D.Comm. / Many studies on the topic of air transport deregulation have seen the light in the past two decades, and only more recently (in the early 1990s) has this trend had its impact on the South African domestic air transport industry. For a period of almost 41 years (from 1949 until 1990), domestic air services on major routes in South Africa were strictly regulated by Government through the Air Services Act, No 51 of 1949. The above is the result of air transport policy that came into being in the early days of air transport and remained in place until the late 1980s. Only after the adoption of a policy of deregulation did air transport policy adjust to allow for the entry of the private sector into the domestic air transport market as from 1990 onwards. In his study titled "Control Over Domestic Air Transportation in South Africa - A Historic Perspective"(1996), Mr J Vermooten describes the history of air transport in South Africa as follows: In the period 1929 to 1934, the following airlines were responsible for establishing scheduled domestic air services in South Africa: - Union Airways; South West African Airways (Junkers); Imperial Airways; and Rhodesian and Nyasaland Airways. All of the above airlines, except the last-mentioned, relied heavily on air mail subsidy agreements from Government enabling them to operate scheduled services in South Africa. Chapter 1 - 2 Over time, the South African Railways and Harbours Administration (SAR&H) became concerned about the threat of intermodal competition from air services and the possible diversionary effect on its first class rail passenger traffic. This eventually resulted in the protection of railway services against competition from air transport, similar - to the protection against competition from motor transportation. The provision of air transport services was fortunately not completely banned. Instead, departmental air services were introduced through the purchase of Union Airways by the South African Railways in February 1934. This was followed by the purchase of South West African Airways a year later (February 1935). At the start of the Second World War (1939/1940), aircraft employed for civil air transport were transferred to military authorities and South Africa became totally dependent on foreign airlines for the provision of domestic air transport services. These services were provided by: the British Overseas Airways Corporation (BOAC); Society Anonyme Beige d'Esploration de la Navigation Aerienne (SABENA) and Southern Rhodesia Air Services (SRAS), which succeeded the old Rhodesia and Nyasaland Airways (RANA). Domestic Air Services by foreign airlines were provided at very reasonable prices during the war, but fares were increased by between 25% and 38% when South African Airways (SAA) resumed its domestic services after the war. The economic conditions immediately after the Second World War could not support the levels of fares and tariffs introduced with the resumption of services by SAA. To rescue the situation, SAA's domestic fares, excess luggage and freight rates were restored to 1941-levels on 1 March 1946. Chapter 1 - 3 In response to the need of Municipalities to clarify their position with regard to airports and feeder services, the South African Government introduced an air transport policy that reserved the major domestic air transport services for SAA, leaving it to the private sector to participate in the provision of feeder air services. The policy also made provision for various categories of airports and degrees of financial assistance by the Government, thereby limiting the demands by Municipalities for the increased use of airports. The National Transport Commission (NTC) was established in terms of the Transport Co-ordination Act of 1948, in order to replace the Civil Aviation Council. The Council was responsible for the technical issues related to air transport, such as the competency of air personnel, airworthiness of aircraft, the provision of facilities in the interest of safety, etc. The Transport Co-ordination Act charged the NTC with the following tasks: "... (to) promote and encourage the development of transport in the Union and, where necessary, co-ordinate various phases of transport in order to achieve the maximum benefit and economy of transport services to the public." The Act also led to the protection of SAA - similar to the protection of railway services provided by the SAR&H. The Air Services Act of 1949 formally introduced the concept of economic regulation of air transport services in South Africa and in 1952 the NTC formulated a comprehensive air transport policy which ensured the establishment of a monopoly for SAA over the majority of air transport services in the domestic market until 1991. Following on what was said above, the Air Services Act (No 51 of 1949) provided for the licensing and control of airlines and air services and stipulated that, subject to certain exceptions, no one was allowed to use an aircraft for commercial purposes, unless a licence to do so has been granted by the NTC (section 2 of the Act). In terms of section 10 of the Act, the NTC was prohibited from granting a licence in competition with an existing licence, if the service provided by the existing licensee was "satisfactory and sufficient" to meet the needs of the public at a "reasonable charge". To summarise, one can say that prior to the establishment of SAA a very liberal air transport policy existed, whilst after its establishment air transport policy was protectionist in nature. The "interest of the public" in the provision of air transport services was generally regarded as the interest of the SAR&H - rather than the users directly affected by the air service. It is also remarkable that foreign airlines played such an important role in the development and maintenance of domestic air services in South Africa in the very early days of air transport in this country, as well as during the Second World War at which time the civil air services provided by SAA were terminated due to support for military needs. Since the establishment of the national carrier, SAA, by the SAR&H, air transport in South Africa was subject to the protection of the Government and as a result, SAA obtained a monopoly in the provision of domestic air transport services. The SAR&H was succeeded by the South African Transport Services (SATS) and in 1988, the South African transport industry moved a step closer towards the deregulation and privatisation of State-owned transport enterprises, with the restructuring of SATS and its predecessor, the SAR&H which has played the role of "Big Brother" in the industry since South Africa became a Union in 1910.

