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Literature has also shown that how long an employee stays in an organisation is determined by their relationship with their manager. By identifying the key managerial behaviours that are considered by knowledge workers to be important for retention, organisations will stand a greater chance of retaining these individuals. This research investigated what impact the knowledge worker’s perception of his manager’s behaviour has on his intention to stay with the organisation. The research also aimed to establish whether perceived managerial behaviour affected retention differently for the different race groups. A quantitative study was done which was based on a previous study by Rhule (2004). The current study focuses on knowledge workers in a leading Pulp and Paper company in South Africa. The study found that there is a strong relationship between the knowledge workers perception of the manager’s behaviour and intention to stay. Another key finding is that there is no significant difference between black and white respondents in how competent they perceive their managers to be on managerial behaviours they consider important for retention. / Dissertation (MBA)--University of Pretoria, 2010. / Gordon Institute of Business Science (GIBS) / unrestricted

Several factors have contributed to employment relations gradually becoming more uncertain in the last decades. In South Africa, as well as in other industrialised economies all over the world, organisations had to adjust to the pressures imposed by an intensified global competition. The transformation of working life has brought the topic of insecure working conditions to the forefront. Job insecurity are of vital importance in modern working life. A growing number of employees face the risk of losing their jobs as a consequence of organisational restructuring and layoffs. Job insecurity affects the well-being of individuals. In this sense, job insecurity is a significant stressor with consequences for the individual. However, the consequences are not limited to just the individual. The situation is often such that individuals experiencing job insecurity also tend to react to the dissatisfying circumstances in ways that affect the organisation as well. Several studies have found a negative association between job insecurity and job satisfaction. Job insecurity s also associated with lower levels of organisational commitment. The empirical objectives of this thesis were firstly to validate the Job Insecurity Questionnaire (JIQ) and Minnesota Job Satisfaction Questionnaire (MSQ) for employees in selected organisations in South Africa; secondly to determine its construct equivalence for different cultural groups; thirdly, to determine differences between the job insecurity and job satisfaction levels of various demographic groups, fourthly to assess the relationship between job insecurity, job satisfaction and organisational commitment, and lastly to determine whether job insecurity can predict job satisfaction and organisational commitment. A cross-sectional survey design with a random sample (N = 834) of employees in selected organisations in South Africa was used. The Job Insecurity Questionnaire, the Minnesota Job Satisfaction Questionnaire, the Organisational Commitment Questionnaire, and a biographical questionnaire were administered. Descriptive statistics were used to describe the measuring instruments in terms of mean, standard deviation, skewness and kurtosis. Cronbach alpha coefficients were used to describe the reliability of the measuring instruments. Construct (structural) equivalence was computed to compare the factor structure for the different culture groups included in this study. Exploratory factor analysis with a Procrustean target rotation was used to determine the construct equivalence of the JIQ and MSQ for the different culture groups. Pearson correlation coefficients were used to determine the relationship between the measuring instruments. Regression analyses were used to determine whether organisational commitment can be predicted by the independent variables namely, affective job insecurity; cognitive job insecurity; extrinsic job satisfaction; intrinsic job satisfaction; age; gender, and qualification. The results confirmed a two-factor model of job insecurity, consisting of affective and cognitive job insecurity. The scales showed acceptable internal consistencies. Exploratory factor analysis with target rotations confirmed the construct equivalence of scales for white and black participants. Practically significant differences were found between the levels of job insecurity of employees in terms of age groups and qualification levels. Furthermore, the results confirmed a two-factor model of job satisfaction, consisting of extrinsic job satisfaction and intrinsic job satisfaction. Exploratory factor analysis with target rotations confirmed the construct equivalence of scales for the black and white groups. The results obtained from comparing job satisfaction levels of various demographic groups showed that practically significant differences existed between the job satisfaction of different age and race groups. Results revealed significant relationships between job insecurity and job satisfaction. The multiple regression analysis indicated that 24% of the variance in organisational commitment was explained by affective job insecurity, cognitive job insecurity; extrinsic job satisfaction; intrinsic job satisfaction; age; gender and qualification. Limitations of the research are discussed, followed by recommendations for the selected organisations and for future research / Thesis (Ph.D. (Industrial Psychology))--North-West University, Potchefstroom Campus, 2005.

