Everything around us that is not a simple untouched piece of nature has been designed by someone. Human society has found a great refuge in these designed objects or the artefacts, and thus has adapted vociferously to their inclusion into everyday life. From the early conception as art and then lately as scientific activity, now during the last few decades, designing has been understood as a fundamental aspect of human life. This understanding has become a motivating force in the last four decades for design research community. Remarkable theories, methods, models and approaches for designing have been propounded during this period by various active design researchers. Yet a comprehensive design theory remains largely an elusive dream, and usage of proposed methods in practice unimpressive. The dominant paradigms in design theory, though rich in description seem to lack interconnection. The thesis explores and questions the very foundations on which design theories have been built. Theoretical contemplation over designing is sought through asking why question, which brings in context to the forefront. Thus understanding context in designing is the central theme to this dissertation. Incidentally it is the context that holds key to the enhanced usage of design methods in practice. The thesis presents a basis to thaw the development of design theory, and provides a pragmatic approach to augment usage of design methods in practice. These objectives have been achieved through the approach outlined below. • An extensive discussion on the notion of context is presented, underpinned by the detailed survey of definitions and world views held in by various domains of studies in regard to context. The salient characteristics of context identified through this discussion have been used to articulate a concise definition of context. • A comprehensive dialogue, supplemented by the literature in design, incorporating dyv of design, designing, artifacts, and context has been put forth. The theoretical insight obtained has been abstracted into an elemental model of context in designing, that is then elaborated at length. • Definitions of context in designing, context of designing, and that of designing in context have been formulated, using the definition of context and the elemental model of context in designing. • The empirical validation of the proposed model of context in designing has been carried out, which runs across six design projects, accounts for academic; controlled; and industrial environment, as well as focuses on both individual and team designing. Four methods for data collection and analysis - Questionnaire survey, design protocol analysis study, replication protocol analysis, and participant observation study were employed in this exercise. • A detailed prescriptive study for development of aid to designers; in selection process of design methods has been carried out. Based on the issues identified in the literature and survey with designers, a measure to assess contextual usability of design methods (MACUM) was formulated. A web-based software tool based on MACUM has been developed for supporting design method selection process. The thesis concludes that the dominating paradigms in design theory only represent the partial perspective of designing. It is argued that, the proposed model of context in designing provides a sound basis to coherently redress the disjunctions between paradigms of design and progress towards a holistic design theory. And further on the practical end, the thesis underlines the contribution of MACUM towards sustained usage of design methods in practice.

Les modèles théoriques proposés par les STIC ont été à ce jour révisés par les protagonistes des Design Studies. Ils proposent entre autres de vérifier leur validité et leur viabilité comme modèles de communication pour les systèmes, services, biens et situations de plus en plus complexes. C’est dans cette lignée que nous inscrivons notre projet. L’idée étant de construire un modèle interprétatif constituant un nouveau cadre théorique. Il aura comme principal objectif de saisir le potentiel communicatif des produits au carrefour de leurs potentiels d’actions, d’habitudes et de croyances matérialisés en eux. Notre cadre théorique et notre outil analytique s’articuleront autour de l’approche sémiotique peircienne et de la théorie systémique (dénommée seconde systémique par Morin) qui permettra aussi de développer une perception écologique de l’objet comme système cohérent et interactif avec son environnement. / The theoretical models proposed by STIC (Information and Communication Sciences) have been revised to date by the protagonists of Design Studies. They suggest among others to check their validity and viability as communication models for the systems, services, goods and situations, which are getting more and more complex.It is in this vein that we register our project. The idea is to build an interpretative model constituting a new theoretical framework. The main objective is to seize the communicative potential of the products at the crossroads of potential actions, habits and beliefs embodied in them. Our theoretical framework and our analytical tool will revolve around the peirce semiotic approach and the systemic theory (second systemic as called by Morin), which will also develop an ecological perception of the object as a coherent and interactive system with its environment.

