This paper looks at the difference in disclosure requirements between the foreign earnings that companies plan to repatriate back to the United States and those that companies plan to permanently reinvest abroad. The concepts of transparency and compliance are addressed as issues related to the current disclosure requirements surrounding permanently reinvested earnings and the associated unrecognized deferred tax liability. The resulting implications on investors as well as the effects of tax holidays will also be discussed. Overall, this paper aims to prove the need for modification of the current disclosure requirements regarding foreign earnings labeled as permanently reinvested earnings as well as stricter regulation of these requirements in order to increase company compliance.

This thesis provides an overview of accounting and tax implications of long-term intangible assets from the perspective of the Czech legislation and in terms of International Accounting Standards. The text is divided into theoretical and practical. The first part describes the intangible assets in five chapters. The first of these intangible assets is generally defined in terms of Czech and international law. Other chapters deal with valuation, depreciation and decommissioning of intangible assets. The last chapter deals with the deferred taxes that are due different concepts of accounting and tax regulations in the costs and revenues. Current legislation of intangible assets described in this work is compared with the previously applicable law. The practical part consists of a number of exercises that reflect the real situation of intangible assets in a Prague company.

The thesis defines prudence principle in accounting as are impairment of assets, provisions, depreciation of assets and deferred tax. In the first part discourses about them in light of International Financial Reporting Standards and in the second part according to Czech legislation, where are also both approaches compared within the scope of the end of each chapter.

Este trabalho fornece evidências sobre o papel de ativos e passivos de tributos diferidos como instrumento de tolerância regulatória e arbitragem de capital regulatório por instituições financeiras brasileiras no período de 2004 a 2009. Visando atingir o objetivo da pesquisa, foram desenvolvidas duas hipóteses: a) a tolerância regulatória, visando verificar se os gestores utilizaram tributo diferido para apoiar ou atingir níveis de capital regulatório e quão realistas eram as estimativas sobre a capacidade de realização do tributo diferido, e b) a estratégia de arbitragem de capital regulatório, visando verificar se as escolhas sobre tributos diferidos dos gestores estavam relacionadas com o capital regulatório. Para tanto, este estudo obtêm evidências analisando informações contábeis anuais. As hipóteses são testadas utilizando as técnicas de análise de dados de regressão linear múltipla e regressão com dados em painel. Como resultado, o estudo mostrou que as instituições financeiras brasileiras utilizaram tributo diferido como instrumento de tolerância regulatória. As instituições financeiras não teriam atingido o capital regulatório mínimo sem esses valores. Apesar disso, foram apresentadas evidências de que os gestores foram realistas no reconhecimento de tributo diferido. Também foi mostrado que as decisões dos gestores das instituições financeiras brasileiras estavam orientadas pelo tributo diferido. Conforme apurado, as instituições financeiras com mais fortes posições de capital (maior Nível I) tendem a reportar maior tributo diferido ativo, contrariando a literatura internacional. De maneira geral, revelouse apenas um caso de como a contabilidade pode servir de ferramenta para interferir em questões políticas, econômicas e em setores regulados, buscando atingir fins regulatórios ou cumprir acordos dos quais o país faça parte. / This paper provides evidence on the role of assets and liabilities of deferred taxes as a tool of regulatory forbearance and regulatory capital arbitrage by Brazilian financial institutions in the period 2004 to 2009. In order to achieve the goal of research, two hypotheses were developed: a) the regulatory forbearance in order to verify whether the deferred tax managers used to support or achieve levels of regulatory capital and how the estimates were realistic about the ability to perform the deferred tax, b) the arbitrage strategy of regulatory capital in order to verify that the choices on deferred taxes of managers were related to regulatory capital. Therefore, this study obtained evidence by analyzing annual financial information. The hypotheses are tested using the techniques of data analysis of multiple linear regression and regression with panel data. As a result, the study showed that the Brazilian financial institutions have used deferred tax as a tool of regulatory forbearance. Financial institutions have not reached the minimum regulatory capital without these values. Nevertheless, evidence was presented that the managers were realistic recognition of deferred tax. It was shown that the decisions of the managers of Brazilian financial institutions were guided by deferred tax. As established, the financial institutions with stronger capital positions (higher Tier I) tend to report higher deferred tax asset, contrary to international literature. Overall, it was revealed just a case of how accounting can serve as a tool to interfere in political, economic and regulated industries, seeking to achieve regulatory purposes or to comply with agreements to which the country is part.