Several factors have contributed to employment relations gradually becoming more uncertain in the last decades. In South Africa, as well as in other industrialised economies all over the world, organisations had to adjust to the pressures imposed by an intensified global competition. The transformation of working life has brought the topic of insecure working conditions to the forefront. Job insecurity are of vital importance in modern working life. A growing number of employees face the risk of losing their jobs as a consequence of organisational restructuring and layoffs. Job insecurity affects the well-being of individuals. In this sense, job insecurity is a significant stressor with consequences for the individual. However, the consequences are not limited to just the individual. The situation is often such that individuals experiencing job insecurity also tend to react to the dissatisfying circumstances in ways that affect the organisation as well. Several studies have found a negative association between job insecurity and job satisfaction. Job insecurity s also associated with lower levels of organisational commitment. The empirical objectives of this thesis were firstly to validate the Job Insecurity Questionnaire (JIQ) and Minnesota Job Satisfaction Questionnaire (MSQ) for employees in selected organisations in South Africa; secondly to determine its construct equivalence for different cultural groups; thirdly, to determine differences between the job insecurity and job satisfaction levels of various demographic groups, fourthly to assess the relationship between job insecurity, job satisfaction and organisational commitment, and lastly to determine whether job insecurity can predict job satisfaction and organisational commitment. A cross-sectional survey design with a random sample (N = 834) of employees in selected organisations in South Africa was used. The Job Insecurity Questionnaire, the Minnesota Job Satisfaction Questionnaire, the Organisational Commitment Questionnaire, and a biographical questionnaire were administered. Descriptive statistics were used to describe the measuring instruments in terms of mean, standard deviation, skewness and kurtosis. Cronbach alpha coefficients were used to describe the reliability of the measuring instruments. Construct (structural) equivalence was computed to compare the factor structure for the different culture groups included in this study. Exploratory factor analysis with a Procrustean target rotation was used to determine the construct equivalence of the JIQ and MSQ for the different culture groups. Pearson correlation coefficients were used to determine the relationship between the measuring instruments. Regression analyses were used to determine whether organisational commitment can be predicted by the independent variables namely, affective job insecurity; cognitive job insecurity; extrinsic job satisfaction; intrinsic job satisfaction; age; gender, and qualification. The results confirmed a two-factor model of job insecurity, consisting of affective and cognitive job insecurity. The scales showed acceptable internal consistencies. Exploratory factor analysis with target rotations confirmed the construct equivalence of scales for white and black participants. Practically significant differences were found between the levels of job insecurity of employees in terms of age groups and qualification levels. Furthermore, the results confirmed a two-factor model of job satisfaction, consisting of extrinsic job satisfaction and intrinsic job satisfaction. Exploratory factor analysis with target rotations confirmed the construct equivalence of scales for the black and white groups. The results obtained from comparing job satisfaction levels of various demographic groups showed that practically significant differences existed between the job satisfaction of different age and race groups. Results revealed significant relationships between job insecurity and job satisfaction. The multiple regression analysis indicated that 24% of the variance in organisational commitment was explained by affective job insecurity, cognitive job insecurity; extrinsic job satisfaction; intrinsic job satisfaction; age; gender and qualification. Limitations of the research are discussed, followed by recommendations for the selected organisations and for future research / Thesis (Ph.D. (Industrial Psychology))--North-West University, Potchefstroom Campus, 2005.

Magister Commercii (Industrial Psychology) - MCom(IPS) / Research suggests that a positive relationship exists between job satisfaction and organizational commitment and increasing the job satisfaction and commitment of employees impacts positively on their job performance and productivity. In addition to this, research also shows that these attitudes have implications for positive job related behaviours such as reduced turnover and intention to quit. The argument is that with the call centre industries ‘expansion and subsequent rising turnover, the necessity to ensure a high level of satisfaction and commitment amongst call centre agents as to reduce intention to quit and eventual turnover has become of paramount importance. This study therefore investigated the relationship between job satisfaction, organisational commitment and turnover intentions among call centre agents in a call centre in the Western Cape. The sample group consisted of one hundred and seventy two (n=172) call centre agents in a call centre in the Western Cape. A biographical questionnaire, Minnesota Satisfaction Questionnaire (MSQ), Organisational Commitment Questionnaire (OCQ) and Intention to Quit Scale were administered to the respondents. Once the questionnaires were returned the raw data was captured into SPSS and statistically analysed. Pearson Product-Moment Correlation Coefficient was utilised to determine the relationships between job satisfaction, organisational commitment and turnover intentions amongst call centre agents. Furthermore multiple regression analyses was utilised to determine the variance between biographical variables (age, gender, tenure in a call centre and tenure in the organisation as a whole), job satisfaction and organisational commitment amongst call centre agents. The results indicate that there is a significant relationship between job satisfaction and organisational commitment amongst the sample of call centre agents. There was also a significant negative relationship between organisational commitment and intention to quit. In addition, there was a significant negative relationship between job satisfaction and intention to quit. Further findings of the current study point to a significant relationship in job satisfaction based on employees‘ age and tenure in the call centre. However, no significant relationship was found between all the biographical characteristics of gender, age, tenure in the call centre, tenure in the organisation as a whole and organisational commitment. Implications for the management of job satisfaction, organisational commitment and turnover intentions are provided based on the results which were obtained in the current study.

