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This thesis introduces approaches providing scalable delay-/disruption-tolerant routing capabilities in scheduled space topologies. The solution is developed for the requirements derived from use cases built according to predictions for future space topology, like the future Mars communications architecture report from the interagency operations advisory group. A novel routing algorithm is depicted to provide optimized networking performance that discards the scalability issues inherent to state-of-the-art approaches. This thesis also proposes a new recommendation to render volume management concerns generic and easily exchangeable, including a new simple management technique increasing volume awareness accuracy while being adaptable to more particular use cases. Additionally, this thesis introduces a more robust and scalable approach for internetworking between subnetworks to increase the throughput, reduce delays, and ease configuration thanks to its high flexibility.:1 Introduction 1.1 Motivation 1.2 Problem statement 1.3 Objectives 1.4 Outline 2 Requirements 2.1 Use cases 2.2 Requirements 2.2.1 Requirement analysis 2.2.2 Requirements relative to the routing algorithm 2.2.3 Requirements relative to the volume management 2.2.4 Requirements relative to interregional routing 3 Fundamentals 3.1 Delay-/disruption-tolerant networking 3.1.1 Architecture 3.1.2 Opportunistic and deterministic DTNs 3.1.3 DTN routing 3.1.4 Contact plans 3.1.5 Volume management 3.1.6 Regions 3.2 Contact graph routing 3.2.1 A non-replication routing scheme 3.2.2 Route construction 3.2.3 Route selection 3.2.4 Enhancements and main features 3.3 Graph theory and DTN routing 3.3.1 Mapping with DTN objects 3.3.2 Shortest path algorithm 3.3.3 Edge and vertex contraction 3.4 Algorithmic determinism and predictability 4 Preliminary analysis 4.1 Node and contact graphs 4.2 Scenario 4.3 Route construction in ION-CGR 4.4 Alternative route search 4.4.1 Yen’s algorithm scalability 4.4.2 Blocking issues with Yen 4.4.3 Limiting contact approaches 4.5 CGR-multicast and shortest-path tree search 4.6 Volume management 4.6.1 Volume obstruction 4.6.2 Contact sink 4.6.3 Ghost queue 4.6.4 Data rate variations 4.7 Hierarchical interregional routing 4.8 Other potential issues 5 State-of-the-art and related work 5.1 Taxonomy 5.2 Opportunistic and probabilistic approaches 5.2.1 Flooding approaches 5.2.2 PROPHET 5.2.3 MaxProp 5.2.4 Issues 5.3 Deterministic approaches 5.3.1 Movement-aware routing over interplanetary networks 5.3.2 Delay-tolerant link state routing 5.3.3 DTN routing for quasi-deterministic networks 5.3.4 Issues 5.4 CGR variants and enhancements 5.4.1 CGR alternative routing table computation 5.4.2 CGR-multicast 5.4.3 CGR extensions 5.4.4 RUCoP and CGR-hop 5.4.5 Issues 5.5 Interregional routing 5.5.1 Border gateway protocol 5.5.2 Hierarchical interregional routing 5.5.3 Issues 5.6 Further approaches 5.6.1 Machine learning approaches 5.6.2 Tropical geometry 6 Scalable schedule-aware bundle routing 6.1 Overview 6.2 Shortest-path tree routing for space networks 6.2.1 Structure 6.2.2 Tree construction 6.2.3 Tree management 6.2.4 Tree caching 6.3 Contact segmentation 6.3.1 Volume management interface 6.3.2 Simple volume manager 6.3.3 Enhanced volume manager 6.4 Contact passageways 6.4.1 Regional border definition 6.4.2 Virtual nodes 6.4.3 Pathfinding and administration 7 Evaluation 7.1 Methodology 7.1.1 Simulation tools 7.1.2 Simulator extensions 7.1.3 Algorithms and scenarios 7.2 Offline analysis 7.3 Eliminatory processing pressures 7.4 Networking performance 7.4.1 Intraregional unicast routing tests 7.4.2 Intraregional multicast tests 7.4.3 Interregional routing tests 7.4.4 Behavior with congestion 7.5 Requirement fulfillment 8 Summary and Outlook 8.1 Conclusion 8.2 Future works 8.2.1 Next development steps 8.2.2 Contact graph routing

