Made available in DSpace on 2016-01-26T12:51:51Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 angelitabarbosa_dissert.pdf: 1284734 bytes, checksum: 9ee3bba6bd44f03d69e3b378a64a84fa (MD5) Previous issue date: 2006-03-09 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / Oviposition traps are considered important entomological surveillance tools for Aedes aegypti, although they are still not used in routine activities of the Dengue Control Program in Brazil. The aims of this study were to evaluate the behavior of oviposition traps and related them to larval density measures and climatic data. This study was performed in a quarter from São José do Rio Preto, state of São Paulo, where fifty blocks were selected and two houses in opposite sides of each block were chosen to have the traps installed. A trap was installed at unshaded outdoor sites in each house, next to plants and in a height ranging from 0,5m to 1m. A measure was made each fifteen days, from October 2003 to September 2004, with the installation of the oviposition traps in the first week and the removal of them at the second week. Larval density measures were performed each fifteen days and climatic data was obtained on daily basis. The method of Generalized Estimation Equation was used to adjust the models among the positivity, the mean number of eggs and the other analyzed variables. Three distinct periods were identified at the positivity behavior of the oviposition traps and the mean number of obtained eggs. At the first (October to November), there was an increase in the values; at the second (January to May), the values remained stable; and at the third (June to September), there was a decrease. The observed values of positivity and the mean number of eggs observed at the first and third periods followed the variations in climatic data. From October to December, high correlations were obtained between the positivity and mean number of eggs, showing that one variable predicts the other and, at this period, the mean number of eggs can be estimated just by the positivity. The adjusted models for the positivity and mean number of eggs had temperature, humidity, pluviosity and fortnight as explicative variables. They also indicated the possibility of obtaining predictive models in a way these measures could be estimated without the necessity of fieldwork activities. For both models, the larval density measure was not included as an explicative variable. The trap presented a sensibility to detect Aedes aegypti higher than 90% and the larval density measures were always inferior to 25%. The periods from October to December and June to September were identified as the most appropriate to use oviposition traps as entomological surveillance tools. The period from December to June was identified as the ideal time to perform larval density measures. / Armadilhas de oviposição são consideradas importantes medidas de vigilância entomológica para Aedes aegypti, entretanto ainda não são utilizadas nas atividades de rotina no Programa de Controle da Dengue no Brasil. Este estudo teve como objetivos avaliar o comportamento das armadilhas de oviposição e relacioná-lo com as medidas de densidade larvária e climáticas. O trabalho foi realizado em um bairro da cidade de São José do Rio Preto, Estado de São Paulo, onde 50 quadras foram selecionadas e, em cada quadra, foram escolhidas duas casas em faces opostas. Em cada casa foi instalada uma armadilha no peridomicílio ao relento, próxima às plantas e a uma altura de 0,5m a 1m. Foram feitas medidas quinzenais, entre outubro/2003 a setembro/2004, com a colocação das armadilhas na primeira semana e retirada na segunda. Foram realizadas, quinzenalmente, medidas de densidade larvária e obtidos dados climáticos diários. Utilizou-se o método das Equações de Estimação Generalizadas para ajuste de modelos entre a positividade e o número médio de ovos e as demais variáveis analisadas. Foram identificados três períodos distintos no comportamento da positividade das armadilhas e no número médio de ovos encontrados. No primeiro (outubro a dezembro) ocorreu aumento dos valores, no segundo (janeiro a maio) os valores permaneceram em um patamar e no terceiro (junho a setembro) ocorreu decréscimo. Os valores da positividade e o número médio de ovos observados no primeiro e terceiro períodos acompanharam as variações observadas nos dados climáticos. Durante os meses de outubro a dezembro, altas correlações foram obtidas entre a positividade e número médio de ovos, mostrando que uma variável prediz a outra e que neste período o número médio de ovos pode ser estimado apenas pela positividade. Os modelos ajustados para a positividade e o número médio de ovos tiveram como variáveis explicativas temperaturas, umidades, pluviosidade e quinzena e indicaram a possibilidade da obtenção de modelos preditivos de modo que essas medidas poderiam ser estimadas sem a necessidade da realização de atividades de campo. Para ambos os modelos, a medida de densidade larvária não foi incluída como variável explicativa. A armadilha apresentou sensibilidade para a detecção de Aedes aegypti sempre superior a 90% e a medida de densidade larvária sempre inferior a 25%. Identificaram-se os períodos de outubro a dezembro e junho a setembro com os mais propícios para utilização das armadilhas de oviposição como medidas de vigilância entomológica e o período de dezembro a junho como ideal para a realização de medidas de densidade larvária.

American cities have only recently come of age in the global sense. Therefore, most of our land use regulations have emphasized greenfield development issues over those of a mature city. The next wave of city building is redensification. This thesis argues that modern day, Euclidian zoning needs to be replaced in order to make the case for a sustainable mix of residential diversity, density, and affordability. Conventional zoning relies on simplistic measures to regulate density and shape the form of neighborhoods. Initially used primarily as a way to make the field of planning appear scientific and rational, these measures do not create functionally flexible neighborhoods for the changing needs of the twenty first century. Urban spaces should be thought of as a language, composed of pieces that evolve with cultural norms. Zoning must evolve to reflect current societal values, with an emphasis on environmental issues, while meeting the needs of changing market structures if cities are ever to sustainably house their populous. Zoning's inflexibility towards cultural shifts uses antiquated assumptions to force contemporary city design into a regulatory straight jacket. Using case studies within the city of Los Angeles because of its history in side-by-side integration of single family homes with a range of residential densities and supportive commercial uses, the thesis investigates three primary questions. First, under what zoning ordinances did the Los Angeles neighborhoods evolve and what lessons in functionality can be taken from their design? Second, looking at both conventional zoning and newer, form-based regulatory techniques, how does zoning affect the variety of housing types available? And third, what would a flexible zoning framework, created to support the future development of an evolving regional urbanization process and a changing social demographic, look like?