Existem na região sudoeste do Rio Grande do Sul campos recobertos de areia conhecidos pelo nome de “areais”, ou campos de areia. O interesse por estudar esses campos de areia surge da constatação que esses campos de areia se apresentam como um problema para a sociedade, principalmente a partir da década de 70, quando os areais passam a ser chamados de “desertos” e a possibilidade de alastramento desses “desertos” passa a representar uma ameaça para as sociedades que vivem em seu entorno. Nesse contexto, novas percepções e concepções surgem acerca desses campos de areia, influenciando o modo como os agricultores agem em relação aos areais. Nesse sentido, os agricultores que habitam seu entorno, passam a adotar uma série de atitudes na tentativa de controle dos areais mediante a instalação de dispositivos que resultam em modificações na paisagem, deixando marcas humanas capazes de revelar as intenções de sua construção. Entre essas atitudes ambientais destaca-se a proposição do plantio de espécies arbóreas, entre as quais se destaca o eucalipto, apresentadas à sociedade como capaz de controlar a dinâmica de arenização e inserir a região de ocorrência dos areais em uma nova matriz econômica, mediante sua inserção no mercado da silvicultura industrial. No presente estudo de caso, os “Campos de Areia da Vila Kraemer” (São Francisco de Assis/Rio Grande do Sul/Brasil), foi identificada uma tendência crescente de plantio de espécies arbóreas como uma proposição de controle humano dos areais, amplamente difundida entre os agricultores e a assistência técnica local e que configura o processo chamado de “verticalização da paisagem”. Para o entendimento das dimensões subjetivas que envolvem a “verticalização da paisagem”, foi adotada a fundamentação teórica e metodológica que investiga a participação dos valores ambientais como mecanismo transformador da paisagem, ou, ainda, a paisagem como manifestação espacial dos valores ambientais. Os resultados dessa pesquisa exploratória contemplam o desenvolvimento, ao longo das últimas três décadas, de uma transformação cultural, motivada por aspectos externos, regionais e globais, que resultou em valores ambientais, de âmbito local, amplamente favoráveis a uma recorrente transformação de paisagens vernaculares, predominantemente campestres, em paisagens exóticas, mediante a introdução da monocultura arbórea. / In southwest Rio Grande do Sul there can be found fields covered with sand. These specific places are called “areais”, or sand fields. The interest in studying these sand fields took place mainly after de 70s, when sand fields begin to be seen as a problem to society, as “areais” they are associated to “deserts” and the possibility of their spreading is understood as a threat to surrounding societies. In this context, new perceptions and conceptions about the sand fields begin influencing the way local farmers act in relation their existence. Since then, neighbor farmers have installed new devices that end up changing the local landscape, in order to control the "areais". These changes reveal their intentions, such as the planting of tree specimens (especially Eucalyptus) that are presented to society as capable of controlling the dynamics of sandization and the insertion of the “areais” region in a new economical matrix: the industry of silviculture. In the present study case, the “Sand Fields of Kraemer Village” (“Campos de Areia da Vila Kraemer”), in the municipality of São Francisco de Assis, was identified as a place with an increasing tendency to the planting of tree specimens with the purpose of controlling the sand fields. The practice, known as “landscape verticalization”, was broadly spread among farmers and local technical assistance as a positive method to contain sandinization. In order to understand the subjective dimensions that involve the “landscape verticalization”, the theoretical and methodological framework adopted in this study investigate environmental values that has supported these landscape transformation or, moreover, landscape as a spatial manifestation of environmental values. The results of this research contemplate the development, along the three last decades, of a cultural changing, motivated by external, regional and global aspects that have resulted in the consolidation of environmental values that favor the modification of vernacular landscapes, predominantly that of fields, into exotic ones where there can be seen monoculture trees plantations.

Thesis (Ph.D. (Botany))--North-West University, Potchefstroom Campus, 2008.

<p>Drylands, comprising arid and semi-arid areas and the dry subtropics, over some 40% of the world's land area and support approximately 2 billion people, including at least 1 billion who depend on dryland agriculture and grazing. 10-20% of drylands are estimated to have already undergone degradation or desertification, and lack of monitoring and assessment remains a key impediment to preventing further desertification. Change in vegetation cover, specifically in the spatial organization of vegetation may occur prior to irreversible land degradation, and can be used to assess desertification risk. Coherent spatial structures arise in the distribution of dryland vegetation where plant growth is localized in regular spatial patterns. Such "patterned vegetation" occurs across a variety of vegetation and soil types, extends over at least 18 million ha, occurs in 5 continents and is economically and environmentally valuable in its own right.</p> <p>Vegetation patterning in drylands arises due to positive feedbacks between hydrological forcing and plant growth so that the patterns change in response to trends in mean annual rainfall. Mathematical models indicate that vegetation patterns collapse to a desertified state after undergoing a characteristic set of transformations so that the condition of a pattern at any point in time can be explicitly linked to ecosystem health. This dissertation focuses on the mathematical description of vegetation patterns with a view to improving such predictions. It evaluates the validity of current mathematical descriptions of patterning for the specific case of small-scale vegetation patterns and proposes alternative hypotheses for their formation. It assesses the significance of seed dispersal in determining pattern form and dynamics for two cases: vegetation growing on flat ground with isotropic patterning, and vegetation growing on slopes and having anisotropic (i.e. directional) patterning. Thirdly, the feedbacks between local biomass density and infiltration capacity, one of the positive feedbacks believed to contribute to patterning, are quantified across a wide range of soil and climatic conditions, and new mathematical descriptions of the biomass-infiltration relationship are proposed. Finally the influence of land surface microtopography on the partitioning of rainfall into infiltration and runoff is assessed.</p> / Dissertation