Review of axial hydraulic machines and elementary procedures of design hydraulic machines are listed in the first part of thesis. Second part is dedicated axial pump with annular motor and measurement its characteristic curve. In the third part of thesis, procedure of design axial pump with tube motor is described, also there are listed CFD results and characteristic curve of axial pump with tube motor is predicted.

This research focuses on the emergence of 'digital walls' that can project images onto almost all or even the entirety of interior (and perhaps exterior) walls, and what implications this might have for how we arrange our rooms. It demonstrates the arrangement, i.e., the way that domestic products are arranged physically, of rooms changes in the domestic environment in a complex scenario when using large screens. Due to the fast-growing demand for large screens, this product could potentially be available to be used by people in their home environments; however, it does not yet exist in reality at this scale. Constructing large screens can be carried out using different production methods. Here, this concept is called the digital wall, a very thin wall-sized interactive screen. The characteristics of the digital wall will vary to be able to create different scenarios. One such scenario is a space in the home where the surface of the wall is covered with screens, which allows multiple possibilities to experience and interact with digital content.  In this research, the social gathering space of homes, nowadays called the living room, is considered as a highly relevant space for installing the digital wall. In this space, the conceptual framework outlines the basic elements of the research and demonstrates the relationships between people’s interactions with the digital wall and domestic products in the domestic environment. I show two examples from design history to understand how arrangement changes impact the home environment: the transformation of the parlor to the living room, and entry of the television into the living room. These two examples are focused on the place in the home where people gather for socializing. The discussion of these examples led to the elaboration of the relationships between the elements in the conceptual framework. I explored relevant design research methodologies to bring this future scenario into the present to understand the relationships between people and the digital wall. I applied research through design and the constructive design research approaches to frame the design research methodology. In this thesis, I set up seven series of design studies in two cluster groups: Supportive studies and Main studies. All of the design studies were conducted in the Design Research Lab, the actual space for carrying out the design experiments, prototyping the digital wall, and the setting of the experiments for user participation. The Lab was fully equipped with relevant technology and allowed me to use multiple methods to collect data while people were experiencing the design study sessions. The Lab was useful as a platform to understand user experiences, barriers for interactions as well as people's experiences in a simulated space of a domestic environment.  The main contribution of this research is to understand the forms of arrangement changes when people use the digital wall in homes. The research demonstrates two significant implications that are seen in two forms of arrangements: tangible arrangement and imperceptible arrangement. These findings are useful for both designers and users of the elements of domestic contexts and the relations that can be shaped by the presence of a digital wall in home environments. This understanding may provide design guidelines in future scenarios in which the digital wall is used in homes. The findings are also beneficial for designing the domestic environment, improving the arrangement of space, and raising the requirements for designing domestic products.

Bei der Fertigung mechatronischer Produkte in den vielfältigen Industriebranchen, wie der Medizintechnik, dem Maschinen- und Automobilbau etc., bestehen stets erhöhte Qualitätsansprüche, um Funktionalität, Herstellbarkeit, Kosten und weitere produktbedingte Aspekte zu gewährleisten. Infolgedessen hat das Toleranzmanagement erheblich an Bedeutung gewonnen. Die Art und Weise der Toleranzfestlegung im Entwicklungsprozess eines Produktes stellt einen wesentlichen Bestandteil der Produktbeschreibung dar und hat eine signifikante Auswirkung auf die Optimierung der Funktion, der Kosten oder der Herstellprozesse. Die Funktion der mechatronischen Produkte stützt sich auf mechanische, thermische oder auch z. B. elektromagnetische Eigenschaften. Somit sollen diese physikalischen Abhängigkeiten neben der rein geometrischen Toleranzanalyse mitberücksichtigt und untersucht werden. Ein Toleranzmodell für die funktionelle nichtlineare Maßkette wird anhand der Identifikation der wesentlichen Produktmerkmale aufgestellt und erfasst die wichtigsten Beitragsleister. Dabei handelt es sich um eine physikalische Maßkette, die auch Materialeigenschaften wie z. B. Reibwerte, E-Modul und Temperaturlängenausdehnungskoeffizienten berücksichtigen kann. Auf Basis der Ergebnisse von finiten Elemente Analysen (FEA) in Creo Simulate können flexible Bauteile erstellt werden, die zur Aufstellung eines parametrischen Toleranzmodells verwendet werden können. Die Multiziel-Konstruktionsstudie, die Creo anbietet, ist dann in der Lage, die festgelegten Parameter je nach Anforderung statistisch zu variieren, wobei das jeweilige Modell sich dank seiner Definition anhand der flexiblen Bauteile analog zu den FEA – Ergebnissen verformt. Auf diese Weise kann die funktionelle Maßkette in dem gezeigten Beispiel die Öffnerkraft eines elektromechanischen Relais bestimmt und dementsprechend die Produktbeschreibung optimiert werden. Anschließend soll die durchgeführte Konstruktionsstudie in dem CAD-System Creo mit weiteren Toleranzsimulationsprogrammen wie z. B. Cetol von Sigmetrix verglichen und validiert werden. Das entwickelte Methodische Tolerieren kann in der CAD-integrierten modellbasierten Prozesskette in der virtuellen Produktentwicklung verwendet werden. Damit ist eine effiziente Kommunikationsschnittstelle zwischen den Abteilungen der Konstruktion und der Simulation geschaffen.

