This study uses individual media dependency (IMD) to examine student dependency on the media before and during the attacks of September 11. A content analysis of media journals kept by a group of university students during the week of September 11 confirmed the existence of the IMD relationship, a finding that adds to the methodological breadth of IMD research. Goal scope, which is composed of the understanding, orientation, and play goals narrowed to the goal of social understanding on September 11 only to expand outwards to pre-September 11 levels by the end of that week. The theory postulates goal scope to be comprehensive, but student-identified reasons for seeking out the media during the week of September 11 were not fully explained by goal scope. Dependence on news mediated sources followed the pattern of goal scope with students articulating a tremendous dependence during the attacks, only to be followed with a sharp decline in time spent with news media by the end of the week. Contrary to hypothesis 4, referent scope did not narrow at all during that week. However, the media diaries revealed television was the referent of choice among students for information about the attacks. Time spent with television followed the patterns of goal scope and dependence on news mediated sources—a sharp increase in time spent with television was followed by a comparable decline in time spent. Student reflection papers were analyzed to understand why students returned so quickly to former media consumption patterns. Weariness with the reports and images surrounding the attacks, disappointment with the lack of new information, and the obligations of being a student were among the reasons given in the reflection papers. Despite the quick return to pre-attack levels of media consumption, students wrote that the media presentations of the attacks had broad cognitive, affective, and behavioral effects.

Most of the recent efficient algorithms for dependency parsing work by factoring the dependency trees. In most of these approaches, the parser loses much of the contextual information during the process of factorization. There have been approaches to build higher order dependency parsers - second order, [Carreras2007] and third order [Koo and Collins2010]. In the thesis, the approach by Koo and Collins should be further exploited in one or more ways. Possible directions of further exploitation include but are not limited to: investigating possibilities of extension of the approach to non-projective parsing; integrating labeled parsing; joining word-senses during the parsing phase [Eisner2000]

Thesis (Ph.D.)--Boston University / PLEASE NOTE: Boston University Libraries did not receive an Authorization To Manage form for this thesis or dissertation. It is therefore not openly accessible, though it may be available by request. If you are the author or principal advisor of this work and would like to request open access for it, please contact us at open-help@bu.edu. Thank you. / This study was designed to examine dependency in a permanently and totally blind adult male population. This necessitated the use of measures of overt and covert dependency which examined (a) the differences in dependency levels for blind adults compared with a sighted adult comparison group, and (b) the dependency levels varying within the blind groups is a function of length of blindness. A distinction between Instrumental Dependency (ID) and Emotional Dependency {ED) was proposed. ID was defined as the activity of seeking support or overt help, and ED referred to behavior exhibited in gaining satisfaction of some covert need. It is generally accepted that blindness creates a state of helplessness and dependency. A physical disability, by its very nature, necessitates the disabled person to both seek out and accept help from others. Often times the assistance he receives is in areas of performance where he was formerly able to function independently. Generally, the more severe the disability, in this case, the degree of blindness, the higher the amount of dependent behavior required to function adequately. It is possible that generalization effects of this dependency result in a transfer of this behavior to new and different situations. Not only is there the possibility of ID transfer, but there also may be a transfer effect which would increase covert ED behavior. The following four hypotheses were tested: 1. Blind adults are higher in Instrumental Dependency than are sighted adults. 2. Instrumental Dependency is related to length of blindness among blind adults. 3. Blind adults are higher in Emotional Dependency than are sighted adults. 4. Emotional Dependencx is related to length of blindess among blind adults. Instrumental Dependency was reflected through the frequency with which Ss required the assistance of repeated anchor value sounds in the judgment of "slow" and "fast" audible stimuli. Emotional Dependency was measured through responses to the Rohde Sentence Completion Test. Subjects' ages ranged from 20-54 years, intelligence quotients were between "dull normal" and "bright normal". Seventy subjects were studied, fifty-six blind and a comparison group of fourteen sighted. The blind Ss were divided into four groups according to length of blindness, which ranged from four months to almost eleven years. Results indicated that blind adults are higher in ID, and that ID is related to length of blindness (r=.47). While the blind adults scored higher in ED than did sighted adults, results indicated that, contrary to the proposed hypothesis, ED decreases as the length of blindness increases (r= -.35). There is evidence that help-seeking ("dependency") is a concomitant of the condition of blindness that is generalized to behavior which would not ordinarily elicit differential responses. As noted in the results , this help seeking was significantly greater for blind adults. However, the lessening of ED over time seems to indicate the learning of coping behavior following the initial heightened dependency. The separate dynamics of ID and ED, and their relationship to length of blindness, were discussed within the framework of learning and ego psychology. / 2031-01-01

Most of the recent efficient algorithms for dependency parsing work by factoring the dependency trees. In most of these approaches, the parser loses much of the contextual information during the process of factorization. There have been approaches to build higher order dependency parsers - second order, [Carreras2007] and third order [Koo and Collins2010]. In the thesis, the approach by Koo and Collins should be further exploited in one or more ways. Possible directions of further exploitation include but are not limited to: investigating possibilities of extension of the approach to non-projective parsing; integrating labeled parsing; joining word-senses during the parsing phase [Eisner2000].

