Although evidence of settlement contraction in the form of earthworks and empty house sites is to be found throughout England, the timing and causes of village 'shrinkage' have received little attention from historians. This thesis examines the occurrence and causes of settlement contraction in an area of the East Riding of Yorkshire between the mid 17th century and mid 18th century. Nationally this was a period when general population stagnation coincided with marked urban expansion suggesting widespread rural depopulation. A comparison of the number of households or families in rural townships in the East Riding in the 1670s and 1740s confirms a substantial drop in the size of many settlements. Using detailed documentary material relating to individual townships the possible causes of settlement contraction are explored. Epidemic disease, the implementation of the 'settlement acts', agrarian reorganization, agricultural depression, and migration and urban growth all contributed to decline in village population, but this study concludes that the primary factor for determining the occurrence and extent of contraction was the nature of landownership in individual settlements. Two chapters are devoted to examining the physical impact which contraction had upon settlements showing that, whilst the 'shrunken' village was the most common outcome, desertion of villages between 1660 and 1760 also occurred. The study concludes by providing evidence for rural depopulation at this period elsewhere in England, and demonstrates that the experience of the East Riding was far from unusual.

Diss. Uppsala : Uppsala universitet, 2006.

Orientadores: Sérgio Furtado dos Reis, Sergio Ivan Perez / Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Instituto de Biologia / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-25T14:03:24Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Costa_CarolinaLemesNascimento_M.pdf: 1856991 bytes, checksum: 0333e9b5415ace1df307eb389ef0260c (MD5) Previous issue date: 2014 / Resumo: Mudanças climáticas são fenômenos responsáveis por influenciar dinâmicas de populações ao longo da história evolutiva das espécies. Quando mudanças no clima ocorrem de maneira abrupta suas consequências podem ser refletidas na distribuição, no tamanho e na persistência das populações sob o efeito destas mudanças. O Quaternário foi uma época caracterizada por mudanças climáticas rápidas e intensas. Estimar a demografia histórica de populações nesta escala de tempo é uma forma de avaliar como flutuações no clima influenciaram populações ancestrais. Dados genéticos nos permitem recuperar informação sobre o tamanho populacional em escalas de tempo amplas e buscar associações entre flutuações no tamanho das populações e variações no clima. A demografia histórica de populações do peixe de água doce Poecilia vivipara habitantes da planície Quaternária do norte do Rio de Janeiro foi estimada com o objetivo de avaliar se fenômenos em escalas de tempo ancestrais deixaram uma assinatura no genoma dos indivíduos de populações contemporâneas. Subsequentemente, foi avaliado se as assinaturas genéticas são reflexo de respostas populacionais às variações climáticas intensas ocorridas no Quaternário. Para estimar a demografia histórica de P. vivipara, utilizou-se o método Skyline-Plot Bayesiano (BSP), sendo o gene mitocondrial citocromo b o marcador molecular analisado. A dinâmica populacional ancestral de P. vivipara revelou uma mudança de regime nos últimos 75 mil anos, que pode estar associada direta ou indiretamente às variações climáticas do Quaternário. Flutuações no nível do mar, geradas pelas mudanças climáticas do Quaternário, podem estar relacionadas com as flutuações no tamanho populacional de P. vivipara. Estudos incluindo outras regiões do genoma e com maior detalhamento sobre variações climáticas locais podem contribuir para gerar estimações mais confiáveis da história populacional de P. vivipara e sua potencial relação com eventos climáticos / Abstract: Paleoclimatic changes are responsible to influence population dynamics through the evolutionary history of species. When climatic changes occur suddenly its consequences can be reflected in the distribution, size and persistence of populations. The Quaternary was a time of massive climatic changes. The estimation of the demographic history of populations at such timescales allows the assessment of how climatic fluctuations have influenced ancestral populations. Genetic data are available and allow recovering information about population sizes in wide timescales and searching for associations between population size fluctuations and climatic change. The historical demography of freshwater fish Poecilia vivipara populations inhabiting the Rio de Janeiro Northern Quaternary Plain was estimated aiming to evaluate if phenomena in ancestral timescales leaves a signature in the genomes of its modern representatives. Subsequently, we evaluate if the genetic signatures are the result of population responses to massive climatic changes occurred in Quaternary. The Bayesian Skyline-Plot (BSP) was utilized to estimate the demographic history of P. vivipara, with the mitochondrial gene cytochrome b as molecular marker. The ancestral population dynamics of P. vivipara revealed a regime change in the last 75,000 years, which can be direct or indirectly associated to Late Quaternary climatic variations. Sea level fluctuations, generated by Quaternary climatic changes, could be related to population size fluctuations of P. vivipara. Studies including other genome regions and with more details about local climatic variations can create more reliable estimations of the P. vivipara population history and its potential relationship with climatic events / Mestrado / Biodiversidade Animal / Mestra em Biologia Animal

A paleodemographic analysis was conducted using skeletal data from Jōmon period sites in Japan. 15P5 ratios were produced as proxy birth rate values for sites throughout the Jōmon period. Previous studies based on numbers of residential sites indicated a substantial population increase in the Kantō and Chūbu regions in central Japan, climaxing during the Middle Jōmon period, followed by an equally dramatic population decrease, somewhat resembling changes that occurred during a Neolithic Demographic Transition (NDT). The Jōmon are viewed as a relatively sedentary, non-agricultural group, and provided an opportunity to attempt to separate the factors of sedentism and agriculture as they relate to the NDT. Skeletal data showed fairly stable trends in birth rates, instead of the expected increase and decrease in values. This discrepancy calls into question the validity of previous studies. The stable population levels suggest that sedentism alone was not the primary driver of the NDT. / Includes bibliography. / Thesis (M.A.)--Florida Atlantic University, 2017. / FAU Electronic Theses and Dissertations Collection