Aujourd'hui, les nouvelles technologies font partie de notre quotidien et sont sans cesse en évolution. Parmi elles, l'informatique progresse considérablement chaque jour. Depuis la sortie du premier ordinateur dans les années 60 et la création du réseau Internet, ce domaine ne cesse d'évoluer. L'informatique, les réseaux, avec la possibilité de traitement des données de manière de plus en plus rapide et de plus en plus efficace étaient, donc, naturellement amenés à toucher des domaines de plus en plus étendus. La recherche de plus en plus axée sur la miniaturisation du matériel a augmenté sa portabilité. Le droit n'est pas resté en marge de la dématérialisation progressive qui en découle. La procédure pénale, dans le cadre de la chaîne pénale, devait naturellement être influencée notamment dans un objectif de célérité. Mais, si cette procédure dématérialisée comporte des avantages non négligeables, elle n'est ni complète ni sans risques. De l'absence de signature électronique à l'absence d'archivage électronique qui font que la dématérialisation est incomplète, la chaîne pénale est exposée à bien d'autres risques. Du « bug » informatique au piratage, la menace régnante sur chaque matériel informatique est à contrôler. Ainsi si des sauvegardes numériques s'imposent, faute d'archivage électronique, la lutte contre les intrusions frauduleuses est un enjeu considérable. La dématérialisation en remplacement du format papier doit être entourée de précautions car elle est loin d'être infaillible. La sécurisation des échanges et de la communication électronique au sein de la chaîne pénale, comme de l'ensemble de l'équipement informatique est donc primordiale. / Nowadays, new technologies are part of our daily lives and are constantly evolving. Among them, computer science undergoes each day of considerable progresses. Since the release of the first computer in the 60's and the creation of the Internet, this field continues to evolve. Computers, networks, with the possibility of processing data so more and faster and more effective were therefore naturally led to reach areas more extensive. Research increasingly focuses on miniaturization of equipment-increased portability. The law has not remained on the fringes of progressive dematerialization that follows. Criminal proceedings in the criminal justice system would naturally be influenced in a particular target speed. But, if this electronic procedure has advantages, it is neither complete nor safe. Lack of electronic signature to the lack of electronic records that make the paperless is incomplete; the penal system is exposed to many other risks. Computer "bug" to piracy, the reigning threat on every hardware is controlled. So if digital backups are required, lack of electronic filing the fight against fraudulent intrusion is a major challenge. Dematerialization replacing the paper must proceed carefully because it is far from infallible. Securing exchanges and electronic communication within the criminal justice system, like all computer equipment is paramount.

This thesis looks at the function of signatures in visual art using the theory of Jacques Derrida and a series of paradigmatic historical examples. Specifically, it departs from ‘Signature Event Context’ (SEC) to establish signature outside the idiom of visual art as a social process. Having established signature as process designed to guarantee presence, it suggests that signature should be considered a method of production. As a method of production, signature has a significant contemporary relevance for dematerialised and Relational Art practices which are frequently held to be ‘unsigned’. This thesis suggests grounds for questioning the unsigned quality of Relational Art, and looks at what signatory production means for it. Until the 1990s, signature was mostly ignored as a subject for serious art historical scholarship. It is still rarely indexed as a subject even when it warrants a mention in the body of a text. Although a clutch of recent studies have addressed its occurrence in the work of individual artists, or within the boundaries of narrowly defined eras, there is little work - if any - which attempts to connect these pockets of knowledge with a conceptual grounding of what signature does in order to develop a connected narrative and broad understanding for its place. As a result, there is little interrogation of signature’s mechanism alongside historical examples, and scholarship is instead focused on its appearance. This thesis attempts a broad, conceptually informed, historical survey, using examples that date as far back as the sixth century BC. The aim is to unpack the signature-form ‘R. Mutt’ which appears on Marcel Duchamp’s Readymade, Fountain (1917), a work with great conceptual importance for contemporary dematerialised and Relational Art practices. In bringing SEC into close 3 proximity to Fountain, the thesis establishes potential grounds for reading a significant theoretical relationship between Derrida and Duchamp, a pairing which has been neglected by scholars despite conceptual sympathies between them.