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In the midst of the chaos and violence of civil-ethnic conflict, there is often little attention paid to the economic consequences which endure long past the moment of crisis. In conflicts that end in situations of prolonged occupation of one national group over another, complex and enduring dependencies develop between occupier and occupied. Since the 1967 Israeli occupation of the West Bank and Gaza Strip, the Palestinian economy has grown highly dependent upon the Israeli economy and has developed within the confines of Israeli military power. When the second Palestinian Intifada broke out in September 2000, the Palestinian economy suffered further. This paper discusses the Palestinian economy through the framework of dependency theory and world-systems analysis. Both theories are used to explain the complex relationship between Israel and the Palestinians and the relationship of dependence that has been perpetuated by Israel since the signing of the Oslo Agreement in 1993.

The present paper explores vicarious emotional conditioning and some variables of dependency that may influence the rate of conditioning. Volunteer introductory psychology students were administered the Edwards Personality Preference Schedule using the deference and autonomy scales as criteria for classifying subjects as dependent or independent. Ten females and four males were randomly chosen for each group. All subjects underwent adaptation to a tone which served as a conditioned stimulus. Ten acquisition trials followed where each subject was exposed to witnessing an experimental stooge emiting pain cues to a fake shock. Six test trials were presented where the conditioned stimulus was presented alone. The measure of emotional reaction was the subject’s GSR. Mann-Whitney-U-Test was performed on the percent of GSRs elicited and a t-test on the GSR and BSR magnitude. The results indicated that dependent individuals elicited significantly more GSRs during the acquisition and test trials. No significant difference was found on GSR or BSR magnitudes. Possible relationships between introversion/extroversion and dependency/independency are presented and confounding variables are discussed.

Dependencies between program elements can reflect the architecture, design, and implementation of a software project. According a industry report, intra- and inter-module dependencies can be a significant source of latent threats to software maintainability in long-term software development, especially when the software has millions of lines of code. This thesis introduces the design and implementation of an accurate and scalable analysis tool that extracts code dependencies from large C/C++ software projects. The tool analyzes both symbol-level and module-level dependencies of a software system and provides an utilization-based dependency model. The accurate dependencies generated by the tool can be provided as the input to other software analysis suits; the results along can help developers identify potential underutilized and inconsistent dependencies in the software. Such information points to potential refactoring opportunities and assists developers with large-scale refactoring tasks.

In the midst of the chaos and violence of civil-ethnic conflict, there is often little attention paid to the economic consequences which endure long past the moment of crisis. In conflicts that end in situations of prolonged occupation of one national group over another, complex and enduring dependencies develop between occupier and occupied. Since the 1967 Israeli occupation of the West Bank and Gaza Strip, the Palestinian economy has grown highly dependent upon the Israeli economy and has developed within the confines of Israeli military power. When the second Palestinian Intifada broke out in September 2000, the Palestinian economy suffered further. This paper discusses the Palestinian economy through the framework of dependency theory and world-systems analysis. Both theories are used to explain the complex relationship between Israel and the Palestinians and the relationship of dependence that has been perpetuated by Israel since the signing of the Oslo Agreement in 1993.

The present study investigated the interpersonal schemata of self-criticism and interpersonal dependency as cognitive vulnerability factors to depression. The study's primary hypothesis was that dependency and self-criticism schemata remain stable at remission and that they are independent of mood. Stability in these two factors was related both to their self-report at remission and to their endurance as components influencing the information processing of patients during remission. Twenty clinically depressed individuals, 20 remitted depressives, and 20 normal controls were compared on memory tasks, a modified Stroop task, the Depressive Experience Questionnaire (DEQ) and the Interpersonal Dependency Inventory (IDI). The above instruments converged to measure dependency and self-criticism. Current and remitted depressives reported significantly higher levels of self-criticism and interpersonal dependency than the normal control group, when measured by the DEQ and the IDI. Performance on the three memory tasks was more ambiguous. For the free recall task, remitted depressives recalled more self-critical traits than other traits; however, the control group also recalled more self-critical traits than dependent ones, and the current depressives did not show the predicted bias. Performance on the recognition and impression formation tasks did not support' the study's main hypothesis. For the Stroop interference scores, currently depressed individuals demonstrated a trend to have more interference on the mood-congruent cards than the normal control group. Overall, the three components of the study -- questionnaires, memory tasks and Stroop task -- elicited three different patterns of results. The DEQ and the IDI indicated the presence of self-criticism and dependency in both current and remitted depressives, and thus supported the schemata's stability and independence from mood. Performance on the memory tasks offered weak support to the proposition that remitted depressives process information according to a self-critical schema, although no evidence was obtained for the dependent schema. Results of performance on the Stroop task suggested the presence of a mood congruent attentional bias in currently depressed individuals; however, no evidence was found for a self-critical or dependent attentional bias in either groups of depressives. Two explanations are offered to interpret the conflicting findings. First, a negative mood induction may be necessary to prime the interpersonal schemata. Second, tasks that are more self-focused, such as the questionnaires, than other-focused, such as the memory and Stroop tasks, may be needed to activate the schemata. / Arts, Faculty of / Psychology, Department of / Graduate