Magister Commercii (Industrial Psychology) - MCom(IPS) / Set against the tenuous relationship between government (public sector), organisations (private sector) and trade unions, employees’ commitment to the success of their respective organisations are of utmost importance. Heugens and Schenk (2004) maintains stakeholders may oppose restructuring efforts as invariably some constituencies will be likely to lose a strategic advantage as a result of drastic change such as a restructure. This reality has resulted in these stakeholders having to find a common ground to ensure economic competitiveness and longevity of South African organisations. Where this common ground has been elusive, organisations need to find the balance between profitability, environment and its people. According to the King III Report (2009, as cited in Du Plooy & Roodt, 2013) this is referred to as the triple bottom line that is profit, planet and people, which are integrally linked to employee turnover and organisational strategy. Organisational commitment is a key factor to success for organisations in order to obtain and maintain a competitive advantage. Coetzee and Botha (2012) posit that organisations in today’s competitive world require each employee to be committed to the organisation’s objectives and function as an effective team. A competitive advantage is needed to achieve high performance (Nienaber & Masibigiri, 2012). The working world has evolved from one where job security is no longer as prevalent as it used to be. Consequently and understandably, employees’ commitment to their organisations has diminished. Organisations are required to now investigate, understand and put measures in place to grow employee commitment in order have a successful business operation. This study intended to primarily establish whether a relationship exists between organisational commitment and turnover intentions amongst employees in an organisation undergoing restructuring. Additional variables namely age and tenure were used to establish if these variables have any bearing on levels of organisational commitment. The matter of organisational restructuring may act as an antecedent variable to both organisational commitment as well as turnover intentions. An organisational restructuring is likely to have a negative effect on employees’ organisational commitment. Thus, the affective commitment, continuance commitment and normative commitment of employees were also contrasted with turnover intentions. Correspondingly, news of an impending restructure may serve to increase employees’ intentions to terminate employment with the organisation. The sample included 144 respondents (n = 144) from an organisation within the hospitality industry. A method of non-probability, convenience sampling was utilised due to the nature of the study. A Biographical Questionnaire, Organisational Commitment Questionnaire and Turnover Intention Questionnaire were utilised for data collection purposes. The biographical questionnaire aimed to elicit among others important details such as gender, race, age, marital status, qualifications, language preferences and years of service were used for statistical purposes. Once the information was collected, the Pearson data analysis technique and Analysis of Variance technique were used to establish the relationships and differences between the respective variables under investigation. The results in the study indicate that significant inverse relationships exist between organisational commitment and turnover intentions. Significant differences were found in organisational commitment based on age and tenure. Similar statistically significant differences were discovered in turnover intentions according to employees’ age and tenure. Affective, continuance and normative commitment exhibited significant relationships with turnover intentions. The study in closing makes reference to the limitations experienced in the study as well as recommendations for future research especially on organisational commitment and turnover intentions of employees within a restructured or restructuring environment.

This study focused on establishing the impact of job satisfaction (JS) and organisational commitment (OC) on turnover intentions of high school teachers in Fort Beaufort. Quantitative research methodology was used to gather data with the use of the short version of the Minnesota Job Satisfaction Questionnaire; the Organisational Commitment Questionnaire measuring three facets of commitment (affective, continuance, and normative); and Turnover Intention Questionnaire consisting of three items. Validity and reliability of each instrument was presented and explained. Data analysis was facilitated by the use of Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS). The results indicated that teachers’ level of satisfaction was high with many aspects of their job and it was low with some aspects with pay and the amount of work being the lowest. A negative relationship between job satisfaction and turnover was established, and organisational commitment was found to influence turnover intention.

