The objective of this paper is to analyze the welfare effects of the European Banana Market Policy. Until 1993, EU countries had a wide variety of separate national policies, ranging from free trade (e.g. Germany) to heavily regulated markets (e.g. Spain, France). On 1 July 1993, the EU's common organization of the market in bananas came into force and established a combined quota-tariff regime with preferential access for ACP and EU suppliers. We estimate the resulting changes in the welfare of consumers, traders and the national governments for all member states of the European Union to identify the winners and losers of this change in the external trade policy. Over the period 1993 to 1998, the cumulated aggregate welfare loss of the consumers amounted to ECU 1408 mill, whereas the international banana traders gained ECU 558 mill. on the EU market. The welfare effect on the national budgets of the EU member states was also positive (ECU 783 mill.) due to higher tariff income. The resulting total deadweight loss of the European Union amounted to ECU 68 mill. As regards the distribution of the welfare effects, the former free trade countries lost welfare, whereas the formerly severely regulated countries gained. In absolute terms the biggest loser of the regime shift is Germany, the biggest winner is France. (authors' abstract) / Series: EI Working Papers / Europainstitut

Submitted by Mariana Dornelles Vargas (marianadv) on 2015-03-19T15:37:37Z No. of bitstreams: 1 analise_importacao.pdf: 945712 bytes, checksum: 6101bf28275e0f55c9b783cb13f2a508 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2015-03-19T15:37:37Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 analise_importacao.pdf: 945712 bytes, checksum: 6101bf28275e0f55c9b783cb13f2a508 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2011-03-30 / CAPES - Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / O presente trabalho procurou avaliar o comportamento da função de demanda brasileira por arroz pós-Mercosul e sua relação com a variação na renda, nos preços internos e externos, na indústria e política comercial brasileira. Para a análise, foi desenvolvido um modelo teórico, o qual fundamentou a especificação dos modelos econométricos para o arroz em casca e beneficiado. Considerou-se na investigação estatística dados históricos de janeiro de 1995 a junho de 2010, tendo como objetivo geral testar a adequação de modelos lineares e não-lineares que representem as relações de curto e longo prazo das variáveis de comércio exterior brasileiro do setor. Além disso, pretende-se datar a cronologia dos ciclos das importações de arroz e verificar a relação desses com as idiossincrasias da condução das políticas econômicas, bem como com eventos climáticos. As elasticidades encontradas apresentaram sinais coerentes com o modelo econômico definido em sua maioria. Os resultados obtidos permitiram interpretar a dinâmica do mercado importador de arroz no Brasil. Em geral, os impactos de longo prazo da renda e preço doméstico foram os principais determinantes das importações e ressalta-se o comportamento de bem inferior de ambos os tipos de arroz nas equações trimestrais. Já o preço de importação contribui menos que proporcionalmente, ao passo que o importador parece ajustar a quantidade importada do período com certo grau de defasagem. Já a indústria, tendo como base dados trimestrais, manteve uma relação contra-cíclica com as importações de ambos os tipos de arroz, embora não tenha se mostrado significativa para a maioria dos modelos. A dinâmica de correção do modelo a choques no longo prazo foi atenuada nas estimativas não-lineares mensais, enquanto permaneceu praticamente estável nas estimativas trimestrais. Ainda, conforme os resultados é possível afirmar que os ciclos de expansão das importações de arroz beneficiado durante o período foram, em média, mais longos que as retrações. Finalmente, pode-se entender que os ciclos de importação se mostraram fortemente relacionados a eventos climáticos adversos e à alterações da política comercial. / This study tried to investigate the behavior of Brazilian demand for post-Mercosur rice and its relation with variation in income, in domestic and foreign prices, in industry and in Brazil?s trade policy. For the analysis, a theoretical model was developed, which based the specification of econometric models for rough and milled rice. The statistical investigation considered historical data from January 1995 through June 2010, aiming mainly to test the adequacy of linear and nonlinear relations that represent short and long-term variables of the Brazilian foreign trade in the sector. Furthermore, there is the goal of setting the chronology of the cycles of rice imports and verifying their relationship with idiosyncrasies of the conduct of economic policies, as well as of weather events. The elasticities estimated showed signs consistent with the economic model set in their majority. The results achieved allowed the interpretation of the rice import market dynamics in Brazil. In general, long-term impacts from income and domestic prices were the main determinants of imports; it should be pointed out the much lower behavior of both types of rice in quarterly equations. The price of imports contributes less than proportionately, while the importer seems to adjust the quantity imported in the period with some lag. The industry, based on quarterly data, sustained its counter-cyclical relation with the imports of both types of rice, although it has been not proved significant for most models. The correction dynamic of the model to long-term shocks was eased in monthly non-linear equations, while it remained nearly stable in quarterly estimates. Besides, still according to results, it is possible to say that expansion cycles of imports of milled rice are on average longer than the contractions. Finally, one can understand that import cycles were strongly related to adverse climatic events, as well as to alterations in trade policy.

