Employee turnover is expensive and disruptive to organizations. However not many employers appreciate the value lost in quality of human capital, and dollar value of lost productivity and time due to turnover. This study identified the causes and consequences of voluntary employee turnover in a financial institution in Kenya. The researcher established from the bank records that 80 employees resigned from the institution in the five-year period. The causes of turnover were identified and recorded as given in the separated employees' resignation letters held at the bank, and categorized as either avoidable or unavoidable. The quality of the separated employees was measured by academic qualifications, banking training, job performance ratings and years of work experience as recorded in the separated person's file. Turnover cost was computed based on the earnings of the separated employee and the associated administration costs, plus the cost of training and lost productivity due to the resignations. The turnover policies were reviewed. The data collected were coded and analyzed using the SPSS program version16. The quantitative data analysis was carried out using descriptive statistics. Non-parametric Chi-Square Goodness-of-Fit Test was used to test the research hypotheses. A thematic analysis of the narration by the HR director was done. The reasons for the resignations were as follows: 65 percent better salaries offered elsewhere, 17.7 percent were due to family reasons, 13.8 percent went on further studies, 2.5 percent had problems with bank administration and 1.2 percent changed careers. It was further established that 71 percent of the separated workers had university degrees, 92 percent were either good or excellent job performers, 35 percent had more than ten years work experience and 80 percent had received bank training. The turnover cost per separated employee was 100 percent of the worker's annual salary. The total turnover cost comprised of 43.5 percent in lost productively due to the resignations; 30.9 percent on training and 25.6 percent on recruiting and hiring replacements. The researcher concluded that personnel turnovers had negative consequences for the bank in terms of loss of quality human capital and cost, and that management should act to resolve the problem since 67.5 percent of the turnovers were avoidable.

Thesis (M.Com. (Industrial Psychology))--North-West University, Vaal Triangle Campus, 2005.