With the miniaturization of satellites a fundamental change took place in the space industry. Instead of single big monolithic satellites nowadays more and more systems are envisaged consisting of a number of small satellites to form cooperating systems in space. The lower costs for development and launch as well as the spatial distribution of these systems enable the implementation of new scientific missions and commercial services. With this paradigm shift new challenges constantly emerge for satellite developers, particularly in the area of wireless communication systems and network protocols. Satellites in low Earth orbits and ground stations form dynamic space-terrestrial networks. The characteristics of these networks differ fundamentally from those of other networks. The resulting challenges with regard to communication system design, system analysis, packet forwarding, routing and medium access control as well as challenges concerning the reliability and efficiency of wireless communication links are addressed in this thesis. The physical modeling of space-terrestrial networks is addressed by analyzing existing satellite systems and communication devices, by evaluating measurements and by implementing a simulator for space-terrestrial networks. The resulting system and channel models were used as a basis for the prediction of the dynamic network topologies, link properties and channel interference. These predictions allowed for the implementation of efficient routing and medium access control schemes for space-terrestrial networks. Further, the implementation and utilization of software-defined ground stations is addressed, and a data upload scheme for the operation of small satellite formations is presented. / Mit der Miniaturisierung von Satelliten hat eine fundamentale Änderung in der Raumfahrtindustrie stattgefunden. Anstelle von einzelnen, großen, monolithischen Satelliten werden heutzutage immer mehr Systeme entworfen die aus mehreren Kleinstsatelliten bestehen die kooperativ zusammenarbeiten. Die geringeren Kosten für Entwicklung und Start sowie die räumliche Verteilung dieser Satellitensysteme ermöglichen die Realisierung neuer wissenschaftlicher Missionen und kommerzieller Dienstleistungen. Durch diesen Paradigmenwechsel entstehen neue Herausforderungen für Ingenieure, insbesondere in den Bereichen Funkkommunikation und Netzwerkprotokolle. Satelliten in erdnahen Umlaufbahnen und Bodenstationen bilden sogenannte Satelliten-terrestrische Netzwerke. Die Eigenschaften dieser Netzwerke unterscheiden sich wesentlich von denen anderer Netzwerke. Die resultierenden Herausforderungen in den Bereichen Systemdesign, Systemanalyse, Paketvermittlung, Routing und Medienzugriffskontrolle, sowie Herausforderungen in Bezug auf die Zuverlässigkeit und Effizienz der Funkkommunikation werden in dieser Dissertation behandelt. Die physikalische Modellierung von Satelliten-terrestrischen Netzwerken wird behandelt durch die Analyse von existierenden Satelliten- und Funkkommunikationssystemen, durch die Nutzung von Messungen an einer Bodenstation und einem Satelliten und durch die Implementierung eines Simulators für Satelliten-terrestrische Netzwerke. Die resultierenden System- und Kanalmodelle wurden als Basis für die Prädiktion der dynamischen Netzwerktopologien, Verbindungseigenschaften und Kanalinterferenzen genutzt. Diese Prädiktionen haben die Implementierung effizienter Verfahren für Routing und Medienzugriffskontrolle in Satelliten-terrestrischen Netzwerken ermöglicht. Darüber hinaus wird die Implementierung und Nutzung von Bodenstationen auf Basis von digitaler Signalverarbeitung behandelt und ein Datenübertragungsverfahren für den Betrieb von Kleinstsatellitenformationen beschrieben und evaluiert.