<p>In this dissertation I study substantially the effects of disembodied technical change on the total factor productivity and inputs demand in U.S. Apparel industry during 1958-1996. A time series input-output data set over the sector employs to estimate an error corrected model of a four-factor transcendental logarithmic cost function. The empirical results indicate technical impact on the total factor productivity at the rate of 9% on average. Technical progress has in addition a biased effect on factor augmenting in the sector.</p>

Denna uppsats undersöker hur efterfrågan av Chilenskt vin påverkas av importländernas inkomst, relativpriset på Chilenskt vin i förhållande till genomsnittspriset på den totala importen av vin, avståndet mellan handelsparterna och inhemsk vinproduktion i importlandet. Studien innefattar 15 OECD länder mellan åren 1998 och 2002. En utökad exportefterfrågefunktion ligger till grund för den empiriska undersökningen och resultaten visar signifikanta variabler med förväntade tecken. Vidare utvidgas ekvationen för att beakta tidseffekter, nämligen genom att inkludera genomsnittsvärdet på den beroende variabeln och dummy variabler för treårsperioder. Genom detta stiger förklaringsgraden i regressionen från 27,8 till 58,1 procent. De estimerade långsiktiga effekterna i efterfrågan för Chilenskt vin visar att en ökning med en procent av importörernas inkomst också ökar efterfrågan på Chilenskt vin med ungefär 0,8 procent. En lika stor ökning i relativpriset minskar efterfrågan med ungefär 0,3 procent. Ökat avstånd mellan handelsparterna med 1000 kilometer minskar efterfrågan med 16,6 procent. Om importören är ett vinproducerande land är efterfrågan 85 procent lägre än om landet inte producerar vin. Resultaten stämmer överens med teorierna om exportefterfrågan men skillnader mellan vinproducerande länder är i vissa fall stora. En anledning för detta kan vara skillnader i produktionsvolym av vin mellan länder, en annan att det finns starka kulturella associationer till inhemska produkter som gör att konsumenter föredrar inhemska produkter framför utländska. / This thesis examines how the export demand for Chilean wine is affected by importers income, relative prices, distance between trading partners and do-mestic wine production between 1988 and 2002 in 15 OECD countries. The empirical test is based on an extended export demand function, and the results show significant estimates with expected signs. Adjusting for time pe-riod specific effects by including dummy variables for three year periods and running the regression on the average values of Chilean export of wine in-creased the coefficient of determination from 27.8 to 58.1 percent. The long run effect on demand for Chilean wine indicates that a one percent increase in importers’ income raises demand for Chilean wine with about 0.8 percent. A similar increase in the relative price of Chilean wine to the world price of wine decreases demand with about 0.3 percent. Increasing distance with 1000 kilo-metres decreases demand for exports with approximately 16.6 percent. If the country is a wine producer demand is about 85 percent lower compared to non producing countries. The results are in line with the theories on export demand, however among the wine producing countries there are large differences among countries in their demand for Chilean wine. One reason could be different volume of own pro-duction, another cultural associations to domestic products making preferences biased towards the domestic variety.

In this dissertation I study substantially the effects of disembodied technical change on the total factor productivity and inputs demand in U.S. Apparel industry during 1958-1996. A time series input-output data set over the sector employs to estimate an error corrected model of a four-factor transcendental logarithmic cost function. The empirical results indicate technical impact on the total factor productivity at the rate of 9% on average. Technical progress has in addition a biased effect on factor augmenting in the sector.

