Les intégrons sont des supports génétiques bactériens de capture, d’expression et de dissémination de gènes de résistance aux antibiotiques sous forme de cassettes. Ils sont majoritairement décrits chez les bactéries à Gram négatif chez qui ils confèrent généralement un phénotype de multirésistance. Les intégrons de résistance (IR) jouent un rôle majeur dans l’acquisition de la résistance dans le monde bactérien. Il existe 3 principales classes d’IR ; les IR de classe 1, les IR de classe 2 et les IR de classe 3 (IR3). Contrairement aux 2 premières classes, les IR3 représentent la classe d’intégrons de résistance la moins étudiée. Très peu de travaux s’intéressent à leur étude et on dénombre actuellement moins de 10 IR3 entièrement caractérisés. Les objectifs de ce travail de thèse étaient (i) d’effectuer une étude épidémiologique des IR3 en France et au Cameroun et (ii) d’étudier les modalités d’expression de l’intégrase et des cassettes de ces intégrons. Nos travaux ont permis d’isoler puis de décrire 3 nouveaux IR3 présents au sein de bactéries environnementales appartenant aux genres Aeromonas, Acinetobacter et Citrobacter. Les cassettes de ces IR3 codent des résistances aux bétalactamines, aminosides et ammoniums quaternaires. De plus, nous avons caractérisé des IR3 dans 3 souches de Delftia spp. (2 D.acidovorans et 1 D. tsuruhatensis) isolées en Afrique ; les cassettes de ces intégrons ne codent pas de résistance aux antibiotiques. L’axe plus fondamental de ce travail de thèse a permis de montrer que le PintI3(1) est le promoteur impliqué dans l’expression du gène intI3. De plus, nous avons montré que les variants du promoteur Pc, ainsi que les variants du promoteur PintI3(1) sont fonctionnels et de force différente. Il ressort de nos travaux que l’environnement constituerait un réservoir d’intégrons de classe 3 et que ces supports génétiques pourraient jouer un rôle important dans la dissémination de la résistance au sein de cet écosystème. / Integrons are bacterial genetic elements able to capture and express genes embedded within gene cassettes. They are widely described among Gram-negative bacteria and generally confer a multidrug resistance phenotype. Resistance integrons (RI) play an important role in the acquisition of antibiotic resistance. There are 3 main classes of RI. Class 3 RI has been poorly studied class with less than ten fully IR3 characterized. Objectives of this thesis were (i) to conduct an epidemiological study of class 3 RI in France and Cameroon and (ii) to better understand the modes of expression of the integrase and cassettes of IR3. We described 3 new class 3 RI isolated from environmental bacteria belonging to genus Aeromonas, Acinetobacter and Citrobacter. Gene cassettes encoded resistance to betalactams, aminoglycosides and quaternary ammonium compounds. We also described IR3 from three Delftia strains (2 D.acidovorans and 1 D.tsuruhatensis) in Africa containing cassettes that do not encode antibiotic resistance. The fundamental part of the work showed that the PintI3(1) promoter is involved in the expression of the intI3 gene. Furthermore, we demonstrated that variants of the Pc promoter and variants of the PintI3(1) promoter are functional with different strengths. These results showed that the environment may constitute a reservoir of class 3 integrons and that these genetic elements could play an important role in the spread of the resistance in this ecosystem.