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This thesis presents the design and evaluation of routing protocols for efficient content delivery and dissemination in delay tolerant networks. With the advancement in technology, the communication devices with wireless interfaces become more and more universal. Delay tolerant networks (DTNs) are characterized by intermittent connectivity and limited network capacity. There exist several different application scenarios: connectivity of developing countries, vehicular DTN road communications, and social contact networks. In this thesis, we explore the characteristics in DTNs, such as mobility pattern, contact history information, and social feature information, to design efficient routing schemes. The research reported in this thesis investigates the technical challenges and their solutions of applying different DTN routing protocols. We design multicast schemes to forward the information to a group of destinations in DTN environment. We extend the delegation forwarding scheme in DTN multicasting. An non-replication multicast tree is also studied in this report. We also apply ticket-based and social-tie-based approaches in content distribution systems. We leverage the users' social feature information to study the hypercube-based routing schemes in social contact networks. We also study the resource management problem in DTNs. We design a joint replication-migration-based scheme to solve the storage congestion. These techniques are evaluated comprehensively in realistic simulation studies, by comparing the performance with state-of-the-art approaches in both synthetic and real traces. / Computer and Information Science

Protocol designs targeted at a specific network scenario or performance metric appear promising on paper, but the complexity and cost of implementing and tuning a routing protocol from scratch presents a major bottleneck in the protocol design process. A unique framework called 'Orchestra` is proposed in the literature to support the testing and development of novel routing designs. The idea of the Orchestra framework is to create generic and reusable routing functional components which can be combined to create unique protocol designs customized for a specific performance metric or network setting. The first contribution of this thesis is the development of a generic, modular, scalable and extensible architecture of the Orchestra framework. Once the architecture and implementation of the framework is completed, the second contribution of this thesis is the development of functional components and strategies to design and implement routing protocols for delay tolerant networks (DTNs). DTNs are a special type of ad hoc network characterized by intermittent connectivity, long propagation delays and high loss rate. Thus, traditional ad hoc routing approaches cannot be used in DTNs, and special features must be developed for the Orchestra framework to support the design of DTN routing protocols. The component-based architecture of Orchestra can capture a variety of modules that can be used to assemble a routing protocol. However, manually assembling these components may result in suboptimal designs, because it is difficult to determine what the best combination is for a particular set of performance objectives and network characteristics. The third contribution of the thesis addresses this problem. A genetic algorithm based approach to automate the process of routing protocol design is developed and its performance is evaluated in the context of the Orchestra framework. / Master of Science

Parmi les évolutions majeures de l'informatique, nous distinguons l'émergence des technologies mobiles sans fil. Le développement actuel de ces technologies permet de réaliser des communications ad-hoc directes entre de nombreux types d'entités mobiles, comme des véhicules, des robots terrestres ou des drones. Dans un réseau de tels équipements, l'ensemble des liens de communication qui existe à un instant donné dépend des distances entre les entités et la topologie du réseau change continuellement lorsque les entités se déplacent. Les hypothèses habituelles sur la connexité du réseau n'ont pas leur place ici, néanmoins, une autre forme de connexité appelée connexité temporelle est souvent disponible à travers le temps et l'espace. L'objectif de cette thèse a été de développer des algorithmes pour les flottes d'appareils dans le cas des réseaux tolérant aux délais (DTN). De manière simplifiée, les réseaux tolérants aux délais sont des réseaux pour lesquels certaines parties peuvent se retrouver isolées pendant un moment sans que cela pose problème. Nous nous intéressons, en particulier, au cas où ces appareils sont organisés sous la forme de groupes, et où la notion de groupe elle même survit à ces déconnexions transitoires. Ainsi, une grande partie de la thèse s'articule autour de la notion des groupes tolérant aux délais (groupe DTN). Dans notre cas cet éloignement est limité dans le temps et nous parlons alors de "diamètre temporel borné" au sein du groupe. Le fait de borner le diamètre temporel du groupe lui permet de distinguer entre l'éloignement temporaire d'un noeud et sa perte définitive (crash ou autre). / Among the major developments in computer science, we distinguish the emergence of mobile wireless technologies. The current development of these technologies allows for direct ad-hoc communications between many types of mobile entities, such as vehicles, land robots or drones. In a network of such devices, the set of communication links that exists at a given instant depends upon the distances between the entities. As a result, the topology of the network changes continuously as the entities move. The common assumption on connectivity may not be relevant in this case, but another kind of connectivity called temporal connectivity is often alvailable over time and space. The goal of this thesis has been the development of algorithms for fleets of mobile devices in the case of delay-tolerant networks. In a simpler way, the delay-tolerant networks are networks where some parts can be isolated during a certain time without problems. We are interested, in particular, in the case where the devices are organised as groups, and where the notion of group itself survives to these deconnections. Hence, a big part of this thesis relates to the notion of delay-tolerant groups (DTN groups). In our case, these deconnections are limited in time and we speak of a "bounded temporal diameter" within the group. The fact of limiting the temporal diameter of the group enables it to distinguish between temporary deconnections and final loss (crash or other) of some nodes.

