Past research has demonstrated that individual and group judgments are subject to systematic biases. Although much effort has been devoted to the debiasing of individual judgments, no corresponding work to date has been found on the debiasing of group judgments. Complicating this research gap is the fact that group and team work is gaining increasing importance in organizational settings. The current study examines the usefulness of group support systems (GSS) in addressing two important judgment biases, namely, representativeness bias and availability bias. Representativeness bias refers to the bias incurred in posterior-probability estimation by not properly utilizing information sources such as base rate. Availability bias occurs when events of higher availability to the memory are correspondingly judged as occurring more frequently. The formation of a judgment is seen from the perspective of an information integration process. Two orthogonal dimensions of information integration -- interpersonal and intrapersonal -- are involved in group judgments. Interpersonal information integration concerns the aspect of information sharing among group members, and can be supported with the electronic communication channel of GSS. Intrapersonal information integration deals with the information processing capacities and capabilities of individuals, and is supportable using cognitive-support tools of GSS. A laboratory experiment with a 2x2 factorial design was conducted. One hundred and twenty subjects took part in the experiment. They were randomly allocated to 40 groups. Two experimental tasks, designed to examine the two judgment biases of interest, were solved by each group. Data pertaining to both processes and outcomes were collected and analyzed. Representativeness bias was reduced by the use of cognitive support, in the form of a problem representation tool. Groups with the problem representation tool made fewer references to diagnostic information versus base rate, leading to the use of more correct strategies which combined these two information sources. The use of the problem representation tool was found to be responsible for causing this chain of events. On the other hand, electronic communication did not lead to a similar change in the pattern of group processes, and, correspondingly, did not reduce the representativeness bias. Although electronic communication is capable of improving the interpersonal aspect of information integration, the representativeness bias is primarily a result of cognitive limitations, and benefits little from improved communication among group members. Availability bias was reduced by both cognitive support and communication support. Cognitive support, in the form of electronic brainstorming, increased the information search scope of issues, especially those issues of relatively low availability to the memory. Electronic communication allows parallel input and has a lower social presence than verbal communication. These features helped to reduce the extent of groupthink and widened the range of alternative solutions proposed. Some interaction effects were observed on group members’ perceptions of the group process. For example, communication medium had an effect on group members’ satisfaction in groups without cognitive support, but not those with cognitive support. Correspondingly, cognitive support affected some perceptual variables in verbally-communicating groups, but not electronically-communicating groups. Examples of such effects include an increase in perceived socio-emotional behavior and perceived informal leadership. / Business, Sauder School of / Graduate

The dissertation investigates some important aspects of managerial decision making under conditions of uncertainty. In the last three decades two prominent general approaches have evolved to deal explicitly with risk in managerial decisions. They are: (1) the central tendency-dispersion trade off approach, and (2) expected utility analysis. The first task undertaken in this investigation is to integrate these two approaches. This is accomplished by identifying those situations in which decision rules obtained by either approach are equivalent. Once equivalence between the two basic approaches to decision making under uncertainty is established, the focus shifts to the extension of these decision theories into situations involving multi-attribute outcome spaces. In particular, stochastic dominance rules for multivariate outcome distributions are developed. Two applications of stochastic dominance criteria are then presented, illustrating the relevance of the approach to theory development and management of resource systems. The first illustration demonstrates the application of stochastic dominance to portfolio diversification problems. Several results are obtained describing the sensitivity of optimal mixes with respect to changes in opportunities for investment. The second illustration demonstrates the role stochastic dominance criteria can play in ecosystem policy analysis. A methodology of stochastic dominance policy screening for forest management systems is developed and applied. / Business, Sauder School of / Graduate

