The topic of this thesis focuses on debt and budget crisis in California. First two parts introduce specifics of California economy and the process of enacting budget. Third part surveys economic-political development of California since fiscal year 1975-76. Further part provide evidence of changing structure of tax revenues and real growth of expenditures per capita. Fourths part focuses on long-term debt in California and its comparison with other U.S. states and also analysis of cash flow crisis. Final part proposes some measures, which could moderate future crisis.

The main goal of this thesis is to introduce the topic of public debt and its connection to budget deficit, and to compare the situation in 2 selected countries of the European Union, Ireland and Portugal. The first chapter describes the theory of public finance, its function and the main principles. It focuses on the problem of fiscal imbalance, approach of the European union (especially with regards to the Stability and Growth Pact), it also explains the theory of budget deficit and public debt. Second and third chapters are focused on the selected countries of the EU - Ireland and Portugal - as countries that are facing major problems in the area of public finance and are highly likely to ask for financial help, as it happend in the case of Greece. The chapters describe an overall economic situation of the two countries, the causes of public debt and its increase, approach of the EU towards them, proposed and agreed austerity measures, possible solutions and also further prospects for the future.

This work describes the development of volume and structure of czech agencies of government sector expenditure side, the development of budget balance and a public debt. It judges the fulfilment of Maastricht's criteria necessary for the acceptance of common europian currency. The work also describes and scans two reforms in public finance in the Czech Republic. The proposals for solving the problems in czech public finance are introduced at the close of the work.

The first goal of this thesis is to reveal main causes of increasing public debts of the Czech Republic and Hungary. The results of that analysis should show us whether the both countries differ in such causes or not and if there is a chance that the Czech Republic's public finance system could be in danger, as it happened in Hungary in 2008. At the beginning, we suppose that there are no important differences in those causes and that the main reason for the increasing public debts are long-term budget deficits which are of structural character. That means that those structural deficits are formed on purpose, by irresponsible fiscal policy. The other goal of this thesis is to analyse the most important factors which cause the long-term structural deficits in the Czech Republic, and to suggest some steps which would help to stop the further creation of those deficits.

The thesis analyzed the impacts of fiscal developments on the yield curve using quarterly data on the Czech economy over the period 2000:1 -- 2012:4. This thesis thoroughly reviewed the previous theoretical and empirical literature in order to sort out the rather inconclusive results of previous studies according to their main findings and implemented methodology. The empirical part consists of the estimation of the effects of budget deficits and government debt on the spread between the three-month and five-year interest rates, which closely reflects the effects of fiscal policy on the yield curve. The reduced-form equation was estimated by OLS. Since the estimated coefficients were not statistically significantly different from zero, this thesis did not confirm the conventional macroeconomic view of positive impacts on yields.

This thesis deals with the problem of public debt within the G-20 countries and the Czech Republic. The current state of public finances in these countries was analyzed through the so called Public Finance Checklist, which has been specifically developed for this thesis. The Checklist includes some public sector liabilities that are not a part of the conventional analysis of public sector debt. The results of analysis show that hidden liabilities constitute a significant part of the total amount of public debt in the analyzed countries. This fact presents a threat to stability of public finances. While the total public debt is increasing, governments aim to optically decrease the level of debt. The author assumes that the reason for such behavior is the arrangement of political system with missing corrective mechanisms of the principal-agent problem and moral hazard put into effect by political representatives. At the end of the thesis the author suggests some methods to fix the problems and restrict the growth of public debt.

Objective of this diploma thesis is to process analysis of development of revenues, expenditures and deficit of the state budget in the Czech Republic and to characterize the main economic trends, state of public funds and the economy at large. There are identified shares of exogenous influences, accepted reforms and measures in the economic development during the period from 1993 up to 2010. Theoretic -- methodological part is divided into three parts, the first one describes fiscal policy in general. The second part deals with the state budget, its revenue and expenditure side and very current field of debt financing. In the last part there is processed tax theory and conception of the flat tax from theoretical point of view. Practical part is introduced by description of the economic starting state of the Czech Republic. This is followed by the list of economic events and political measures that formed the final shape of public funds. Furthermore there is carried out the analysis of state budget development. Subject of the analysis is the extent and structure of both revenue and expenditure side of the state budget, budget balance and the government debt. Part of this thesis is also the analysis of development of macroeconomic indicators, specifically it is the GDP growth, unemployment rate and inflow of foreign funds. In the conclusion of the diploma thesis there is the successfulness of examined budget and fiscal policy evaluated and there are drawn some suggestions for the field of public funds in the coming years.