A Phenomenological Analysis of Emergent Design is performed based on the foundations of General Schemas Theory. The concept of Sign Engineering is explored in terms of Hermeneutics, Dialectics, and Ontology in order to define Emergent Systems and Meta-systems Engineering based on the concept of Meta-dialectics. Phenomenology, Ontology, Hermeneutics, and Dialectics will dominate our inquiry into the nature of the Emergent Design of the System and its inverse dual, the Meta-system. This is an speculative dissertation that attempts to produce a philosophical, mathematical, and theoretical view of the nature of Systems Engineering Design. Emergent System Design, i.e., the design of yet unheard of and/or hitherto non-existent Systems and Meta-systems is the focus. This study is a frontal assault on the hard problem of explaining how Engineering produces new things, rather than a repetition or reordering of concepts that already exist. In this work the philosophies of E. Husserl, A. Gurwitsch, M. Heidegger, J. Derrida, G. Deleuze, A. Badiou, G. Hegel, I. Kant and other Continental Philosophers are brought to bear on different aspects of how new technological systems come into existence through the midwifery of Systems Engineering. Sign Engineering is singled out as the most important aspect of Systems Engineering. We will build on the work of Pieter Wisse and extend his theory of Sign Engineering to define Meta-dialectics in the form of Quadralectics and then Pentalectics . Along the way the various ontological levels of Being are explored in conjunction with the discovery that the Quadralectic is related to the possibility of design primarily at the Third Meta-level of Being, called Hyper Being. Design Process is dependent upon the emergent possibilities that appear in Hyper Being. Hyper Being, termed by Heidegger as Being (Being crossed-out) and termed by Derrida as Differance, also appears as the widest space within the Design Field at the third meta-level of Being and therefore provides the most leverage that is needed to produce emergent effects. Hyper Being is where possibilities appear within our worldview. Possibility is necessary for emergent events to occur. Hyper Being possibilities are extended by Wild Being propensities to allow the embodiment of new things. We discuss how this philosophical background relates to meta-methods such as the Gurevich Abstract State Machine and the Wisse Metapattern methods, as well as real-time architectural design methods as described in the Integral Software Engineering Methodology . One aim of this research is to find the foundation for extending the ISEM methodology to become a general purpose Systems Design Methodology. Our purpose is also to bring these philosophical considerations into the practical realm by examining P. Bourdieu?s ideas on the relationship between theoretical and practical reason and M. de Certeau?s ideas on practice. The relationship between design and implementation is seen in terms of the Set/Mass conceptual opposition. General Schemas Theory is used as a way of critiquing the dependence of Set based mathematics as a basis for Design. The dissertation delineates a new foundation for Systems Engineering as Emergent Engineering based on General Schemas Theory, and provides an advanced theory of Design based on the understanding of the meta-levels of Being, particularly focusing upon the relationship between Hyper Being and Wild Being in the context of Pure and Process Being.