Not available / text

published_or_final_version / abstract / toc / Geography and Geology / Master / Master of Philosophy

Thesis (Ph.D. (Botany))--North-West University, Potchefstroom Campus, 2008.

Thesis (Ph.D. (Botany))--North-West University, Potchefstroom Campus, 2008.

Thesis (Ph. D.)--University of Colorado, Boulder, 1992. / Includes bibliographical references (leaves [356]-404).

Existem na região sudoeste do Rio Grande do Sul campos recobertos de areia conhecidos pelo nome de “areais”, ou campos de areia. O interesse por estudar esses campos de areia surge da constatação que esses campos de areia se apresentam como um problema para a sociedade, principalmente a partir da década de 70, quando os areais passam a ser chamados de “desertos” e a possibilidade de alastramento desses “desertos” passa a representar uma ameaça para as sociedades que vivem em seu entorno. Nesse contexto, novas percepções e concepções surgem acerca desses campos de areia, influenciando o modo como os agricultores agem em relação aos areais. Nesse sentido, os agricultores que habitam seu entorno, passam a adotar uma série de atitudes na tentativa de controle dos areais mediante a instalação de dispositivos que resultam em modificações na paisagem, deixando marcas humanas capazes de revelar as intenções de sua construção. Entre essas atitudes ambientais destaca-se a proposição do plantio de espécies arbóreas, entre as quais se destaca o eucalipto, apresentadas à sociedade como capaz de controlar a dinâmica de arenização e inserir a região de ocorrência dos areais em uma nova matriz econômica, mediante sua inserção no mercado da silvicultura industrial. No presente estudo de caso, os “Campos de Areia da Vila Kraemer” (São Francisco de Assis/Rio Grande do Sul/Brasil), foi identificada uma tendência crescente de plantio de espécies arbóreas como uma proposição de controle humano dos areais, amplamente difundida entre os agricultores e a assistência técnica local e que configura o processo chamado de “verticalização da paisagem”. Para o entendimento das dimensões subjetivas que envolvem a “verticalização da paisagem”, foi adotada a fundamentação teórica e metodológica que investiga a participação dos valores ambientais como mecanismo transformador da paisagem, ou, ainda, a paisagem como manifestação espacial dos valores ambientais. Os resultados dessa pesquisa exploratória contemplam o desenvolvimento, ao longo das últimas três décadas, de uma transformação cultural, motivada por aspectos externos, regionais e globais, que resultou em valores ambientais, de âmbito local, amplamente favoráveis a uma recorrente transformação de paisagens vernaculares, predominantemente campestres, em paisagens exóticas, mediante a introdução da monocultura arbórea. / In southwest Rio Grande do Sul there can be found fields covered with sand. These specific places are called “areais”, or sand fields. The interest in studying these sand fields took place mainly after de 70s, when sand fields begin to be seen as a problem to society, as “areais” they are associated to “deserts” and the possibility of their spreading is understood as a threat to surrounding societies. In this context, new perceptions and conceptions about the sand fields begin influencing the way local farmers act in relation their existence. Since then, neighbor farmers have installed new devices that end up changing the local landscape, in order to control the "areais". These changes reveal their intentions, such as the planting of tree specimens (especially Eucalyptus) that are presented to society as capable of controlling the dynamics of sandization and the insertion of the “areais” region in a new economical matrix: the industry of silviculture. In the present study case, the “Sand Fields of Kraemer Village” (“Campos de Areia da Vila Kraemer”), in the municipality of São Francisco de Assis, was identified as a place with an increasing tendency to the planting of tree specimens with the purpose of controlling the sand fields. The practice, known as “landscape verticalization”, was broadly spread among farmers and local technical assistance as a positive method to contain sandinization. In order to understand the subjective dimensions that involve the “landscape verticalization”, the theoretical and methodological framework adopted in this study investigate environmental values that has supported these landscape transformation or, moreover, landscape as a spatial manifestation of environmental values. The results of this research contemplate the development, along the three last decades, of a cultural changing, motivated by external, regional and global aspects that have resulted in the consolidation of environmental values that favor the modification of vernacular landscapes, predominantly that of fields, into exotic ones where there can be seen monoculture trees plantations.