The securitization regulations of the real estate were announced and implemented on July 23, 2003. These improve the mobility of real estate in Taiwan. There are two kinds of forms, the investment trust of real estate (REITs) and real estate assets trust (REATs). U.S.A is the. most developed country for REITs, and the experience in Japan can give us some important reference. This research hopes with discussion and analysis of some cases of our country and then consults the real estate securitization systems of U.S.A., Japan, Hong Kong, etc.; one can put forward the view and suggestion on the influence that the financial institution operates on the securitization of the real estate. In the securitization operation course of the real estate , manage the rule etc. in decree including Trust Law , trust business law , bank law and trust and investment corporation involved . The securitization can be assigned to enterprise's financial securitization and securitization of the assets, and the assets securitization can be divided for securitization and securitization of the real estate of financial assets. The main purpose includes promoting the effective use of the real estate, promote the effective use of the fund, improve and raise the environmental quality of the essence, prevent the land resource from to control, prevent land speculation from, perfect the market function, disperse the investment risk, solving the problem of financing for the financial group, large-scale production of reaching the real estate and managing. Its characteristic, for circulation, cashing, fairness, specialized, disperses the risk. The main difference of REITs and REATs is that there is fund and securitization with REITs first, then invest in the real estate and relevant right, but REATs is to enable assets possessors to obtain the fund through the securitization, reduce the real estate and hold the quantity. The securitization of the real estate originated from U.S.A., was the place where the whole world develops REITs earliest, legal system is complete, the diversification of the goods. Till the end of January of 2006, there are listing REITs 198 Companies in all, total market value is 358,400 million dollars, the rights and interests type have absolute predominance. The Japanese real estate securitization was implemented formally in November of 2000, 32 are listed till March of 2006, the total about 3.26 trillion days of market value round. Hong Kong REITs market just belonged to the starting stage, own 3 in common begin to merchandize till the end of March of 2006, it up to 23,500 million Hongkong dollars to raise the scale of the money, yet there is large one and will be listed on Hong Kong soon in the reservation, Hong Kong will become the second largest REITs market in Asia, is second only to Japan. And the investment trust system of real estate of our country consults U.S.A. mainly, the assets trust of the real estate draws lessons from Japan. Till the end of December of the 94th year of the Republic of China, already there are securitization goods of 10 pieces of real estate that have checked and approve to issue at home, among them 7 departments regard REATs as the structure, 3 departments issue and are listed by way of REITs. Domestic the real estate securitization to last only more than two years, its still some subjects in the course of decree clause and operation deserve the discussion , including REITs is it issue , REITs business transaction ,etc. agreement of amount of money standardize stipulate , pluralistic issue of source that REITs mark of standard ,etc. to add to. Implementation of the securitization of the real estate, it influences the aspect to relevant industry extremely widely, cause the influence analogous to the degree on the traditional business of the financial institution. The securitization of the real estate has changed the way in which the fund raises of the past, has also produced the change to the form of operation and administration of the real estate market. And the influence on the business of financial institution, in terms of banking, it is served as and is commissioned the organization that there are its positive benefits, investment tool increase , underwriting , self-operation , brokerage of marketable securities , develop investment bank , reverse side influence for storing original , loan business reduce. From the angle of the securities business, its role's function is roughly consigned to roles of functions , person who makes city , serving as financial advisor , the mobility of the financial goods fixing the price and designing , secondary market , educational investor ,etc.. From the angle of the insurance, role that can serve as it, take on original organization, investor, trust business, real estate management organization, credit strengthen insurer, etc. role. But in the course of securitization operation of the real estate, there must also be good control systems, guarantee that the relevant interested party's rights and interests are not injured. Control the system , is divided into three kinds , such as inside control system , external finance managing , financial market's own self-containment ,etc. on the whole . The securitization market of the real estate will step into the stage growing up fast, will grow up the space very big in the future, will attract more investor's input, in order to ensure investor's rights and interests, the relevant mechanism, with should be set up to form a complete set as quickly as possible, give investors more reeducation, the construction of the information platform of investment, every trade agreement melts simple and easily and makes clear etc.. The developing real estate securitization will be revised open soon; the competent authority should bear and verify the heavy responsibility. The innovation ability of the financial institution will also face the test , a piece of a large amount of real estate securitization goods coming one after another, how the financial institution weeds out the old and brings forth the new, obtains to investors and favors, it is a decisive key of the future. The domestic efforts in this respect of financial institution still remain to strengthen. The development of the securitization of the real estate will move towards the internationalization too unavoidably, integrate with the international capital market, should be adjusted too while managing the norm. Future, real estate securitization apply city newer, public construction, non-performing assets, etc. to, the operation course is quite professional, tedious, every financial institution should train every qualified personnel in a specific field actively, develop the administrative system of the assets, set up and perfect the inside control system, and set up and specialize in the department to promote the securitization business of the real estate.

The objective of this Study was to identify any relationships that may exist Main job insecurity, burnout and organisational armament. To determine the levels of job insecurity, burnout and organizational commitment, how different demographic p u p s experience different levels of job insecurity and whether job insecurity can predict burnout and orgauisational commitment. A -sectional w e y design was used. A random sample of human resource workers (N = 146) was used & on a financial institution in Gauteng. The Job Insecurity Survey Inventory (JISI), Maslach Bumout Inventory-General Survey (MBI-GS) and Organisational Commitment Questionnaire (OCQ) wae administered with a biographical questionnaire. The regression analyses indicated that 29, 8% of the total variance was explained by job insecurity on burnout and that 28, 7% of the total variance was explained by job insecurity on organisational commitment / Thesis (M.Com. (Industrial Psychology))--North-West University, Vaal Triangle Campus, 2005.

The objective of this Study was to identify any relationships that may exist Main job insecurity, burnout and organisational armament. To determine the levels of job insecurity, burnout and organizational commitment, how different demographic p u p s experience different levels of job insecurity and whether job insecurity can predict burnout and orgauisational commitment. A -sectional w e y design was used. A random sample of human resource workers (N = 146) was used & on a financial institution in Gauteng. The Job Insecurity Survey Inventory (JISI), Maslach Bumout Inventory-General Survey (MBI-GS) and Organisational Commitment Questionnaire (OCQ) wae administered with a biographical questionnaire. The regression analyses indicated that 29, 8% of the total variance was explained by job insecurity on burnout and that 28, 7% of the total variance was explained by job insecurity on organisational commitment / Thesis (M.Com. (Industrial Psychology))--North-West University, Vaal Triangle Campus, 2005.

