also in early modern English culture generally. Chapter One maps out the scholarship on death and memory in early modern English culture; Chapter Two investigates fluidity and loci in numerous forms, including humoral bodies, identities, money, commodity and texts, as regards physiology, economics, cosmology and politics. Chapter Three on Hamlet investigates corruption and fragmentation regarding both death and memory, and it also argues that Hamlet is troubled by memory’s excessiveness and fickleness. Chapter Four explores time, memory, emotion and death in Macbeth, followed by a study of Henry V, The Tempest and The Winter’s Tale in Chapter Five. There are two points underlying the argument of the whole thesis. The first point is that, whereas the brain-centred understanding of memory was predominant in early modern England as in other European countries, there was also a heart-centred tradition. Although the brain and reason still occupied pivotal positions in early modern England, the heart and emotion were given substantial attention by Shakespeare among others. As regards the relationship between the heart and the emotions, there were also two divergent attitudes to emotion: praise of emotion and denigration of emotion. As the connotations and history of the term “emotion” are complex, this study distinguishes between it and its synonyms such as passion, affection, feeling and the Chinese concept of qing. Other Chinese philosophies such as Daoism and theories including Yin-Yang theory and “Three Immortality” are also explored to shed light on the foci of this study. Secondly, this thesis argues that there are two categories of memory, namely, locative memory and fluid memory, and Shakespeare was influenced by both. It also contends that the eradication and displacement of memory provoked anxiety about memory, just as the displacement and annihilation of corpses, mainly caused by plagues and the Reformation as well as other factors, lead to heightened anxiety about death in early modern English culture.

Submitted by Clara Bráz dos Santos null (clara.huf@gmail.com) on 2016-10-03T18:03:38Z No. of bitstreams: 1 SANTOS, Clara Braz dos. Dissertação de mestrado CORRIGIDA (UNESP 2016).pdf: 1393830 bytes, checksum: 796e2aa30df03fb538b561a8830d5ef9 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Ana Paula Grisoto (grisotoana@reitoria.unesp.br) on 2016-10-05T13:33:39Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 santos_cb_me_fran.pdf: 1393830 bytes, checksum: 796e2aa30df03fb538b561a8830d5ef9 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2016-10-05T13:33:39Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 santos_cb_me_fran.pdf: 1393830 bytes, checksum: 796e2aa30df03fb538b561a8830d5ef9 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2016-09-22 / Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq) / No Brasil, durante os séculos XVII e XVIII, pregadores e moralistas difundiram entre os colonos, por meio de sermões, livros de devoção, elogios e sonetos fúnebres, a ideia de que deveriam lembrar cotidianamente da morte, caso almejassem viver e morrer de acordo com os ditames da religião católica. A preocupação com os possíveis destinos das almas no além-túmulo – purgatório, inferno ou paraíso – foi fundamental para que esses letrados propagassem entre os colonos valores morais sobre a morte, pois a salvação ou condenação de suas almas por Deus estavam diretamente relacionadas aos cuidados que dedicaram à morte ainda durante a vida. Saber bem morrer era pré-condição para os fiéis pleitearem o reino dos céus, e, segundo os pregadores e moralistas, a boa morte só seria conquistada por meio de uma vida dedicada à fé e à contemplação da morte. Todavia, outra questão mereceu a atenção desses homens do Seiscentos e do Setecentos: os pecados praticados pelos colonos. Segundo esses letrados, depois dos lucros com a produção da cana-de-açúcar, a extração do ouro e pedras preciosas das minas, os colonos teriam se tornado vaidosos, cobiçosos, soberbos, interessados apenas nos bens mundanos, esquecidos das obrigações religiosas e das contas que deveriam prestar no juízo final. Mostrou-se imperioso, então, a esses religiosos, conduzir os homens e mulheres da colônia para o caminho da vida devota, a única concebida como digna de um verdadeiro católico, e que poderia ser garantida mediante um exercício que tinha o propósito de ensiná-los a desapegarem-se dos bens supérfluos, reconhecerem suas condições mortais e os perigos de viverem e morrerem em pecado. Desse modo, o objetivo dessa pesquisa é entender como se configurava o exercício moral de memória da morte e como tal exercício deveria permitir aos colonos se tornarem católicos devotos. / In Brazil, during the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries, preachers and moralists spread among the settlers, through sermons, books of devotion, praise and funeral sonnets, the assertion that they should remember the death daily if they wondered live and die according to the dictates of the Catholic religion. The worry about the possible destinations of souls in the afterlife – purgatory, hell or heaven – was key to these scholars propagate among the settlers moral values about death, for salvation or damnation of their souls by God were directly related to care they dedicated to death even during life. Knowing well die was pre-condition for the faithful plead the kingdom of heaven, and according to the preachers and moralists, the good death would only be achieved through a life devoted to faith and contemplation of death. However, another issue attracted the attention of these men of the Six hundred and Seven hundred: the sins committed by settlers. According to these scholars, after the profits with the production of sugarcane, the extraction of gold and precious stones from the mines, the settlers would have become conceited, greedy, proud, interested only in worldly goods, forgotten religious obligations and accounts that they should provide in the final judgment. It was essential, therefore, to these religious, lead these men and women the way of pious life, the only conceived as worthy of a true Catholic, and it could be ensured by an exercise that was meant to teach them to detach, of the surplus goods, recognize their deadly conditions and the dangers to live and die in sin. Thus, the objective of this research is to understand how was configured the moral exercise of the death memory and how such exercise should allow settlers become devout Catholics. / CNPq: 133302/2014-8

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