Thesis--PlanB (M.S.)--University of Wisconsin--Stout, 2002. / Includes bibliographical references.

Thesis (M. Nurs.)--University of Hong Kong, 2009. / Includes bibliographical references (p. 95-101).

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This report examines the affects of different types of thinking on rumination. Because of the relationship between rumination and psychopathology, many researchers have attempted to understand what types of processing end the ruminative cycle. Some researchers have proposed that thinking concretely (i.e. the specific details of events) will end rumination. These same researchers argue that thinking about events from an abstract perspective (general meaning of an event) is detrimental. However, several recent studies have shown that abstract processing under certain conditions can be beneficial. Though both sides of the debate discuss abstract and concrete as existing within a hierarchy, research to date has only treated these levels dichotomously. Adopting a Goal Progress Theory perspective, this report proposed a study that asks participants to traverse through multiple level of the construal hierarchy, and argues for the benefits of combining both abstract and concrete processing. / text

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Cognitive, motivational, and emotional contributors to depressive affect were investigated in dependent and self-critical college students. In the first study, Dependency and Self-Criticism were related to anaclitic and introjective dysfunctional cognitions which explained part of the variance in perceived stress for events involving loss and failure respectively. In the second study, the personality styles were related to different motive dispositions including achievement, affiliation and intimacy. Dependency and Self-Criticism were also related to motivational characteristics which were significant predictors of positive and negative affect. In the third study, Dependency was linked to the occurrence of romantic relationship stressors and Self-Criticism to academic stressors. Both personality styles were related to greater ambivalence over emotional expression, which significantly predicted depression. The variables from the cognitive, motivational, and emotional domains, and stress, were combined in an integrative vulnerability model for depression.

Several past studies have identified that dysphoric undergraduates (those with depressed mood) sometimes give estimates of their control over outcomes closer to the actual contingency than estimates made by the nondepressed. This "depressive realism" phenomenon is typically found in tasks with zero control and frequent outcomes. The present paper investigates this phenomenon with a more powerful design for comparing estimates. Experiment 1 manipulated motivation for accuracy to compare the prevalent self-serving motivational bias explanation to an information processing bias perspective. Depressive realism was found under the typical conditions, but under conditions of higher motivation for accuracy, all participants overestimated their control on the key task. Response patterns appeared to influence estimates via the proportion of exposure to different trial events. Experiment 2 confirmed an influence of response frequency on estimate bias. In Experiment 3 the depressive realism pattern was found for positively valent outcomes, but the reverse pattern occurred for negatively valent outcomes. Both those with and without depressed mood showed biased processing on some tasks. The implications for contingency processing in depressives and the general population are addressed.

Depression is a serious problem affecting cancer patients. The current study examined depression screening and management behaviour at a tertiary care cancer centre. Ten oncologists and ten nurses took part in this study, and were interviewed. The interview covered clinician’s current depression screening and management practices, and the Theory of Planned Behaviour was applied to better understand screening behaviour. The Theory of Planned Behaviour was used in this study because it is useful in conceptualizing individual’s behaviour. Results indicated clinicians screened for depressed mood. Participants also reported managing depressed patients by indicating they referred patients to other clinicians. Finally, within the Theory of Planned Behaviour, subjective norms were related to past intention to screen for depression, and past intention to screen was related to past screening behaviour. In summary, this study found that depression is screened for, depression is managed appropriately in patients, and some components of the Theory of Planned Behaviour are useful in understanding screening behaviour.

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