The intention of this document is to discuss the deregulation of the telecommunications environment in South Africa, focusing specifically on the introduction of the Second Network Operator and its relationship with Telkom and the market. The aims of this research include an evaluation of whether or not competition can occur when Telkom is the provider of a portion of the fixed line equipment as well as a competitor to the Second Network Operator. In addition to this an evaluation will also be undertaken of whether or not the consumer will ultimately benefit from increased service levels, as well as decreased cost once the Second Network Operator is offering services to the consumer. The research methodology employed is that of Case Study Analysis. The reason being that this method allows for a large amount of relative data to be chosen for the study (using Purposive sampling techniques), and this can then be analysed on a subjective basis, using comparisons as well as models such as the PEST, and Porter's Five Forces. Ultimately the study recommends that without a strong regulator, deregulation is pointless as the incumbent provider is exceptionally powerful both financially and politically and will not hesitate to engage in unfair practices should it feel that those practices may benefit their position. To this end it is recommended that ICASA play an active role in the pricing of the local loop access as well as the pricing of interconnections between the parties. It further recommends that Neotel follow a strategy of strong customer focus as well as strong technological focus. / Thesis (MBA)-University of KwaZulu-Natal, 2006.

Bibliography: pages. 63-66. / This research consists of a wide literature review on deregulation and privatisation of airline business world wide. The emphasis is on the benefits of airline privatisation. The idea was to attempt to find out whether the deregulation of South African Airways (SAA) indeed brought about the changes that are expected of a commercial concern. These changes included cost cutting strategies and charging economically efficient fares as well as abandoning unprofitable routes. Some personal contact with the SAA Public Relations Officers in Cape Town and Johannesburg was used to gather the data used in the research. The Transnet and the Competition Board annual reports were other major sources of data. The analysis was accomplished by scrutinising the SAA financial statements as to whether SAA followed all the requirements implemented when deregulation was introduced. An econometric test was used to check whether there was any improvement in capacity utilisation at SAA as was expected to happen after deregulation. The findings from this research are that SAA did introduce new measures to try to be profitable and cut costs, such as, reducing the labour force and abandoning unprofitable routes. SAA also stopped cross-subsidisation practise, whereby loss making routes were financed by profitable ones. In general SAA introduced measures that can be expected from a profit maximising firm which is under pressure to tum profits. However, these changes have not yet produced consistent results as far as profit is concerned and is supported by the econometrics test which does not support the expected hypothesis that since SAA is now operated on commercial basis, should be able to tum profits and be efficient.