This thesis questions the coherence of modes of fabrication that introduce materials to a living context, in forms that resist the processes of biological change. In doing so this project explores the ideologies embedded in fabrication that have led to this current position. The implications of an accumulation of materials being recognized as an autonomous object, and treated as if they are detached from their environment are also expanded. The sculptural methodology used to undertake this investigation has used the feature of materiality and it’s behaviours, of both human fabrication and the living environment, as a means to explore processes outside the limitations of specialist human categories of knowledge. The vocabularies of dematerialization, expansion and relational exchange in the critique of sculpture, have provided a starting point to articulate what is implied or “mapped out but not socially recognized”1 by the structure of specialist categories. The practice-based work that has driven this project, documents an extension of sculptural fabrication, which incorporates the literal processes of growth and erosion, illustrating a radical inclusivity of all living phenomena. Engaging with fabrication through this plural and complex methodology allows for a new valuing that recognizes accumulation as a result of employing reductive specialist categories and as inherently problematic for complex living systems. This identifies coherent fabrication as that which merges its engagement with processes of biological change and utility for humans.

Summaries in Afrikaans and English / Text in Afrikaans / In South Africa the transfer and settlement processes associated with share transactions are essentially paper-based. The physical handling of the share certificate plays an important role in this regard. Foreign trends to reduce the movement of paper involve in broad terms the alternatives of dematerialisation and immobilisation of the share certificate. These developments cannot slavishly be followed without examining the legal nature of the South African share and share certificate. The process of immobilisation in a collective securities depository system involves no change in the nature of the shares. However, the use of a nominee where shares are held in safe custody forms a barrier between the shareholder and the issuer company which could dilute the shareholders' rights. This is even more applicable where shares are immobilised in a central depository. Further, although central depositories are based upon book-entries, they are still limited by the retention of the physical certificates. The development of electronic systems which dematerialise the share certificate must take into account the reasonable expectations of the public and should not be forced upon investors. The shareholder of a 'uncertificated' share must be placed, as far as possible, in the same position as if he had received a certificate. This requires legislation to amend present enactments and to define the rights of the shareholder. It is submitted that dematerialisation should gradually be phased in, starting with a voluntary dematerialisation in the case of holdings in the central securities depository. / In Suid-Afrika is die oordrag- en verrekeningsprosesse wat gepaardgaan met aandeletransaksies hoofsaaklik papiergebaseer. Die fisiese bantering van die aandelesertifikaat speel in die opsig 'n belangrike rol. Buitelandse pogings om die beweging van papier te verminder, neig in die algemene rigting van die dematerialisasie en immobilisasie van die aandelesertifikaat. Hierdie ontwikkelings kan nie slaafs nagevolg word sonder om die regsaard van die Suid-Afrikaanse aandeel en aandelesertifikaat te ondersoek nie. Die proses van immobilisasie in 'n kollektiewe bewaarnemerstelsel vir effekte wysig nie die aard van aandele nie. Nietemin plaas die gebruik van genomineerdes waar aandele in veilige bewaring gehou word 'n wig tussen die aandeelhouer en die uitreikermaatskappy wat die aandeelhouersregte kan verwater. Dit is selfs meer toepaslik waar aandele in 'n sentrale depot ge'lmmobiliseer word. Verder is dit so dat alhoewel sentrale depots op boekinskrywings gebaseer word, hul steeds beperk word deur die behoud van die fisiese sertifikate. Die ontwikkeling van elektroniese stelsels wat die aandelesertifikaat dematerialiseer moet rekening hou met die redelike verwagtinge van die publiek en behoort nie op beleggers afgedwing te word nie. Die aandeelhouer van 'n 'ongesertifiseerde' aandeel moet, so ver moontlik, in dieselfde posisie geplaas word asof hy 'n sertifikaat ontvang bet. Wetgewing is noodsaaklik om bestaande bepalings te wysig en die regte van die aandeelhouer te omskryf. Daar word aan die hand gedoen dat dematerialisasie stelselmatig infaseer word - aanvanklik met 'n vrywillige dematerialisasie in die geval waar aandeelhouding in sentrale bewaameming is. / Private Law / LL.D.

