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Participação publica e novas expertises : um estudo de caso na camara tecnica rural dos comites de bacias hidrograficas dos rios Piracicaba, Capivari e Jundiai / New expertises and public participation : a case study in the rural technical chamber of committees of the river basins of the rivers Piracicaba, Capivari and JundiaiPiolli, Alessandro Luis 13 August 2018 (has links)
Orientador: Maria Conceição da Costa / Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Instituto de Geociencias / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-13T10:07:00Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1
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Previous issue date: 2009 / Resumo: A centralidade da ciência e da tecnologia no mundo atual gera, cada vez mais, um aumento da participação de cientistas em decisões públicas, especialmente na resolução de controvérsias. Esta participação crescente de cientistas aponta dois problemas para o futuro das democracias. Um desses problemas seria resultante das desigualdades de conhecimentos entre especialistas e leigos, que são incompatíveis com o princípio da igualdade das democracias liberais. Outro problema ocorre quando o Estado, ao dar especial status à opinião de experts, fere o princípio da neutralidade. Pensados separadamente, esses dois problemas poderiam ser solucionados nos caminhos da política: as desigualdades de conhecimento ou a suposta "incapacidade pública" de participar das decisões seriam resolvidos com a educação; já a questão da neutralidade, ou o suposto descontrole democrático do conhecimento especializado poderia ser resolvido por meio dos concílios de cidadãos em tecnologia ou conselhos e comitês gestores com participação do público. Pensados juntos, no entanto, os dois problemas trazem uma questão mais complexa: se os experts são o princípio do conhecimento público, e esse conhecimento não deveria ser pensado como superior à opinião do público leigo, o público é, então, menos competente que os experts e está sob o controle cultural ou intelectual desses especialistas. Para discutir esses problemas, será feita uma análise compreensiva, com uso de tipos ideais de experts e de expertises, a partir do estudo de caso na Câmara Técnica Rural dos comitês federal e estadual das bacias hidrográficas dos rios Piracicaba, Capivari e Jundiaí, que terá como foco três aspectos: a elaboração de uma proposta de cálculos para cobrança pelo uso das águas no meio rural; as disputas entre setor rural e de saneamento para a definição das formas de cobrança e pela alocação de recursos arrecadados; e as propostas dos comitês estudados para divulgação e educação científica de aspectos ligados a gestão das águas. O presente estudo demonstra que a diversidade permitida na gestão por comitês promove a formação de novas formas de expertise, como a expertise híbrida - entre as expertises interacional e contributiva - que têm fortalecido o processo democrático. A análise dos processos de formação dessas expertises é o ponto de partida para o desenvolvimento de dois argumentos centrais. O primeiro é o de que a contraposição feita entre ciência e política, comum nas disputas do comitê estudado, desvaloriza um dos principais avanços do novo modelo de gestão das águas: a diversidade política, técnica e científica gera uma maior abertura ao debate político, fundamental ao processo democrático, e não a despolitização do debate. O segundo argumento parte da noção de que é possível se estabelecer, por meio de negociações, um mínimo necessário de conhecimentos que permite ao público "leigo" o engajamento na discussão, permitindo a ele, mesmo mantendo suas características de não especialista, participar das decisões políticas de assuntos científicos. / Abstract: The science and the technology are in the center of the world nowadays, which generates the crescent increase of the scientists' participation on public decisions, especially on the resolution of controversies. These scientists increasing participation highlights two problems for the future of democracies. One of these problems would result in inequality of knowledge between experts and lay people, which are incompatible with the principle of equality in liberal democracies. Another problem takes place when the State gives special status to the view of experts, offending the principle of neutrality. If considered separately, these two problems could be solved in the path of politics: the inequality of knowledge or the supposed "public failure" to participate in decisions would be solved with education, while the issue of neutrality, or the supposed lack of democratic expertise could be solved through the councils of citizens in technology or management boards and committees with public participation. If considered together, however, the two problems bring up a more complex issue: if experts are the principle of public knowledge, and this knowledge should not be taken as superior to the opinion of the lay people, the public is the less competent than experts and is under the intellectual or cultural control of experts. To discuss these issues, a comprehensive analysis will be done, with use of ideal types of experts and expertise from the case study in the Rural Technical Chamber of federal and state committees of the river basins of the rivers Piracicaba, Capivari and Jundiaí, which will focus three aspects: the preparation of a draft recovery calculations for the use of water in rural areas, disputes between the rural sector and sanitation for the definition of the forms of recovery and the allocation of funds raised and the proposals of the committees studied to disseminate scientific and educational aspects of water management. This study shows that the diversity allowed by the management committees promotes the formation of new forms of expertise such as hybrid expertise - between the interactional and contributory expertises, which has strengthened the democratic process. The analysis of the formation procedures of such expertise is the starting point for the development of two central arguments. The first is that the opposition made between science and policy, common in disputes of the committees studied, devalues one of the main advances of the new model of water management: the policy, technical and scientific diversity generates greater openness to political debate, fundamental the democratic process, not the depoliticization of the debate. The second argument comes from the notion that it is possible to establish, through negotiations, a minimum necessary of knowledge which enables the lay public to the engagement in discussion, enabling him, even while maintaining its characteristics of non-specialists, to participate in decisions policies for scientific affairs. / Mestrado / Mestre em Política Científica e Tecnológica
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Discourse and the Common Good: Legitimation and Plurality in Habermas and MacIntyreSmith, Adam Benjamin January 2006 (has links)
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Wealth and Regime Formation: Social and Economic Origins of the Change Toward DemocracyGurses, Mehmet 08 1900 (has links)
This study explores the relationship between economic development, social mobility, elites, and regime formation. I argue that the genesis of regime formation, in general, and of democratic regimes, in particular, is determined by the type of economic structure a society possesses, on the one hand, and on the degree the to which demands from disfranchised groups do or do not pose a substantial threat to the interests of elites who occupy the upper strata of the social and economic status hierarchy. Second I demonstrate that the dynamics of transition to wider political participation, as the core element of a democratic system of governance, and the survival of such change are different. In what follows I illustrate that some factors that have been found to dampen the chances for wider participation or have been found to be unrelated to onset of a democratic system of governance have considerable impacts on the durability of the democratic regimes. In a nutshell, the analysis points to the positive effects of mineral wealth and income inequality on the prospects of a democratic survival. Using a cross-national time series data set for all countries for the period between 1960 and 1999 I put the hypotheses to the test. I use binary logit, ordered logit, and ordinary least squares (OLS) to delineate the link between socioeconomic changes and the transition to wider participation. Survival analyses are employed to test for what factors account for the durability of a democratic regime.
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