This paper responds to the development policy debate involving the World Bank and the IMF on the use of fiscal policy not only for economic stabilization but also to promote economic growth and increase per capita income. A key issue in this debate relates to the effect of the composition of public expenditure on economic growth. Policy makers and some researchers have argued that expenditure on growth-enhancing functions could enhance future revenue and justify the provision of "fiscal space" in the budget. But there are no simple ways to identify the growth-maximizing composition of public expenditure. The current paper lays out a research strategy to explore the effects of fiscal policy, including the composition of public expenditure, on economic growth, using a time series approach. Based on the modeling strategy of Greiner, Semmler and Gong (2005) we develop a general model that features a government that undertakes public expenditure on (a) education and health facilities which enhance human capital, (b) public infrastructure such as roads and bridges necessary for market activity, (c) public administration to support government functions, (d) transfers and public consumption facilities, and (e) debt service. The proposed model is numerically solved, calibrated and the impact of the composition of public expenditure on the long-run per capita income explored for low-, lower-middle- and uppermiddle-income countries. Policy implications and practical policy rules are spelled out, the extension to an estimable model indicated, a debt sustainability test proposed, and the out-of-steady-state dynamics studied.

Made available in DSpace on 2015-05-08T14:44:55Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 arquivototal.pdf: 7649365 bytes, checksum: ee27bd58facf83365ed85471f6231dbf (MD5) Previous issue date: 2012-11-06 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / Although infrastructure investment has a central role in economic development, it declined considerably in Brazil during the 1980 and 1990 decades. At the beginning of the 2000s it amounted to 2.2 \% of GDP, while in China and Chile it amounted to 7.3 \% and 6.5 \% of GDP, respectively. The private investment in infrastructure was not enough to offset the decline in public investment, which occurred because of the government's effort to achieve primary surpluses. Thus, the government faces a dilemma between balancing the budget and increasing the investment. In order to achieve the two goals, the investment must be financed. The aim of this work is to evaluate the impact of an increase in the infrastructure investment and its financing in the Brazilian economy. To do it, a dynamic computable general equilibrium model is used. It is simulated an increase in the investment for two years, equal to 1 \% of the GDP. The results show that, in the first three years, the increase in the GDP growth rate is higher when the investment is financed by reducing the government consumption (0.73 \%), it is moderate when the financing is done through the tax on production (0.33 \%) or foreign savings (0.34 \%), and it is lower when the financing is done by increasing the income tax (0.28 \%). Construction was the fastest growing sector (2.39 \% on average in the first 3 years). The contribution of this work was to obtain clear and useful results for policy making, enhance the understanding of the effects of infrastructure investment financing in the Brazilian economy, and analyze the sectorial impacts of this investment. / Embora o investimento em infraestrutura tenha um papel central no desenvolvimento econômico, ele reduziu-se muito no Brasil nas décadas 1980 e 1990. No início da década de 2000 equivalia a 2,2%do PIB, enquanto que na China e no Chile correspondia a 7,3% e 6,5%do PIB, respectivamente. O investimento privado em infraestrutura, não foi suficiente para compensar a redução do investimento público, que ocorreu por causa do esforço do governo para obter superávits primários. Assim, o governo enfrenta um dilema entre obter o equilíbrio orçamentário ou aumentar o investimento público. Para que os dois objetivos sejam alcançados é preciso que o investimento seja financiado. O objetivo desse trabalho é avaliar o impacto do aumento do investimento em infraestrutura e de seu financiamento na economia brasileira. Para isso, utiliza-se um modelo de equilíbrio geral computável dinâmico. E simulado o aumento do investimento durante 2 anos, equivalente a 1 % do PIB. Os resultados mostram que, nos três primeiros anos, o aumento da taxa de crescimento do PIB é maior quando o investimento é financiado pela redução do consumo do governo (0,73 %), é moderada quando o financiamento é feito através do imposto sobre a produção (0,33 %) ou da poupança externa (0,34 %) e é menor quando o financiamento é feito através do aumento do imposto de renda (0,28 %). O setor que mais cresceu foi o de construção (2,39% em média nos 3 primeiros anos). A contribuição desse trabalho foi obter resultados claros e úteis para a tomada de decisões políticas, ampliar a compreensão dos efeitos do financiamento do investimento em infraestrutura na economia brasileira e analisar os impactos setoriais de tal investimento.

The thesis aims to analyze the development of relevant debt indicators, i.e. state budget deficit, public debt, government deficit and debt, but also debt and the deficit of the public health insurance. The management of public health insurance in the Czech Republic is analyzed as well. Last but not least, the goal is to find also the most important factors affecting the growth of debt indicators of public health insurance and determine the possible consequences of the deficit of the public health insurance. The theoretical part consists of three chapters. The first chapter concerns the general public finances and financial imbalances. Here is particularly important the subchapter about the budget system. The second chapter deals with the debt indicators, namely public debt and its affiliates, as well as budget deficits and specific deficits. All of these debt ratios are then analyzed in the analytical part of this thesis. The last chapter relates to public health insurance. Analytical part is divided into two major chapters. The first chapter analyzes the development of the state budget, public debt, government deficit and government debt in the Czech Republic. The entire analysis is divided into two periods, namely 1993 to 2003 and 2004 to 2014. This section contains the definition of the most important causes of development. The second part is devoted to the analysis of public health insurance, namely its evolution, current state, but also the development of debt indicators of public health insurance, which are analyzed again within the Czech Republic in two seasons. At the conclusion of this chapter are defined the most important factors influencing the evolution of debt indicators of public health insurance and the impact of a possible deficit of the public health insurance.