Made available in DSpace on 2016-03-04T13:55:12Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 2 7.pdf: 2671790 bytes, checksum: 3ea789720d5aa831716c6bfe2ca4f9b6 (MD5) license.txt: 1748 bytes, checksum: 8a4605be74aa9ea9d79846c1fba20a33 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2014 / Fundação Oswaldo Cruz. Instituto de Tecnologia em Fármacos/Farmanguinhos. Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brasil. / O Instituto de Tecnologia em Fármacos (Farmanguinhos), unidade técnico-científica da Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, representa o maior laboratório farmacêutico oficial vinculado ao Ministério da Saúde brasileiro responsável pela produção de mais de um bilhão de medicamentos por ano. As legislações sanitárias vigentes definem que devem ser utilizadas instalações segregadas e dedicadas para a produção de medicamentos, como penicilinas, minimizando os riscos de contaminação cruzada, que consequentemente possam gerar danos à saúde. Por isso, Farmanguinhos possui, atualmente, uma área dedicada à produção de amoxicilina, assim como o sistema gerador de água purificada, que atende à referida fabricação, também é dedicado à mesma. A água é a matéria-prima de mais elevado volume empregada na produção farmacêutica, exercendo profundo impacto na qualidade do produto e na segurança do paciente. O controle microbiológico da qualidade da água utilizada em processos farmacêuticos torna-se fundamental, já que micro-organismos podem sobreviver e proliferar em sistemas de água, tornando-se fontes de contaminação microbiana e pirogênica. A identificação destes micro-organismos e as informações obtidas sobre os mesmos podem ser extremamente úteis na identificação da fonte de contaminação microbiana de um produto ou processo, alem de direcionar ações corretivas, se necessário. O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar a diversidade microbiana presente em sistema gerador de água purificada, dedicado à produção de penicilínicos, de Farmanguinhos. Para isto, as amostras de água coletadas a partir do ponto de entrada, ponto de água potável, e do ponto de saída do sistema, ponto de água purificada, foram analisadas microbiologicamente quanto à contagem de micro-organismos mesófilos e quanto à presença de patógenos: Escherichia coli; coliformes totais e Pseudomonas aeruginosa. As amostras foram analisadas entre janeiro e maio de 2013. Todas as colônias obtidas foram isoladas e submetidas à identificação, através de equipamento MALDI-TOF. Não foram observados resultados acima da especificação para ambos os pontos, no período analisado. Do ponto de água potável foram isoladas apenas três espécies bacterianas: Bacillus cereus, Delftia acidovorans e Acinetobacter sp. Uma diversidade microbiana maior foi isolada a partir do ponto de água purificada, como: Burkholderia sp, Delftia acidovorans, Stenotrophomonas maltophilia, Bacillus cereus, Pseudomonas oryzihabitans e Pseudomonas putida. A espécie Delftia acidovorans, associada a fenômenos de biocorrosão foi o micro-organismo mais encontrado, sendo identificado em cerca de 1/3 do total de isolados. O sistema de água de Farmanguinhos é sanitizado mensalmente com sanitizante à base de glutaraldeído. Pode-se concluir que a sanitização está sendo eficiente para manter a contagem total de micro-organismos mesófilos dentro dos limites especificados. No entanto, algumas ações podem ser tomadas para evitar a presença de biofilmes, o que aprimorará ainda mais a qualidade da água purificada gerada. / The Instituto de Tecnologia em Fármacos (Farmaguinhos), technical- scientific unit of Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, is the largest official pharmaceutical laboratory under the Brazilian Ministry of Health responsible for producing more than one billion drugs per year. The current sanitary laws define that segregated facilities must be dedicated and used for the production of drugs such as penicillin, thus the risk of serious damage to health, due to crosscontamination, can be minimized. Because of this, Farmanguinhos has a dedicated production of amoxicillin, as well as a purified water generator system that caters to such manufacturing is also dedicated to this area. Water is the raw material of the highest volume used in pharmaceutical production so that it has a profound impact on the product quality and patient safety. Therefore, the microbiological quality control of water used in pharmaceutical processes becomes crucial, since microorganisms can survive and proliferate in water systems, becoming sources of microbial and pyrogenic contamination. The identification of these microorganisms and the information obtained about them can be extremely useful in identifying the source of microbial contamination of a product or process, in addition to direct corrective actions, if necessary. The objective of this study was to evaluate the microbial diversity present in the purified water generator system, dedicated to the area of manufacturing penicillin-based drugs of Farmanguinhos. To aim this objective, water samples collected from the entry point of the system, point of drinking water, and the point of departure, point of purified water, were analyzed microbiologically for the count of mesophilic and for the presence of pathogens: Escherichia coli; coliforms and Pseudomonas aeruginosa, respectively. The samples were analyzed between January and May of 2013. All colonies obtained were isolated and subjected to identification by MALDI - TOF equipment. No results above specification for both points were observed in the analyzed period. From the point of drinking water only three bacterial species were isolated: Bacillus cereus, Acinetobacter sp and Delftia acidorovans. A higher microbial diversity was observed from the purified water source, such as Burkholderia sp, Delftia acidovorans, Stenotrophomonas maltophilia, Bacillus cereus, Pseudomonas putida and Pseudomonas oryzihabitans. The species Delftia acidovorans associated with biocorrosion phenomena was the microorganism most frequently found and was identified in about 1/3 of the total isolates. The water system of Farmaguinhos water is sanitized monthly with sanitizing agent comprising glutaraldehyde. It can be concluded that sanitization is being effective to maintain the total count of mesophilic within the specified limits. However, some actions can be taken to avoid the presence of biofilms, which will improve even more the quality of purified water generated.