Thesis (MEcon)--Stellenbosch University, 1997. / ENGLISH ABSTRACT: On 31 March 1990 the South African Transport Services (SATS) ceased to exist and on 1 April 1990 in its place emerged Transnet, a diversified transport company wholly owned by the South African government. Transnet was founded on the understanding that the government might eventually choose to sell it to the private sector. This study project report discusses the history and events leading up to the creation of Transnet. Thereafter the advantages and disadvantages of privatisation are identified, followed by international privatisation case studies which provide the basis for a discussion of some of the economic issues behind railway privatisation. The separation of infrastructure from operations, which was identified through the case studies as one of the most controversial and far-reaching concepts of railway privatisation, is also examined. Lastly, the study project focuses on the marketing strategy Spoornet ought to pursue in order to ensure sufficient high-value freight in the future. / AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Op 31 Maart 1990 het die Suid-Afrikaanse Vervoerdienste ophou bestaan en is dit op 1 April 1990 vervang deur Transnet, 'n gediversifiseerde vervoermaatskappy wat deur die Suid-Afrikaanse regering besit word. Van meet afwas dit die bedoeling dat die regering die keuse het om Transnet aan die privaatsektor te verkoop. Die werkstuk bespreek die geskiedenis en gebeure wat aanleiding gegee het tot die ontstaan van Transnet. Daarna word die voor- en nadele van privatisering bespreek, gevolg deur internasionale spoorwegprivateriseringsgevallestudies. Daarna word die ekonomiese teorie wat privatisering onderle, bespreek. Die skeiding van infrastruktuur en bedryf, wat deur die gevallestudies as een van die mees omstrede en verreikende aspekte van spoorwegprivatisering ge"identifiseer is, word ook bespreek. Laastens fokus die werkstuk op die bemarkingstrategie wat Spoornet behoort na te streef om hoe-waarde vragte te bekom.

<p>This research report examined the key policies of globalisation namely, privatisation and deregulation of services and also their implication on the Tri-partite alliance. Because they have impacted negatively on major economic sectors, particularly to those that help the needy. Therefore, the study explores these initiatives, which has been debatable in South Africa under the dominant understanding of &lsquo / progress&rsquo / or &lsquo / development&rsquo / .</p> <p><br /> The Objective of the study is to lay the basis for the examination and evaluation of policy option with regard to privatisation and deregulation of services in South Africa and to engage South Africa effectively in global policy debates and adjust in global trends and negotiations within the region (SADC) and other international countries. It examines global challenges and opportunities / threats for South Africa as a developing country in the emerging global order.</p> <p><br /> This study also attempts to provide answers to several questions concerning privatisation and deregulation of public services in South Africa. To the poor, is deregulation and privatisation of state assets threatening to become the new apartheid, which is an instrument of exclusion, not just from a better life but even from the very basic services? How are workers and including the poorest of the poor affected by the status of deregulation and privatisation? Do the timing and specifics of these processes matter? Who should attempt to regulate the auction, as some of government officials seems to be corrupt? And which prior restructuring policies are worth implementing?</p>

<p>This research report examined the key policies of globalisation namely, privatisation and deregulation of services and also their implication on the Tri-partite alliance. Because they have impacted negatively on major economic sectors, particularly to those that help the needy. Therefore, the study explores these initiatives, which has been debatable in South Africa under the dominant understanding of &lsquo / progress&rsquo / or &lsquo / development&rsquo / .</p> <p><br /> The Objective of the study is to lay the basis for the examination and evaluation of policy option with regard to privatisation and deregulation of services in South Africa and to engage South Africa effectively in global policy debates and adjust in global trends and negotiations within the region (SADC) and other international countries. It examines global challenges and opportunities / threats for South Africa as a developing country in the emerging global order.</p> <p><br /> This study also attempts to provide answers to several questions concerning privatisation and deregulation of public services in South Africa. To the poor, is deregulation and privatisation of state assets threatening to become the new apartheid, which is an instrument of exclusion, not just from a better life but even from the very basic services? How are workers and including the poorest of the poor affected by the status of deregulation and privatisation? Do the timing and specifics of these processes matter? Who should attempt to regulate the auction, as some of government officials seems to be corrupt? And which prior restructuring policies are worth implementing?</p>