<p>Denna uppsats undersöker hur efterfrågan av Chilenskt vin påverkas av importländernas inkomst, relativpriset på Chilenskt vin i förhållande till genomsnittspriset på den totala importen av vin, avståndet mellan handelsparterna och inhemsk vinproduktion i importlandet. Studien innefattar 15 OECD länder mellan åren 1998 och 2002.</p><p>En utökad exportefterfrågefunktion ligger till grund för den empiriska undersökningen och resultaten visar signifikanta variabler med förväntade tecken. Vidare utvidgas ekvationen för att beakta tidseffekter, nämligen genom att inkludera genomsnittsvärdet på den beroende variabeln och dummy variabler för treårsperioder. Genom detta stiger förklaringsgraden i regressionen från 27,8 till 58,1 procent. De estimerade långsiktiga effekterna i efterfrågan för Chilenskt vin visar att en ökning med en procent av importörernas inkomst också ökar efterfrågan på Chilenskt vin med ungefär 0,8 procent. En lika stor ökning i relativpriset minskar efterfrågan med ungefär 0,3 procent. Ökat avstånd mellan handelsparterna med 1000 kilometer minskar efterfrågan med 16,6 procent. Om importören är ett vinproducerande land är efterfrågan 85 procent lägre än om landet inte producerar vin.</p><p>Resultaten stämmer överens med teorierna om exportefterfrågan men skillnader mellan vinproducerande länder är i vissa fall stora. En anledning för detta kan vara skillnader i produktionsvolym av vin mellan länder, en annan att det finns starka kulturella associationer till inhemska produkter som gör att konsumenter föredrar inhemska produkter framför utländska.</p> / <p>This thesis examines how the export demand for Chilean wine is affected by importers income, relative prices, distance between trading partners and do-mestic wine production between 1988 and 2002 in 15 OECD countries.</p><p>The empirical test is based on an extended export demand function, and the results show significant estimates with expected signs. Adjusting for time pe-riod specific effects by including dummy variables for three year periods and running the regression on the average values of Chilean export of wine in-creased the coefficient of determination from 27.8 to 58.1 percent. The long run effect on demand for Chilean wine indicates that a one percent increase in importers’ income raises demand for Chilean wine with about 0.8 percent. A similar increase in the relative price of Chilean wine to the world price of wine decreases demand with about 0.3 percent. Increasing distance with 1000 kilo-metres decreases demand for exports with approximately 16.6 percent. If the country is a wine producer demand is about 85 percent lower compared to non producing countries.</p><p>The results are in line with the theories on export demand, however among the wine producing countries there are large differences among countries in their demand for Chilean wine. One reason could be different volume of own pro-duction, another cultural associations to domestic products making preferences biased towards the domestic variety.</p>

Les travaux réalisés dans le cadre de cette thèse ont pour objectif de proposer un langage de description temporelle pour des systèmes temps-réel et d’établir les conditions de leur ordonnançabilité sous l’algorithme Earliest Deadline First (EDF). Les langages de description temporelle permettent de spécifier le comportement temporel d’une application indépendamment de son comportement fonctionnel. Le programmeur déclare dans ces langages à quels instants précis doivent être déclenchées et terminées les activités du système. Cette gestion du temps, précise et explicite, apporte au système son caractère déterministe. Le langage proposé, Extended Timing Definition Language (E-TDL), étend des langages dirigés par le temps existants, en particulier Giotto et TDL, en introduisant un nouveau modèle de tâche donné par quatre paramètres : phase, pire temps d’exécution, temps d’exécution logique TEL (intervalle de temps séparant le lancement de la tâche et sa terminaison) et période. L’introduction de ce nouveau modèle de tâche nécessite de revisiter en particulier le problème de l’ordonnançabilité des tâches pour EDF. Cette thèse propose et développe une analyse basée sur la fonction de demande pour des ensembles de tâches décrites en E-TDL et s’exécutant en contexte monoprocesseur. Une condition nécessaire et suffisante est obtenue au travers d’une analyse précise des intervalles séparant les activations de tâches au sein de différents modules s’exécutant indépendamment et pouvant changer de mode à des instants prédéfinis. Une borne de la longueur des intervalles sur lesquels doit s’opérer la vérification est déterminée. Un outil mettant en œuvre cette analyse a été développé. / The goal of this research is to define a time-triggered language for modeling real-time systems and to provide the conditions for their schedulability under Earliest Deadline First (EDF). Time-triggered languages separate the functional part of applications from their timing definition. These languages permit to model the real-time system temporal behavior by assigning system activities to particular time instants. We propose a new time-triggered framework, Extended Timing Definition Language (E-TDL), that enhances the basic task model used in Giotto and TDL while keeping compositional and modular structure brought by the latter. An E-TDL task is characterized by: an offset, a worst case execution time, a Logical Execution Time (a time interval between task release and its termination) and a period. The schedulability analysis of the system based on this new task model should be, in particular for EDF, investigated. We develop, on the concept of the processor demand criterion, conditions for the feasibility of an E-TDL system running on a single CPU under EDF. A necessary and sufficient condition is obtained by considering the global schedules that are made up of execution traces occurring at the same time in distinct modules that are able to switch their modes at predefined instants. We estimate a maximal length of the interval on which the schedulability condition must be checked. A tool suite performing the schedulability analysis of the E-TDL systems is developed.