The problem of selecting appropriate mathematical models for use in studying hydrological phenomena has created a situation in which the choice of suitable models by hydrologic practitioners has become exceedingly complex. The extensive comments in the literature indicate that neither the traditional system of technical journals nor the more modern computer -based retrieval schemes have really solved the problem. Further examination shows that similar problems have arisen in many fields, hence a well organized attack on the specific problem of hydrologic model choice can have a more general application. The present problem is identified as a requirement to codify and make accessible to users information in a more directly user oriented format. The problem of model choice arises at several levels, ranging from decision on what fundamental structure to use, to choice of parameters, and on to model calibration and validation. This paper is focused on a scheme to aid in model structure choice. The essential ingredients of model structure choice, and indeed of many choice processes, are extracted and embedded in a generalized set theoretic mathematical notational framework in order to give some insight into the nature of the problem. Within this framework the specialized features of the model choice problem are analyzed, and a specialized model is developed for assisting in model choice and all problems similarly situated. These considerations lead to the development of a finite vector of objective statements with codified responses prepared by a panel of qualified researchers who are willing and able to construct the essential information in a user oriented format. It is required that the panel not only couch their information in objective oriented terms but that they also generate value judgments for the individual components. In this way, those using the system can take advantage of the expert opinions embedded in the model while, at the same time, tailoring the choice to meet their own specific needs and aspirations. This results in what is defined as a mathematical CHOICEMODEL. The implementation of a system for interactive computation of the CHOICEMODEL is described in detail, and the associated computer programs are presented in appendices. A detailed instruction manual is given, and the implementation of the method is illustrated by an easily understood model of the ingredients of the problem of selecting an 8 -track stereo tape deck for home use. The plan is outlined whereby hydrologic choice models can be developed within the CHOICEMODEL system by a selected panel of expert EVALUATORs.

No description available.

The purpose of this study is to investigate the relationship between personality and certain characteristics of decision-making behavior in a modified two-choice probability learning situation. More specifically, this study addresses itself to the following questions: (1) Can personality correlates of the decision-making process be demonstrated? (2) Are personality factors related to individual differences in maximizing tendency, risk-taking, and decisiveness? (3) If such relationships, exist, who do they fit into the framework of existing decision-making theory?

The integration of economic, social and environmental dimensions is essential for corporate sustainability. Integration requires that there be no a priori priority among these dimensions. Economic priorities, however, often dominate decision-making processes in for-profit organisations. This thesis asks how do organisations integrate predominant economic dimensions, on the one hand, and social-ecological dimensions, on the other? The question is focused on the middle management level, where relatively little is known about how competing organisational aspects are integrated. The study addresses a gap in theory relating to tensions in corporate sustainability by drawing on paradox, organisational ambidexterity and organisational identity literatures. The case study explored the research question from the lived experience of purposefully sampled research participants in a century-old mining company. The study focused on the integration of economic and social-ecological (E&SE) dimensions in the cross-functional decision-making process where mining projects are developed. Findings from the inductive analysis before and after the introduction of an intentional integration process revealed five dimensions of differentiation that were further explored. The analysis culminated in a process model of E&SE integration. I argue that E&SE integration on the middle management level is characterised by tensions between competing, interrelated priorities that constrain integration. Notwithstanding organisational commitment to corporate sustainability and E&SE integration, failure to manage these tensions perpetuates unsustainable outcomes in decision-making processes. The overarching contribution to corporate sustainability literature is a process model of E&SE integration on the middle management level that addresses the tensions that constrain integration. Integration is enabled by suspending premature convergence on a single option and by bringing social-ecological dimensions to the forefront in order to explore how E&SE dimensions are interdependent, before making binding choices. The study contributes to organisational ambidexterity literature by showing how the integration of strategic priorities on the middle management level is distinct from integration on the senior management level with respect to the quality of the decision and the locus of integration. The study also contributes to an emerging scholarly conversation regarding organisational purpose by identifying how reframing purpose into an integrative metaframe can enable commitment to an integrated decision-making process.