Masters in Public Administration - MPA / This research report examined the key policies of globalisation namely, privatisation and deregulation of services and also their implication on the Tri-partite alliance. Because they have impacted negatively on major economic sectors, particularly to those that help the needy. Therefore, the study explores these initiatives, which has been debatable in South Africa under the dominant understanding of &lsquo;progress&rsquo; or &lsquo;development&rsquo;. The Objective of the study is to lay the basis for the examination and evaluation of policy option with regard to privatisation and deregulation of services in South Africa and to engage South Africa effectively in global policy debates and adjust in global trends and negotiations within the region (SADC) and other international countries. It examines global challenges and opportunities / threats for South Africa as a developing country in the emerging global order. This study also attempts to provide answers to several questions concerning privatisation and deregulation of public services in South Africa. To the poor, is deregulation and privatisation of state assets threatening to become the new apartheid, which is an instrument of exclusion, not just from a better life but even from the very basic services? How are workers and including the poorest of the poor affected by the status of deregulation and privatisation? Do the timing and specifics of these processes matter? Who should attempt to regulate the auction, as some of government officials seems to be corrupt? And which prior restructuring policies are worth implementing? / South Africa

Thesis (MBA)--Stellenbosch University, 2002. / ENGLISH ABSTRACT: The energy sector of the South African economy is poised to change in extraordinary ways. In just a few short years from now, the days will be gone when generators are guaranteed of their income and where regional distributors have the monopoly in the regions that they are servicing. Other energy markets in the world, such as oil and gas, have been free of regulation for many years. More recently, local policymakers have been focussing on increasing competition in the electricity sector and in so doing, liberate electric utilities from government's long established control. The shift away from government regulation of energy will lead to something even more important than placing downward pressure on the price of a MWh. It will instigate the development of multiple trading centres and platforms that are dedicated to competition in the free trade of electricity and related products. With the deregulation of the electricity supply industry and the inevitable introduction of competition, the real risks of energy trading will be faced by generators and distributors alike. This research investigates the changes that are set to occur within the next few years, based on developments that have unfolded in countries where electricity supply industries have been privatised and utilities and distributors are managing their risks in this new competitive environment. It explains how the South African Electricity Supply Industry may change with respect to the develop of markets which provide risk cover to industry players, the practices assumed by utilities in international electricity supply industries to minimise their risk exposure, and how industry players can use derivative instruments to manage their risks better. / AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Die elektrisiteitsvoorsieningssektor is gereed om groot veranderings te maak. Binne 'n paar jaar, sal ons die einde sien van die dae waar kragstasies gewaarborg is van hulle inkomste en waar streeksvoorsieners die monopolie het in die streke waarin hulle verskaf. Ander energie markte in die wêreld, soos die van olie en natuurlike gas, is al sonder regulering vir baie jare. Meer onlangs het beleidsrade hul tyd toegewy aan die instelling van kompetisie in die elektrisiteitsvoorsieningssektor om utiliteitsmaatskappye vry te maak van staatsbeheer. Hierdie beweging weg van staatsbeheer sal lei na iets meer as net die afwaardse druk op die prys van 'n MWh. Dit sal die begin merk van die ontwikkeling van veelvoudige verhoë wat toegewyd is aan kompetisie in die vrye handel van elektrisiteit en soortgelyke produkte. Met die deregulering en die onvermydelike indiening van kompetisie, sal die ware risikos van energie handel aanvaar word deur voortbrengers en verskaffers van elektrisiteit. Hierdie navorsing stel ondersoek in die veranderings wat van plan is om te gebeur in die volgende paar jaar en is gebaseer op die ontwikkelinge wat in lande afgespeel het waar elektrisiteitsvoorsieningsnywerhede geprivatiseer is en waar voortbrengers en verskaffers van elektrisiteit hulle risikos bestuur in hierdie nuwe mededingende sektor. Dit verduidelik hoe die Suid-Afrikaanse elektrisiteitsvoorsieningsnywerheid mag verander teen opsigte van die ontwikkeling van markte wat risiko versekering aanbied vir utiliteitsmaatskappye, die praktyke wat deur hierdie spelers toegepas word om hulle blootstelling aan risikos te verminder, en ook hoe hulle afgeleide instrumente gebruik om hulle risikos beter te bestuur.

