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A caracterização fisiológica da cultura de soja auxilia na compreensão do comportamento da planta em resposta ao ambiente, permitindo estabelecer estratégias de manejo mais eficientes. Sendo assim, o presente trabalho teve por objetivo: (i) analisar a taxa fotossintética e transpiratória por unidade foliar, caracterizando a participação de cada estrato foliar, (ii) avaliar a fotossíntese líquida e respiração em estratos foliares após a aplicação de fungicidas e (iii) verificar a influência da senescência foliar natural, induzida por doença e controlada pela aplicação de fungicidas em folhas do estrato inferior com diferentes níveis de desfolha. O experimento I foi conduzido em câmara de crescimento na área experimental do Campus da ESALQ/USP no Departamento de Ciências Biológicas, em Piracicaba-SP, em 2007, onde foram realizadas avaliações de trocas gasosas. O experimento II foi instalado na estação experimental da Basf em Santo Antônio da Posse-SP, em 2011, neste experimento foram realizadas avaliações de fotossíntese líquida e respiração no estrato superior e inferior de plantas com aplicação de estrobilurina e triazol. O experimento III foi conduzido no Campus II do UNIPAM em Patos de Minas-MG, em 2011, onde se avaliou a influência das folhas senescentes do estrato inferior ao nível de 0, 25, 50, 75 e 100% de desfolha e aplicação de fungicidas. De acordo com os resultados encontrados no experimento I é possível inferir que a participação de cada unidade foliar da planta de soja na fotossíntese líquida total e na transpiração total se dá em função do seu estádio de desenvolvimento. A aplicação de estrobilurina Piraclostrobina + Epoxiconazol direcionada em folha do estrato inferior apresentam incrementos na fotossíntese líquida e decréscimos na atividade respiratória. A retirada de folhas do estrato inferior de plantas de soja ocasiona decréscimos na formação e enchimento de vagens e consequentemente diminuição da produtividade que variam de 1140, 1740 e 1680 kg ha-1, em plantas com 100% de desfolha, para os tratamentos 1 (testemunha), 2 (Piraclostrobina + Epoxiconazol) e 3 (Epoxiconazol), respectivamente. / The physiological characterization of the soybean crop helps in understanding the behavior of the plant in response to the environment, allowing establishing more effective management strategies. Therefore, this study aimed to: (i) analyze the photosynthetic and transpiration rates per leaf area unit, featuring the participation of each stratum leaf, (ii) evaluate the net photosynthesis and respiration in lower layer leaves after application of foliar fungicides and (iii) verify the influence of natural leaf senescence induced by disease and controlled by applying fungicides on the lower layer leaves with different levels of defoliation. The experiment was carried out in growth chamber at the Biology Department in Piracicaba, São Paulo State, in 2007, where assessments of gas exchange were made. The experiment II was installed at the Basf experimental station in Santo Antonio da Posse, São Paulo State, in 2011, where net photosynthesis and respiration were evaluated in the upper and lower layer leaves of the plants with strobilurin and triazol application. The experiment III was carried out in the Campus II of UNIPAM, in Patos de Minas, Minas Gerais State, in 2011, where the influence of lower layer senescent leaves were evaluated at 0, 25, 50, 75 and 100% of defoliation and fungicides application. According to the results of experiment I, the participation of each foliar unit of soybean plant on the total net photosynthesis and transpiration was inferred as function of its phenological stage of development. The application of Pyraclostrobin (strobilurin) + Epoxiconazol in the lower layer leaves present increments on net photosynthesis and decreases the respiratory activity. The removal of the lower layer leaves of soybean plants caused a decreasing of pod formation and filling and, consequently, decreases productivity ranging from 1140, 1740 and 1680 kg ha-1 in plants with 100% defoliation, for the treatments 1 (untreated), 2 (Pyraclostrobin + Epoxiconazole) and 3 (Epoxiconazole), respectively.

The importance of several factors in limiting recovery from defoliation was investigated in field-grown plants of Agropyron desertorum and Agropyron spicatum exposed to drought , natural or irrigated conditions. Leaf extension rate, components of leaf area production, number of metabolically active axillary buds and carbohydrate availability were examined on the same plants immediately after defoliation and/or in the following spring from 1984 until 1986. The diurnal course of leaf growth did not relate to turgor pressure in the expanded portion of leaf laminae. Rather growth was apparently associated with air temperature. Leaf extension rate was lower under drought than under better moisture levels during 1984 to 1986. For both species, reduced growth rates and shorter growth periods resulted in reduced tiller height, leaf number and leaf size under drought compared with natural or irrigated conditions in 1985 and 1986, but not in 1984. As a result, leaf area and/or yields were also lower under drought in 1985 and 1986, and lowest under drought plus defoliation in 1986. Production of daughter tillers immediately after defoliation was also lowest under drought. Regrowth capacity of both species was not limited by axillary bud number, size or viability immediately after defoliation under any water level in 1986. In early spring, however, tiller number and growth were lower on clipped than on unclipped plants of both species under drought and irrigated conditions in 1986, and under all water levels in 1987; this resulted in considerably reduced photosynthetic canopies on clipped plants. Crown and root total nonstructural carbohydrate (TNC) pools were higher under drought than under better moisture levels in A. desertorum and A. spicatum in early spring 1986. These high pools of TNC apparently enhanced the production of etiolated regrowth in both species when meristematic limitations did not exist in early spring. The productive potential of both Agropyron species will probably not be affected following a late and severe defoliation under drought. However, vegetative growth and/or productivity, and probably the persistence of these species in the community, will be reduced after two or more years of late and heavy defoliations under drought.

Typewritten copy Includes bibliographical references

Bibliography: leaves 209-254. Experiments detailed in this thesis, evaluate the impact of various herbicides and herbicide mixtures on the growth, nodulation and nitrogen fixation of annual pasture legumes, the efficacy of the herbicides for weed control, and the potential role of mechanical defoliation to replace herbicides, leading to lower cost and more sustainable farming systems.