Researchers have over-concentrated on the relationship between bank stock returns and interest rate changes without paying much attention to the impact of interest rates on non-bank financial institutions, in particular the insurance and real estate industries. This research attempts to examine the sensitivity and importance of interest rates and stock market price behaviour on non-bank financial institutions across three countries: the United States, the United Kingdom and Australia. The results provide a different perspective on the relationship non-bank financial institutions have with the fixed income and equity markets, and sheds new light on their long-run interaction. For the insurance market, interest rate movements seem to be just as important as the stock market in explaining the variation of insurance portfolio returns in the United States. However, there is only a weak relationship between interest rate changes and insurance portfolio returns in the United Kingdom and Australia. The liquidity problem in the United Kingdom and small sample size issues in Australia may have influenced the final results. In addition, size and profitability of the insurance companies do influence the significance of interest rate coefficients. This suggests that the financial makeup of a firm can modify or influence the sensitivity of stock returns towards interest rate changes. For the securitised property market, once structural breaks are accounted for, the results show that securitised property is driven by both interest rate and stock market changes, regardless of the type of financial institutions being examined. Evidence also points to companies with different leverage ratios and companies that are tax-exempt entities are still all influenced by both the equity and fixed income markets over the long-run period, although the influence these factors have does vary across time. A major contribution of this study clearly points to the relative weightings that portfolio managers may now consider to be appropriate with regard to their holdings of bonds, equities and non-bank financial institutions in their portfolios for both their tactical and strategic asset allocations. For example, it may not be a wise decision to invest significant amounts of capital in both securitised properties and fixed income securities given that both instruments are co-integrated in the long-run. Although this research was primarily conducted prior to the current economic situation, some of the major conclusions from this research are particularly relevant today. Moreover, with better understanding of the sensitivity among security prices and various financial risk factors, financial managers are able to manage and control their companies’ risk exposure towards interest rate risk and stock market conditions more effectively and efficiently. / http://proxy.library.adelaide.edu.au/login?url= http://library.adelaide.edu.au/cgi-bin/Pwebrecon.cgi?BBID=1371959 / Thesis (Ph.D.) - University of Adelaide, Business School, 2009

Magister Commercii (Industrial Psychology) - MCom(IPS) / Robbins and Judge (2013, p. 13) define an organisation as a “consciously coordinated social unit, composed of two or more people, that functions on a relatively continuous basis to achieve a common goal or set of goals.” Since an organisation’s effectiveness is the result of the level of individual and collective employee performance (i.e. teams and organisational units) and their success in attaining these shared goals, organisations have realised the potential of people as a source of competitive advantage (Pfeffer, 1994). The financial services industry has become fiercely competitive and is largely dependent on the collection of individuals working together to create the services that clients demand and are willing to pay for. South Africa has one of the best-developed financial sectors in the world and competition between the four major banks and insurance providers is fierce (Bhorat, Hirsch, Kanbur & Ncube, 2014). Since companies in the financial sector provide more or less the same services, they depend on their workers to transform scarce resources into valued services that clients demand.