Summaries in Afrikaans and English / Text in Afrikaans / In South Africa the transfer and settlement processes associated with share transactions are essentially paper-based. The physical handling of the share certificate plays an important role in this regard. Foreign trends to reduce the movement of paper involve in broad terms the alternatives of dematerialisation and immobilisation of the share certificate. These developments cannot slavishly be followed without examining the legal nature of the South African share and share certificate. The process of immobilisation in a collective securities depository system involves no change in the nature of the shares. However, the use of a nominee where shares are held in safe custody forms a barrier between the shareholder and the issuer company which could dilute the shareholders' rights. This is even more applicable where shares are immobilised in a central depository. Further, although central depositories are based upon book-entries, they are still limited by the retention of the physical certificates. The development of electronic systems which dematerialise the share certificate must take into account the reasonable expectations of the public and should not be forced upon investors. The shareholder of a 'uncertificated' share must be placed, as far as possible, in the same position as if he had received a certificate. This requires legislation to amend present enactments and to define the rights of the shareholder. It is submitted that dematerialisation should gradually be phased in, starting with a voluntary dematerialisation in the case of holdings in the central securities depository. / In Suid-Afrika is die oordrag- en verrekeningsprosesse wat gepaardgaan met aandeletransaksies hoofsaaklik papiergebaseer. Die fisiese bantering van die aandelesertifikaat speel in die opsig 'n belangrike rol. Buitelandse pogings om die beweging van papier te verminder, neig in die algemene rigting van die dematerialisasie en immobilisasie van die aandelesertifikaat. Hierdie ontwikkelings kan nie slaafs nagevolg word sonder om die regsaard van die Suid-Afrikaanse aandeel en aandelesertifikaat te ondersoek nie. Die proses van immobilisasie in 'n kollektiewe bewaarnemerstelsel vir effekte wysig nie die aard van aandele nie. Nietemin plaas die gebruik van genomineerdes waar aandele in veilige bewaring gehou word 'n wig tussen die aandeelhouer en die uitreikermaatskappy wat die aandeelhouersregte kan verwater. Dit is selfs meer toepaslik waar aandele in 'n sentrale depot ge'lmmobiliseer word. Verder is dit so dat alhoewel sentrale depots op boekinskrywings gebaseer word, hul steeds beperk word deur die behoud van die fisiese sertifikate. Die ontwikkeling van elektroniese stelsels wat die aandelesertifikaat dematerialiseer moet rekening hou met die redelike verwagtinge van die publiek en behoort nie op beleggers afgedwing te word nie. Die aandeelhouer van 'n 'ongesertifiseerde' aandeel moet, so ver moontlik, in dieselfde posisie geplaas word asof hy 'n sertifikaat ontvang bet. Wetgewing is noodsaaklik om bestaande bepalings te wysig en die regte van die aandeelhouer te omskryf. Daar word aan die hand gedoen dat dematerialisasie stelselmatig infaseer word - aanvanklik met 'n vrywillige dematerialisasie in die geval waar aandeelhouding in sentrale bewaameming is. / Private Law / LL.D.

The current wave of environmental awareness in the market has led to an increase of sustainability demands by the consumers. The focus of manufacturing companies has increasingly shifted from end-of-pipe solutions to the environmental performance of products and services. Companies find themselves in a situation where they must simultaneously create value for consumers and be profitable while considering environmental considerations. A case study is performed to explore this issue from the perspective of several eco-design tools. The existing product development process of a DECT communication device is investigated through the lens of eco-design. The theory looks into the apparent benefits and unforeseen difficulties, barriers and other factors in adopting an eco-design approach amongst companies, particularly SMEs. An eco-design audit comprising assessments on organisation capacity and potential for eco-design is carried out. This is followed by the creation and implementation of a comprehensive eco-design tool to generate a simple yet effective checklist for corporations with operational strategies for sustainable product design. Since changes in the product development and/or production to accommodate a higher level of sustainability cannot be easily or readily implemented, the framework functions as a guide of strategies within different time-scopes.

Diploma thesis Background identity is a series of events through which I am trying to find a harmony between the magic of art and life. I decided to initiate the situation, "performance" mediating an authentic, strong feelings. I tend to performance associated with life in the self-reflective approach. Based in my own performative practice in which the strength and authenticity is reflected primarily in the exchange of energy between the audience and the performer. I started to define an ideal conditions for performance to achieve this exchange, authentic experience and mutual perception of the situation within the relationship between "performer" and "spectator". In November 2015 I planned "authentic performances " series . The mutual forming of "performing" act I have anchored in the concept of identity, which is infinitely formed in relationships and the never-ending negotiation process. In the name of authenticity I am exposing myself within the anonymity of public space and waiting for the moment of identification. Waiting for concrete spectator who is already a part of me within a certain social role. Unexpected intervention into the everyday life of concrete person make the opportunity of authentic experience. Experience which is a part of his everyday life completes the action, giving the context. During the realization I got the opportunity to exhibit in the Palais de Tokyo. Aware of the significance of this opportunity for the development of my own artistic career I have decided to accepted it as a challenge. Although the terms of institution are utter contradiction of those conditions I had defined previously for authentic experience. In the name of authenticity and my principles I decided to be present in the role of spectator. To be invisible to this prestigious gallery. Be invisible to the artistic group Delta Total through which I had the opportunity to exhibit. To be inside and outside in the same time. The starting point of the last part is a necessity with the goal to get a master's degree. The necessity of outcome for jury can also betray my ideals of living authentic event. I should mediate all the experience of past events (to date 20th of April- thirty-three events) which happened in so many different places in the space of "Malá Amerika" in Brno...