This diploma thesis studied the ability of Cupriavidus malaysiensis, Delftia acidovorans and Azohydromonas lata to produce poly(3-hydroxybutyrate-co-4-hydroxybutyrate), [P(3HB-co-4HB)], by using -butyrolactone and 1,4-butanediol as carbon substrates. The objective of this work was the production and characterisation of isolated polyhydroxyalkanoates (PHA). The theoretical part deals with the basic description and classification of polyhydroxyalkanoates. Next, the biosyntheses of the most investigated PHAs were described. The practical section of the work discusses and presents the output of the cultivation of five bacterial strains selected for the production of [P(3HB-co-4HB)], namely, Cupriavidus malaysiensis (DSM 19379), Delftia acidovorans (DSM 39), Delftia acidovorans (CCM 2410), Delftia acidovorans (CCM 283) and Azohydromonas lata (CCM 4448). The effect of the modified cultivation conditions for each of the used bacteria on the PHA production yields was discussed. The produced biomass after the cultivation was characterised spectrophotometrically, gravimetrically and by gas chromatography. Polymers were isolated from the biomass by the extraction in chloroform. The isolated polymers were characterised from the viewpoint of chemical composition, molecular weight and thermal properties by using Attenuated total reflection infrared spectroscopy, Size exclusion chromatography, Differential scanning calorimetry and Thermogravimetric analysis.

The master‘s thesis is focused on the study of biodegradation of polyhydroxyalkanoates, namely polymer polyhydroxybutyrate. The first part of the thesis is focused on the study of biodegradation of polyhydroxybutyrate in the form of crystalline granules of PHB and PHB films using selected species of microorganisms from bacteria, yeasts and fungi. As a representative of bacteria was chosen microorganism Delftia acidorovans, as yeast was selected Aureobasidium pullulans and Aspergillus fumigatus as fungi. PHB depolymerase activity was measured employing turbidemtiric method with suspension of PHB granules as substrate. The results showed that D. acidorovans can partially degrade PHB. On the contrary A. pullulans cannot effectively degrade PHB. The most significant degradation ability revealed A. fumigatus, which was able to degrade PHB completely. Extracellular enzymes excreted by these microorganisms when cultivated on PHB materials as sole carbon sources were analyzed by SDS-PAGE. The second part of the thesis deals with the biodegradation of PHB in the form of PHB film, PHB hardened foil and PHB Nanoul fabric using standard composting test. Semi-solid cultivation showed positive results. In the interval from 14 days to two months were all forms of the PHB completely biodegraded. With semi-solid cultivation was also studied biodegradation rate of the polyurethane elastomeric films which were modified by partial replacement of polyester polyol by PHB. The test samples were prepared using PHB from Sigma and the PHB samples prepared at the Faculty of chemistry VUT. Samples with different concentrations of the dispersed PHB (1 %, 5 % and 10 %) in the polyurethane were also object of the study. At the end of the cultivation (after 2 months) were measured mechanical properties in tension of the material, then efficiency of biodegradation by gravimetric analysis and modification of the material surface by microscopic analysis.