Security is essential to communication between entities in the internet. Delay tolerant and disconnected Mobile Ad Hoc Networks (MANET) are a class of networks characterized by high end-to-end path latency and frequent end-to-end disconnections and are often termed as challenged networks. In these networks nodes are sparsely populated and without the existence of a central server, acquiring global information is difficult and impractical if not impossible and therefore traditional security schemes proposed for MANETs cannot be applied. This thesis reports trust management schemes for peer to peer (P2P) application in delay tolerant disconnected MANETs. Properties of a profile based file sharing application are analyzed and a framework for structured P2P overlay over delay tolerant disconnected MANETs is proposed. The framework is implemented and tested on J2ME based smart phones using Bluetooth communication protocol. A light weight Content Driven Data Propagation Protocol (CDDPP) for content based data delivery in MANETs is presented. The CDDPP implements a user profile based content driven P2P file sharing application in disconnected MANETs. The CDDPP protocol is further enhanced by proposing an adaptive opportunistic multihop content based routing protocol (ORP). ORP protocol considers the store-carry-forward paradigm for multi-hop packet delivery in delay tolerant MANETs and allows multi-casting to selected number of nodes. Performance of ORP is compared with a similar autonomous gossiping (A/G) protocol using simulations. This work also presents a framework for trust management based on dynamicity aware graph re-labelling system (DA-GRS) for trust management in mobile P2P applications. The DA-GRS uses a distributed algorithm to identify trustworthy nodes and generate trustable groups while isolating misleading or untrustworthy nodes. Several simulations in various environment settings show the effectiveness of the proposed framework in creating trust based communities. This work also extends the FIRE distributed trust model for MANET applications by incorporating witness based interactions for acquiring trust ratings. A witness graph building mechanism in FIRE+ is provided with several trust building policies to identify malicious nodes and detect collusive behaviour in nodes. This technique not only allows trust computation based on witness trust ratings but also provides protection against a collusion attack. Finally, M-trust, a light weight trust management scheme based on FIRE+ trust model is presented.

Les réseaux tolérants aux retards (DTN) ont été conçus pour fournir un moyen de communication durable entre terminaux mobiles dans les régions dépourvues d’infrastructure cellulaire. Dans de tels réseaux, l’ensemble des voisins de chaque nœud change au fil du temps en raison de la mobilité des nœuds, ce qui entraîne une connectivité intermittente et des routes instables dans le réseau. Nous analysons la performance d’un système d’incitation pour les DTN à deux sauts dans lequel une source en arriéré offre une récompense fixe aux relais pour délivrer un message. Un seul message à la fois est proposé par la source. Pour un message donné, seul le premier relais à le délivrer reçoit la récompense correspondant à ce message, induisant ainsi une compétition entre les relais. Les relais cherchent à maximiser la récompense attendue pour chaque message alors que l’objectif de la source est de satisfaire une contrainte donnée sur la probabilité de livraison du message. Nous considérons deux réglages différents : l’un dans lequel la source indique aux relais pendant combien de temps un message est en circulation, et l’autre dans lequel la source ne donne pas cette information. Dans le premier paramètre, nous montrons que la politique optimale d’un relais est de type seuil : il accepte un message jusqu’à un premier seuil et le conserve jusqu’à ce qu’il atteigne la destination ou le deuxième seuil. Les formules de calcul des seuils ainsi que de la probabilité de livraison des messages sont dérivées pour une source d’arriérés. Nous étudions ensuite la performance asymptotique de ce réglage dans la limite moyenne du champ. Lorsque le deuxième seuil est infini, nous donnons l’ODE du champ moyen et montrons que tous les messages ont la même probabilité de réussite. Lorsque le deuxième seuil est fini, nous ne donnons qu’une approximation ODE car dans ce cas, la dynamique n’est pas markovienne. Pour le second réglage, nous supposons que la source propose chaque message pour une période de temps fixe et qu’un relais décide d’accepter un message selon une politique randomisée lors d’une rencontre avec la source. S’il accepte le message, un relais le garde jusqu’à ce qu’il atteigne la destina- tion. Nous établissons dans quelle condition la probabilité d’acceptation des relais est strictement positive et montrons que, dans cette condition, il existe un équilibre de Nash symétrique unique, dans lequel aucun relais n’a quelque chose à gagner en changeant unilatéralement sa probabilité d’acceptation. Des expressions explicites pour la probabilité de livraison du message et le temps moyen de livraison d’un message à l’équilibre symétrique de Nash sont dérivées, ainsi qu’une expression de la valeur asymptotique de la livraison du message. Enfin, nous présentons de nombreux résultats de simulations pour com- parer les performances de la stratégie de type seuil et de la stratégie