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The manufacturing industry faces a rapidly growing problem which is the increased stream of electronic waste. Due to the fast evolving technology, the innovation cycles have been shortened and the demand for various electronic products has increased. This development requires increasingly advanced material combinations and assemblies to meet both product and customer requirements, which at the same time leads to products becoming more difficult to recycle. Ericsson is one of the world's largest companies in manufacturing and sales of telecom equipment and wants to gain knowledge in how their products are recycled, and how their products should be designed to facilitate the recycling process. As of today, Ericsson has a document from 2004 with design guidelines with a broad focus on the environment. The purpose of this master thesis has been to develop these guidelines, but with a focus on when the product has reached its end of life and is to be recycled. This has been done through an initial collection of secondary data from the literature regarding design for recycling guidelines. These guidelines have been evaluated using a mixed method, where both qualitative and quantitative data have been collected, analyzed and compiled. The biggest focus has been on discussing with recycling experts to get a deeper understanding of what is important for their process to work as efficiently as possible. Finally, a product evaluation has been performed where 3 products have been evaluated against the final set of guidelines to identify areas for improvement. This thesis has provided 30 design guidelines with a focus on increasing the efficiency of the recycling process of Ericsson's products. These guidelines cover 3 different areas: Material and material combinations, Fasteners and connectors, and Labels and markings. It is recommended that these guidelines should be implemented as early as possible in Ericsson's product development process to have the greatest impact on the final design of new products. / Tillverkningsindustrin står idag framför ett snabbt växande problem, nämligen den ökande mängden av elektroniskt avfall. På grund av den snabbt utvecklande teknologin så har innovations cyklerna förkortats och efterfrågan på olika elektroniska produkter ökat. Denna utveckling kräver allt mer avancerade materialkombinationer och sammansättningar för att möta både produkt- och kundkrav, vilket samtidigt leder till att produkter blir allt svårare att återvinna. Ericsson är ett av världens största företag inom tillverkning och försäljning utav telecom utrustning och vill i större utsträckning kartlägga hur deras produkter återvinns, samt hur deras produkter bör designas för att underlätta återvinningsprocessen. I dagsläget har Ericsson ett dokument från 2004 med design riktlinjer med ett brett fokus på miljö. Syftet med detta examensarbete har varit att utveckla dessa riktlinjer, fast med ett fokus på när produkten nått slutet på sin livslängd och ska återvinnas. Detta har genomförts genom en initial insamling av data genom en litteraturstudie gällande designriktlinjer för återvinning. Dessa riktlinjer har utvärderats med en empirisk studie, där både kvalitativ och kvantitativ data har insamlats, analyserats och sammanställts. Störst fokus har legat på att diskutera med experter inom återvinning för att få en bra förståelse vad som är viktigt för att deras process ska fungera så effektivt som möjligt. Slutligen genomfördes ett test där tre produkter utvärderades med de slutliga riktlinjerna för att identifiera förbättringsområden. Detta examensarbete har resulterat i 30 design riktlinjer med fokus på att öka effektiviteten av återvinningsprocessen av Ericssons produkter. Dessa riktlinjer berör tre olika områden: Material och material kombinationer, Fästelement och kopplingar samt Etiketter och markeringar. Det rekommenderas att dessa riktlinjer implementeras så tidigt som möjligt i Ericssons produktutvecklingsprocess för att få störst inverkan på den slutliga designen för nya produkter.