Cette étude vise à reconstituer les paysages et les paléoclimats holocènes des marges désertiques de la Tunisie méridionale. Elle se fonde sur les données de la pluie pollinique actuelle et les données polliniques holocènes de la Sebkha Boujmel et de Bahiret el Bibane, complétées par des datations 14C et l’analyse de la fraction argileuse du sédiment. La relation pollen/végétation/climat est élaborée à partir d’échantillons de surface au sol recueillis le long du réseau hydrographique et à la surface de la Sebkha Boujmel et de Bahiret el Bibane. Les résultats obtenus indiquent une bonne représentation des écosystèmes régionaux à la surface de ces réceptacles. La variabilité spatiale des spectres polliniques traduit bien les gradients d’humidité climatique et édaphique selon deux axes nord-sud et est-ouest. L’étude de l’influence des événements d’inondations sur la concentration et la composition des spectres polliniques, à partir d’une carotte couvrant le dernier siècle (BL12-10), ne révèle pas des modifications majeures des spectres polliniques guidés par les évènements d’inondation. Les données paléoécologiques sont obtenues à partir de l’analyse pollinique de deux carottes, BJM2 dans la Sebkha Boujmel et BL12-7 dans la Bahiret el Bibane. La séquence BJM2 couvrant les 8 deniers millénaires est complétée par l’analyse de la composition de la fraction argileuse du sédiment modulé par les dynamiques de mobilisation des sables désertiques. L’ensemble des données est intégré dans un modèle âge-profondeur issu de 11 datations 14 C AMS. La tendance climatique millénaire en Tunisie méridionale au cours de l’Holocène moyen et supérieur indique une aridification croissante à partir de 5,7 ka, en accord avec les changements des paramètres orbitaux et de l’insolation et l’épisode d’aridité enregistré au sud de la Méditerranée à la fin de la Période Humide Africaine. Cette aridification s’achève vers 3 ka avec la mise en place des écosystèmes végétaux prédésertiques et des événements climatiques rapides désormais synchrones des événements de refroidissement Nord Atlantique. La biogéographie régionale montre la présence d’une végétation arborée méditerranéenne sur le relief et une steppe graminéenne sur les piedmonts et dans la plaine au cours des phases humides de l’Holocène moyen. Les changements de la végétation jusqu’à 3ka sont largement modulés par l’aridification climatique et l’impact anthropique demeure limité. A partir du 3ème siècle BC, l’enregistrement d’Olea et de Vitis marque l’intensification de l’impact anthropique, à travers l’agriculture, qui se superpose à celui des sociétés pastorales au cours des périodes Punique et Romaine. L’impact anthropique s’observe ensuite par phases récurrentes d’intensification engendrant des modifications dans les paysages végétaux, en particulier entre 850 AD et 1150 AD avec une augmentation des taux de l’armoise ainsi qu’au cours du 20ème siècle. Cette dernière période enregistre une importante dégradation des environnements locaux traduisant les changements socio-économiques des sociétés avec la sédentarisation et les développements du pastoralisme et de l’agriculture. / This study aims at reconstructing the Holocene landscapes and palaeoclimates of the desert margins of southern Tunisia. It is based on the study of modern pollen rain and Holocene pollen data from Sebkha Boujmel and Bahiret el Bibane, supplemented by 14C dates and sediment clay mineralogy. The pollen/vegetation/climate relationship is based on soil surface samples collected along the hydrographic network and on the surface of Sebkha Boujmel and Bahiret el Bibane. The obtained results indicate a good representation of the regional ecosystems on the surface of the Sebkha and the lagoon. The spatial variability of pollen spectra clearly reflects climatic and edaphic humidity gradients along two north-south and east-west axes. The study of the influence of flood events on the concentration and composition of pollen spectra from a core spanning the last century (BL12-10) does not reveal major changes in pollen spectra triggered by these flooding events. Paleoecological data are obtained from the pollen analysis of two cores, BJM2 in Sebkha Boujmel and BL12-7 in Bahiret el Bibane. The BJM2 sequence spanning the last 8 millennium is supplemented by clay mineralogical analysis of the sediment related to the dynamics of desert sand mobilization and by the integration of the data in an age-depth model based on 11 14C AMS dates. During the Middle and Upper Holocene, the millennial climate trend in Southern Tunisia indicates increased aridity from 5.7 ka, in accordance with changes in orbital and insolation parameters and increased aridity recorded in the southern Mediterranean after the African Humid Period. This aridity trends ends at ca 3 ka with the establishment of pre-desert plant ecosystems and Rapid Climate Changes henceforth synchronous of North Atlantic cooling events. Regional biogeography shows the presence of Mediterranean vegetation on the mountains and a grassy steppe on the piedmonts and the plain during the humid phases of the Middle Holocene. Changes in vegetation up to 3ka are largely modulated by climatic aridification while the anthropogenic impact remains limited. From the 3rd century BC, the record of Olea and Vitis indicates an intensification of the anthropogenic impact through agriculture, which is superimposed on that of the pastoral societies during the Punic and Roman periods. The anthropogenic impact thus marks phases of intensification that cause changes in plant landscapes especially between 850 AD and 1150 AD with an increase in wormwood, and during the 20th century. The latter period shows a significant degradation of local environments reflecting the socio-economic changes of local societies with sedentism and intensive pastoralism and agriculture.