ran- domisée, afin de déterminer dans quelle condition il est rentable pour la source de donner l’information sur l’âge d’un message aux relais. / Delay-Tolerant Networks (DTNs) were designed to provide a sustainable means of communication between mobile terminals in regions without cellular infrastructure. In such networks, the set of neighbors of every node changes over time due to the mobility of nodes, resulting in intermittent connectivity and unstable routes in the network. We analyze the performance of an incentive scheme for two-hop DTNs in which a backlogged source pro- poses a fixed reward to the relays to deliver a message. Only one message at a time is proposed by the source. For a given message, only the first relay to deliver it gets the reward corresponding to this message thereby inducing a competition between the relays. The relays seek to maximize the expected reward for each message whereas the objective of the source is to satisfy a given constraint on the probability of message delivery. We consider two different settings: one in which the source tells the relays for how long a message is in circulation, and one in which the source does not give this information. In the first setting, we show that the optimal policy of a relay is of thresh- old type: it accepts a message until a first threshold and then keeps the message until it either meets the destination or reaches the second threshold. Formulas for computing the thresholds as well as probability of message delivery are derived for a backlogged source. We then investigate the asymptotic performance of this setting in the mean field limit. When the second thresh- old in infinite, we give the mean-field ODE and show that all the messages have the same probability of successful delivery. When the second threshold is finite we only give an ODE approximation since in this case the dynamics are not Markovian. For the second setting, we assume that the source proposes each message for a fixed period of time and that a relay decides to accept a message accord- ing to a randomized policy upon encounter with the source. If it accepts the message, a relay keeps it until it reaches the destination. We establish under which condition the acceptance probability of the relays is strictly positive and show that, under this condition, there exists a unique symmetric Nash equilibrium, in which no relay has anything to gain by unilaterally changing its acceptance probability. Explicit expressions for the probability of message delivery and the mean time to deliver a message at the symmetric Nash equilibrium are derived, as well as an expression of the asymptotic value of message delivery. Finally, we present numerous simulations results to compare performances of the threshold-type strategy and the randomized strategy, in order to determine under which condition it is profitable for the source to give the information on the age of a message to the relays

Ubiquitous connectivity plays an important role in improving the quality of life in terms of economic development, health and well being, social justice and equity, as well as in providing new educational opportunities. However, rural communities which account for 46% of the world's population lacks access to proper connectivity to avail such societal benefits, creating a huge "digital divide" between the urban and rural areas. A primary reason is that the Information and Communication Technologies (ICT) providers have less incentives to invest in rural areas due to lack of promising revenue returns. Existing research and industrial attempts in providing connectivity to rural communities suffer from severe drawbacks, such as expensive wireless spectrum licenses and infrastructures, under- and over-provisioning of spectrum resources while handling heterogeneous traffic, lack of novel wireless technologies tailored to the unique challenges and requirements of rural communities (e.g., agricultural fields). Leveraging the recent advances in Dynamic Spectrum Access (DSA) technologies like wide band spectrum analyzers and spectrum access systems, and multi-radio access technologies (multi-RAT), this dissertation proposes a novel Diverse Band-aware DSA (d-DSA) network architecture, that addresses the drawbacks of existing standard and DSA wireless solutions, and extends ubiquitous connectivity to rural communities; a step forward in the direction of the societal and economic improvements in rural communities, and hence, narrowing the "digital divide" between the rural and urban societies. According to this paradigm, a certain wireless device is equipped with software defined radios (SDRs) that are capable of accessing multiple (un)licensed spectrum bands, such as, TV, LTE, GSM, CBRS, ISM, and possibly futuristic mmWaves. In order to fully exploit the potential of the d-DSA paradigm, while meeting heterogeneous traffic demands that may be generated in rural communities, we design efficient routing strategies and optimization techniques, which are based on a variety of tools such as graph modeling, integer linear programming, dynamic programming, and heuristic design. Our results on realistic traces in a large variety of rural scenarios show that the proposed techniques are able to meet the heterogeneous traffic requirements of rural applications, while ensuring energy efficiency and robustness of the architecture for providing connectivity to rural communities.