This dissertation looks at the existence of multiculturalism within the North-West University, Potchefstroom Campus after the merger. It also assesses the extent to which there is organisational commitment and job satisfaction within this institution of higher learning. Using frequencies and descriptive statistics, the article provides an overview of the extent of the impact of multiculturalism on organisational commitment and job satisfaction in the identified institution. Furthermore, the article evaluates the extent of relationships between multiculturalism as an independent variable and organisational commitment and job satisfaction as dependent variables. Data collected from 250 respondents using the self-administered questionnaires was analysed using SPSS. The results show that respondents’ self-assessment of their productivity is affirmative. It also indicates that most respondents are satisfied with their work and their responses to the intention to leave the organisation are in the negative. Contrary to the position of most researchers in previous literature, data collected in this study shows that multiculturalism does not result in the sampled employees intending to leave the organisation. It also indicates that the respondents do not show any negative effect of multiculturalism. This positive impact may be attributed to the fact that most respondents indicated their commitment to the institution and satisfaction with their work. The results of this study should be interpreted in the context of academia. In this regard, in a different environment, multiculturalism may be found to result in different findings. Therefore, the findings cannot be generalised to other sectors and industries. In addition, it is safe to generalise the findings only to the Campus at which the study was conducted. Findings of this study show that there is no relationship between multicultural norm and practices and organisational commitment as well as job satisfaction. It nonetheless shows that most employees are productive and satisfied and have no intention to leave the institution. The study recommends that the institution adopts a focused approach to nurturing multiculturalism. In order to improve multiculturalism, it is recommended that the institution creates awareness and trains employees about diversity. It is also recommended that the North-West University enhances job satisfaction through team building activities. / MBA, North-West University, Potchefstroom Campus, 2014

This dissertation looks at the existence of multiculturalism within the North-West University, Potchefstroom Campus after the merger. It also assesses the extent to which there is organisational commitment and job satisfaction within this institution of higher learning. Using frequencies and descriptive statistics, the article provides an overview of the extent of the impact of multiculturalism on organisational commitment and job satisfaction in the identified institution. Furthermore, the article evaluates the extent of relationships between multiculturalism as an independent variable and organisational commitment and job satisfaction as dependent variables. Data collected from 250 respondents using the self-administered questionnaires was analysed using SPSS. The results show that respondents’ self-assessment of their productivity is affirmative. It also indicates that most respondents are satisfied with their work and their responses to the intention to leave the organisation are in the negative. Contrary to the position of most researchers in previous literature, data collected in this study shows that multiculturalism does not result in the sampled employees intending to leave the organisation. It also indicates that the respondents do not show any negative effect of multiculturalism. This positive impact may be attributed to the fact that most respondents indicated their commitment to the institution and satisfaction with their work. The results of this study should be interpreted in the context of academia. In this regard, in a different environment, multiculturalism may be found to result in different findings. Therefore, the findings cannot be generalised to other sectors and industries. In addition, it is safe to generalise the findings only to the Campus at which the study was conducted. Findings of this study show that there is no relationship between multicultural norm and practices and organisational commitment as well as job satisfaction. It nonetheless shows that most employees are productive and satisfied and have no intention to leave the institution. The study recommends that the institution adopts a focused approach to nurturing multiculturalism. In order to improve multiculturalism, it is recommended that the institution creates awareness and trains employees about diversity. It is also recommended that the North-West University enhances job satisfaction through team building activities. / MBA, North-West University, Potchefstroom Campus, 2014

In the new world economy the hey differentiator of competitive advantage is an organisation's human resources. Increasingly, employees have to cope with multiple demands arising from various roles. often with limited resources and no guarantee of job security. In monitoring and improving employee effectiveness in coping with multiple new demands. stimulating their growth and enhancing their well-being as well as organisational performance, burnout and engagement are specific research areas. 'The objectives of this study were to investigate the relationships between burnout, engagement, job demands. job resources and organisational commitment of management staff at a platinum mine in the North-West Province, and to determine which variables best predict burnout, engagement and organisational commitment. A cross-sectional survey design was used. The study population consisted of management staff at a platinum mine in the North West Province (N = 202). The Job Demands-Resources Scale, Utrecht Work Engagement Scale: Maslach Burnout Inventory - General Survey. a Health Questionnaire, and an Organisational Commitment scale were administered. Descriptive statistics, product-moment correlation coefficients and multiple regression analyses were used to analyse the data. The results indicated that burnout correlated significantly with job demands, job resources. engagement, health and organisational commitment. Engagement. correlated significantly with job resources. health, and organisational commitment. Exhaustion was best predicted by workload. job insecurity and lack of resources whilst cynicism was predicted by poor organisational support and advancement opportunities. Engagement was best predicted by organisational support. and organisational commitment was predicted by both burnout and engagement. Ill health was predicted by exhaustion. Recommendations were made for future research. / Thesis (M.Com. (Industrial Psychology))--North-West University, Potchefstroom Campus, 2006.