During the past decade, building energy consumption has risen significantly. Meanwhile, the building area is being increased at a high speed. The conflict between high building energy consumption and low energy efficiency has attracted great attention in the construction industry. HVAC system contributes to most of the whole building energy consumption. Thus, it is imperative to study and analyze the means of HVAC system’s energy conservation. This study aims at addressing two specific challenges: (1) the lack of knowledge to know the kind of HVAC performance that can be evaluated as the criteria for decision making; and (2) the lack of efficient methods for collecting HVAC system and equipment data to comprehend the information used by decision makers. An effective way to minimize these challenges is to predict the HVAC performance of a new building at the conceptual design stage through the application of energy simulation tools. However, the development process of these tools is usually isolated, which results in having the information of a building model that is created by other tools cannot be shared. On another side, there is a need to establish an energy conservation expert system to use during the design of the HVAC systems for buildings. Based on the above, this study integrates Building Information Modeling (BIM) and decision-making system to select HVAC systems for buildings. First, the basic of HVAC components and systems are collected and stored in specific database that will be used for the optimization of HVAC design. Various types of heating/cooling equipment are presented based on ASHRAE standards. Second, the environmental, economic, technical performance and green building rating system are summarized as the criteria for evaluating HVAC performance. Then a combined AHP (Analytic Hierarchy Process) and Entropy structure for HVAC system is introduced as the Decision-making method. Finally, the interoperability of BIM tool is developed to bridge the connection between BIM tool and the HVAC decision making systems through the whole life cycle of buildings. The entire model is coded in Visual Studio via C#. The model is tested through a project to prove its workability and dependency.

The study of individual differences provides insights into how person-specific factors influence decision-making, either before, during or after a decision is made. This dissertation examined a specific individual difference in decision-making: decision-making anxiety. With the adoption of a situation-specific approach, a series of three studies allowed for the conceptual definition of this construct, the development of a measure, and the exploration of its role in the decisionmaking process. Study 1 focused on the development and validation of the Decision-Making Anxiety Inventory. The results demonstrated that the 8-item scale is a useful measure of decision-making anxiety, a superordinate construct, best understood by the interrelations of its three factors of anxiety, worry, and emotionality. Moreover, this study situated decision-making anxiety alongside existing decision-making and personality constructs. In Study 2, the relationships between decision-making anxiety and objective and perceived decision-making competence, and perceived decision quality were examined. This study also included crossvalidation from peers. Findings revealed that anxious decision-makers viewed themselves as poor decision-makers who do not make quality decisions. This perception was not supported by the results from objective measures, nor from peer ratings. In Study 3, the role of decisionmaking anxiety was explored in a specific decision-making context: job search. Data was gathered at two time points, two months apart. This study investigated whether decision-making anxiety led to poorer job choice outcomes, via its relationship with job search behaviours. Results demonstrated that decision-making anxiety was a significant negative predictor of job search effort and intensity, and the focused, exploratory, and haphazard job search strategies. However, decision-making anxiety did not predict the more distal outcomes. Overall, this dissertation highlights that decision-making anxiety is a relevant individual difference in decision-making, which appears to influence individuals’ perceptions about their decisionmaking skills, their experience of decision outcomes, and their decision-related behaviours

This study considers an expanded meaning of "uncertainty" as it affects decision-makers. The definition adopted is based on a decision-maker who is uncertain, i.e. aware of the insufficiency of her knowledge for the purpose of rationally determining which option to choose. A taxonomy of uncertainties is developed from this definition. The first stage is a Generalized Decision Model, which expands on a standard decision model often assumed in technical works by allowing uncertainty over components of the model that are assumed to be perfectly known in the standard model. These additional potential "subjects" of uncertainty include the feasibility of options, the authority of the decision-maker to effect a choice, membership of and probability distributions over the set of possible future states of the world, and considerations about how the consequences are to be valued. The taxonomy also describes possible "sources" of uncertainty, dividing them into characteristics of the world (e.g. variability), evidence the decision-maker has (e.g. ambiguity or imprecision), or characteristics of the decision-maker himself. Other important ways in which uncertainties can vary is whether they are hard (irreducible in principle) or soft, whether a decision is unique or repeatable, and the role time has in the decision and in the resolving of the uncertainties. A finding of this work is that many uncertainties in addition to the uncertainty in the standard decision model over the future state of the world can keep a procedure for implementing rational choice from being decisive, thus requiring another (nonrational) process to complete the selection of an option. Other insights: (1) Deciding is only part of being rational, and in many instances is not the most important part. (2) Uncertainty may complicate decision-making, but is by no means always bad for the decision-maker. (3) Rationality is inescapably subjective in any implementation. (4) True "decision under certainty" does not exist. (5) Uncertainties vary sufficiently that no single treatment can be prescribed; it is hoped that this work contributes to a survey of the territory of uncertainty that facilitates Smithson's (1988) "suburbanization" or subdivision into smaller tracts to be developed individually.

No description available.