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Este trabalho fornece evidências sobre o papel de ativos e passivos de tributos diferidos como instrumento de tolerância regulatória e arbitragem de capital regulatório por instituições financeiras brasileiras no período de 2004 a 2009. Visando atingir o objetivo da pesquisa, foram desenvolvidas duas hipóteses: a) a tolerância regulatória, visando verificar se os gestores utilizaram tributo diferido para apoiar ou atingir níveis de capital regulatório e quão realistas eram as estimativas sobre a capacidade de realização do tributo diferido, e b) a estratégia de arbitragem de capital regulatório, visando verificar se as escolhas sobre tributos diferidos dos gestores estavam relacionadas com o capital regulatório. Para tanto, este estudo obtêm evidências analisando informações contábeis anuais. As hipóteses são testadas utilizando as técnicas de análise de dados de regressão linear múltipla e regressão com dados em painel. Como resultado, o estudo mostrou que as instituições financeiras brasileiras utilizaram tributo diferido como instrumento de tolerância regulatória. As instituições financeiras não teriam atingido o capital regulatório mínimo sem esses valores. Apesar disso, foram apresentadas evidências de que os gestores foram realistas no reconhecimento de tributo diferido. Também foi mostrado que as decisões dos gestores das instituições financeiras brasileiras estavam orientadas pelo tributo diferido. Conforme apurado, as instituições financeiras com mais fortes posições de capital (maior Nível I) tendem a reportar maior tributo diferido ativo, contrariando a literatura internacional. De maneira geral, revelouse apenas um caso de como a contabilidade pode servir de ferramenta para interferir em questões políticas, econômicas e em setores regulados, buscando atingir fins regulatórios ou cumprir acordos dos quais o país faça parte. / This paper provides evidence on the role of assets and liabilities of deferred taxes as a tool of regulatory forbearance and regulatory capital arbitrage by Brazilian financial institutions in the period 2004 to 2009. In order to achieve the goal of research, two hypotheses were developed: a) the regulatory forbearance in order to verify whether the deferred tax managers used to support or achieve levels of regulatory capital and how the estimates were realistic about the ability to perform the deferred tax, b) the arbitrage strategy of regulatory capital in order to verify that the choices on deferred taxes of managers were related to regulatory capital. Therefore, this study obtained evidence by analyzing annual financial information. The hypotheses are tested using the techniques of data analysis of multiple linear regression and regression with panel data. As a result, the study showed that the Brazilian financial institutions have used deferred tax as a tool of regulatory forbearance. Financial institutions have not reached the minimum regulatory capital without these values. Nevertheless, evidence was presented that the managers were realistic recognition of deferred tax. It was shown that the decisions of the managers of Brazilian financial institutions were guided by deferred tax. As established, the financial institutions with stronger capital positions (higher Tier I) tend to report higher deferred tax asset, contrary to international literature. Overall, it was revealed just a case of how accounting can serve as a tool to interfere in political, economic and regulated industries, seeking to achieve regulatory purposes or to comply with agreements to which the country is part.

The goal is to become familiar with deferred tax concept - explain the nature and bring this accounting term near on a few selected areas. The thesis deals with two different accounting frameworks, Czech legislation and transnational concept in form of International Financial Reporting Standards with the motive to try to explain true nature of deferred tax and to conclude which of the accounting system sufficiently regulates this area so, that it could reflect all important differences with tax system and leads to fair distribution of profits among owners. In other words, not to awarded disposable earnings to those who do not belong solely because of differences between taxes and accounting. Thus, in a situation where these differences did not exist, the belonging amount of allocation of the profit would be else. The thesis is complemented with descriptive examples and illustrations created from real financial statements of two chosen companies. Representative of the Czech framework is Skanska a.s., and for a framework of IFRS the company Unipetrol a.s. The thesis concludes that a more elaborate treatment of deferred tax includes International Financial Reporting Standards, and therefore the financial statements prepared under them provide truer view of an analyzed company to user.

The topic of this thesis is the principle of prudence. The chapters are devoted to the tools (impairment, provisions, depreciation, deferred tax). The thesis is focused on Czech legislation, but it also contains the basic view of International Financial Reporting Standards.

The thesis is focuses on the principle of prudence. Describes in detail the tax and accounting point of view of its instruments. The first chapter is devoted to generally accepted accounting principles and their description. Other chapters have directly target specific tools. At the end of each chapter, which is devoted to the tools of the precautionary principle, are indicative examples.