Thesis (MBA)--Stellenbosch University, 2003. / ENGLISH ABSTRACT: The South African citrus industry was deregulated in 1997. Before deregulation only Outspan could export citrus from South Africa and no other export company was allowed to do so. The deregulation process was not gradual, but came suddenly and the industry changed from fully regulated to deregulated in a very short time. This sudden deregulation created a lot of uncertainty in the industry. More than one hundred new fruit export companies were established within a year after deregulation. Most of these new entrants had very little experience in exporting citrus. Many of them went bankrupt within a year or two and many citrus producers suffered considerable financial losses as a result. Producers had no experience in exports themselves and many were not qualified to choose reputable export companies to export their fruit. The face of the industry has been changed unrecognisably. In the past there was one big company exporting all the citrus from South Africa. After deregulation a lot of small to medium fruit export companies were established. These companies playa very important role in the industry as it stands today. Deregulation also opened the door for big international fruit marketing and distribution companies to enter the South African fruit business. After some years of chaos and very little reliable information available in the industry in terms of volumes produced and exported, the industry is stabilising. A number of industry bodies like the Citrus Exporters Forum (CEF) and Citrus South Africa (CSA) have been formed to represent the exporters and the producers. These bodies have formed the Joint Marketing Forum (JMF) that meets every month to discuss marketing and industry-related issues jointly. The debate with regards to deregulation rages on. Most industry role players are supportive of less regulation and free market principles. However, deregulation could have been more gradually phased in. This would have given more people, especially producers, the chance to adapt to the new environment. Most role players are of the opinion that the citrus industry is more market driven and more competitive after deregulation than before. Taking a look at the South African citrus industry in the future, there will be increased competition due to increased volume of citrus produced world wide. Producers can therefore no longer produce unwanted varieties or produce in marginal areas where the yields are low. Producers must take their destiny in their own hands and must educate themselves in the export process so that they can make the right decisions about production and exports. As a result of increased competition and lower margins the distribution chain must be as short as possible with as few middle men as possible. As a result of this producer exporters are on the increase. / AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Die Suid Afrikaanse sitrusbedryf is in 1997 gedereguleer. Voor deregulering kon slegs Outspan sitrus uit Suid Afrika uitvoer en geen ander maatskappy is toegelaat om dit te doen nie. Die dereguleringsprosess was nie geleidelik nie, maar die industrie het van ten volle gereguleerd tot gedureguleer verander in 'n baie kort tyd. Die skielike deregulering het gelei tot groot onsekerheid in die industrie. Meer as eenhonderd nuwe vrugte uitvoermaatskappy is binne 'n jaar na deregulering gevorm. Meeste van die nuwe rolspelers het baie min ondervinding in die uitvoer van sitrus gehad. Baie het dan ook bankrot gespeel binne 'n jaar of twee en baie sitrusprodusente het groot finansiële verliese gelei as gevolg daarvan. Meeste produsente het ook geen ondervinding in uitvoere gehad nie 'en was dus nie gekwalifiseerd om betroubare uitvoermaatskappye te kies om hulle sitrus uit te voer nie. Die gesig van die industry is onherkenbaar verander. Tydens regularing was daar slegs een groot maatskappy wat alle sitrus van Suid Afrika af uitgevoer het. Na deregulering is 'n groot aantal klein tot medium vrugte uitvoermaatskappye gevorm. Hierdie maatskappye speel 'n baie belangrike rol in die industrie soos dit tans lyk. Deregulering het ook die deur vir groot internasionale vrugtebemarkings en distribusiemaatskappye oopgemaak om die Suid Afrikaanse industrie te betree. Na 'n aantal jare van chaos en baie min betroubare informasie wat beskikbaar was in terme van volume geproduseer en uitgevoer, is die industrie besig om te stabiliseer. Daar is ook 'n aantal industrieliggame soos die Sitrus Uitvoerders Forum en Sitrus Suid Afrika gevorm om die belange van uitvoerders en produsente te verteenwoordig. Hierdie liggame