Stress is considered as one of those factors that has an influence on the performance of employees negatively or positively which also affects the organization as a whole. Many employees have started to consider stress as an important issue to look at. This study investigated the employees' perceptions of stress and its effect on their productivity. We mainly compared branches in different countries (Cameroon and Nigeria) using employees from a mutual bank “Ecobank” to find out their different perceptions in relation to stress. The study was conducted with six (6) interviewees, three (3) from Nigeria and three (3) from Cameroon. From other similar studies, we have not been able to see a comparison of employees' perception between two countries and this helped us to be able to recognize a research gap. The study was done using a qualitative method which helps us to know the perceptions of employees regarding stress and its effect on productivity from both Cameroon and Nigeria. The interview was conducted with employees from different departments and different roles. The interview was a big help for us getting a broader understanding of how employees perceive stress. A thematic network and discussion was developed in order for us to interpret the results of our findings. We were able to develop 5 themes which are performance, role conflict, role ambiguity, work demand and resource constraints and with this we were able to do a comparison to find out what the employees from different countries perceive in regards to stress. We were also able to give some suggestions for further studies which one of them is based on gender differences. The results from our findings showed that workload, pressure to meet deadlines, lack of knowledge, multiple tasks, unclear responsibilities, lack of resources were the perceptions contributing to stress.

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Devido à grande volatilidade e ao dinamismo do mercado financeiro, a gestão do risco operacional é fator preponderante para a sobrevivência de qualquer negócio. A lógica existente na disciplina de mercado pressupõe que este possui mecanismos coercitivos de maneira a induzir os gestores a administrar prudentemente os negócios. Ou seja, a sua eficiência depende da atuação ativa dos participantes do mercado no sentido de beneficiar ou recompensar as instituições mais bem geridas e penalizar as empresas mal administradas. Tradicionalmente, os bancos divulgam dados acerca das exposições ao risco de crédito e de mercado, a fim de auxiliar a compreensão do seu perfil de risco. Entretanto, também estão expostos a outros tipos de riscos, tais como o risco operacional, o qual pode prejudicar significativamente o desempenho futuro, podendo levá-los até a falência. Logo, verifica-se a importância da divulgação dessas informações para a disciplina de mercado. Buscando proteger o sistema financeiro dos resultados negativos advindos dos riscos inerentes às suas atividades, o Comitê da Basiléia publicou o Novo Acordo de Capital, previsto para entrar em vigor no final de 2006, sendo que nesta data as instituições financeiras deverão obedecer a certos padrões mínimos no gerenciamento de seus riscos, entre eles o operacional. Esta dissertação tem por objetivo analisar a avaliação e gerenciamento do risco operacional em uma instituição financeira nacional de grande porte, detectando instrumento de medida e análise e o estágio de desenvolvimento quanto ao gerenciamento do risco operacional. Para tanto, utilizou-se a metodologia de Estudo de Caso e as evidências foram obtidas por documentação, registros em arquivos, entrevistas e observação direta. Os resultados sugerem que o banco pesquisado encontra-se em estágio intermediário na administração dos riscos operacionais, contudo, está desenvolvendo técnicas e processos tanto para se adequar às exigências dos órgãos supervisores, quanto para a melhoria de seus resultados. / Due to the great volatility and to the dynamism of the finance market, the management of the operational risk is a preponderant factor for the survival of any business. The logic that is in the market discipline, implies that it has coercive mechanisms that induces the managers to manage carefully theirs business. In other words, the efficiency depends on the active performance of the participants of the market, on the sense of benefiting or to reward the institutions that are good managed and to penalize the bad managed one. Traditionally, the banks give data concerning the exposure to the credit market risks, in order to assist the comprehension of their risk profile. However, they are also exposed to other kinds of risks, such as the operational risk, which can injure significantly the future performance and could even conduct them to the bankruptcy. Soon, they can verify the importance of the divulgation of these information for the market discipline. Seeking to protect the financial system from negative results of the inherent risks to its activities, Basel Committee published the New Capital Accord, foreseen to go into effect at the end of 2006, and in this date the financial institutions should obey some minimum standards in the management of their risks, among them the operational. The goal of this dissertation is to analyze the evaluation and management of the operational risk in large financial institution, detecting measure and analysis instrument and the stage of development regarding the management of the operational risk. For that, the methodology of Study of Case was used and the evidences were obtained by documentation, records in files, interviews and direct observation. The results suggest that the searched bank is on an intermediary stage in the administration of the operational risks, however, it is developing techniques and processes to adapt to the supervisors\' demanding and to the improvement of its results.