het die Gesamentlike Bemarkings Forum gevorm wat elke maand vergader om bemarking en ander industrie aangeleenthede gesaamentlik te bespreek. Die debad met betrekking tot deregularing is steeds aan die gang. Meeste industrierolspelers ondersteun minder regulering en vryemark beginsels. Hulle stem egter saam dat die dereguleringsproses meer geleidelik ingefaseer moes word. Dit sou produsente meer tyd gegee het om aan te pas by die nuwe omgewing. Meeste rolspelers is van die opinie dat die sitrusindustrie in Suid Afrika meer markgerig en ook meer kompeterend geword het na deregulering. In die toekoms kan verwag word dat daar meer kompetisie in die sitrusbedryf sal wees as gevolg van 'n toename in sitrusproduksie wêreldwyd in sitrusproduserende lande. Produsente kan dus nie meer ongewenste variëteite produseer of sitrus produseer in marginale areas waar opbrengste laag is nie. Produsente moet hulle toekoms in hulle eie hande neem en moet die uitvoerproses leer ken sodat hulle die regte besluite kan neem oor produksie en uitvoere. As gevolg van toenemende kompetisie en kleiner marges moet die logistiekeketting so kort en koste effektief as moontlik gehou word. As gevolg hiervan is produsente uitvoermaatskappye aan die toeneem.

M.Ing. / Traditionally, the Electricity Supply Industry (ESI) organisational structure consisted of generating plant, transmission and distribution networks, a regulating authority and network control, all vertically integrated into single organisational structure. The result of the vertically integrated organisational structure, in other words an organisation where all the functions belong to a single organisation, and some of the organisation's functions are not the sole responsibility of one specific functional area, has been a captive market for the industry. No real market forces existed to control the industry. The responsibility for the industry was traditionally left in the hands of a single organisation, accountable only to the regulating authority. However, the industry has recently been subjected to incredible pressure to reform. The incentive to reform is based on various factors, ranging from sound business decisions, the need to reduce government debt, reduction of primary energy cost for key industries to political pressure. A common thread throughout the reform exercise is the requirement that competition must be introduced into the ESI to ensure market forces on the industry. To introduce competition into the industry, the authorities often start by unbundling the different functions in the industry. The second step is to identify the functions that can only operate effectively as a monopoly. The authorities then need to determine the optimum balance between regulatory rules and requirements and market forces on the. industry. By introducing the optimum balance between industry regulation, market forces and the specific needs of each country, the changes in the industry may result in long term gain for the industry's host country. The gains are often measured in reduced electricity cost and growth in industries dependant on the ESI as a primary energy source. The study incorporates a wide range of issues, starting with the drivers behind the deregulation effort through management tools to regulatory rules and requirements in the deregulated environment. The study evaluates the risks and benefits of the deregulated market, and examines the tools adopted from the financial markets and used in the new electricity markets. The requirement for regulatory rules will be evident throughout the dissertation, and will be discussed in detail in the final chapter. The study is concluded with the message that the common factors and resultant solutions are of such a nature that it would not be necessary to develop a new set of rules, regulations and management tools for a country starting down the road of deregulation. It would however be required to determine the needs of the industry's host country and to adapt the current tools and regulatory rules to the country it is implemented in. The final outcome of the dissertation is that the post-deregulated industry has only just started operating under the new regulatory regime and using the newly developed electricity markets. The industry is still subject to a severe learning curve, adapting and developing daily to satisfy the needs of a deregulated industry. There are sections of the industry that still need to be examined and optimised. However, the success of some of the deregulation efforts in the industry, and especially the deregulation in the UK confidently underwrite any equivalent exercise in the ESI.