In-situ resource utilization and in-situ manufacturing are being actively pursued as ways to enhance the development of human activities in space. However, the re-purpose of space systems through processes like recycling, re-manufacturing, and re-use, has not received the attention it deserves given its potential to reduce the waste generated by human activities in space, improve the sustainability of space habitats, and reduce the environmental impact on Earth of human activities in space.  This dissertation explores the available life cycle analysis methodologies in order to understand how the industry treats and measures re-purposability, and what re-purposing enabling technologies are available or under development, and proposes the use of the embodied energy and derived metrics to: quantify the waste generated by a space system when reaches its end of life, how re-purposable a space system is, and how valuable the outputs of the re-purposing process are for the habitat were the system is being processed. This data can then used to provide feedback regarding manufacturing process and material selection for the design, enabling a systems architect to optimize it with re-purposability in mind.  This Design to Re-purpose methodology (DTR) is tested through the analysis of selected components of an Lunar Habitat design from Hassell Studios, to the extend possible given the early state of the design, and with some assumptions regarding the expected repurposing technologies available. It demonstrated that performs as expected for the scenario provided, and yielded useful material selection feedback, including how the value of the re-purposing output material can infuence the design to optimize its re-purposability and the subsequent value it provides to the habitat.  Further development of this methodology is necessary, as well as additional testing especially considering scenarios where the initial system is not built on Earth, for which a preliminary road map was laid down.

The Swedish company Kockums AB, at the forefront within maritime and naval technology, is in need of a tool, document, and/or method to include environmental aspects in their product development process. This is mainly because of additional requirements put on Kockums AB from their main customer. Ship recycling is the major issue that has to be addressed and included in Kockums AB’sworking procedures. Moreover, ship recycling is a pressing issue to handle due to horrible conditions in South Asian countries, where most ship dismantling is taking place. For these reasons, the objective of this M.Sc. thesis was to integrate environmental aspects in the product development process at Kockums AB by designing and proposing a way of implementing a tool, document, and/or method. Environmental product requirements that Kockums AB is demanded to fulfill mainly derives from customers, classification societies, laws and legislations, and themselves. The Hong Kong Convention has been adapted, in 2009, but is yet to enter into force. Ship recycling is covered by the convention,and an ‘Inventory of Hazardous Materials’ has to be provided from the ship builder, and hence this is the main aspect for Kockums AB to consider. Naval ships are, however, excluded from the Hong Kong Convention. Kockums AB does not have a routine on how to handle environmental requirements nor are environmental aspects included in their product development process. Consequently, Kockums AB’senvironmental ambition should not be put too high and rather aim at follow laws. In an empiricalstudy, regarding environmental aspects at Kockums AB, difficulties were identified. Lack of environmental knowledge, communication problems, and misunderstandings regarding the ambiguous term environment showed to be most notable. The three most prominent success factors for asuccessful integration of ecodesign, from the conducted literature review and empirical findings, are education for employees, existence of an environmental champion, and top management support. A Long-term Environmental Action Plan (LEAP), which took the success factors into account and contains 18 Actions, was developed for Kockums AB, and is the ultimate result of this research. The LEAP was developed in accordance with ISO 14006, a new standard for incorporation of ecodesign in Environmental Management Systems, with the aim of reducing adverse environmental impactsthroughout a product’s lifecycle. Moreover, the proposed way of implementing the LEAP was based on a ”Plan, Do, Check, Act” methodology from Product-Oriented Environmental Management Systems (POEMS). POEMS focus on a product’s environmental efficiency throughout its lifecycle, by a systematic integration of ecodesign in the company’s strategies and practices, and hence continual improvements. This way of implementation should be familiar to Kockums AB because the company is certified according to ISO 14001, where continual improvement of environmental performance is a key factor. The proposed LEAP includes tools, documents, and methods that are to be used in daily work and product development at Kockums AB. It is a step towards environmentally conscious design and enhanced environmental knowledge at Kockums AB. Additionally, as a result of the LEAP, the expectation is that environmental conscious mindsets of employees arise.

I denna studie undersöks XLANCE® som ett alternativt elastiskt garn emot LYCRA®. Syftet är att jämföra egenskaper och livslängd för att kunna ersätta det etablerade garnet av elastomerer på dagens marknad. Möjligheten till kemisk återvinning och cirkulära resurser har uppvisat vara möjligt med XLANCE®, som är aktuellt för att minimera det textila avfallet av material innehållandes av flera syntetiska fibrer. Genom att konstruera XLANCE® respektive LYCRA® med PES, som huvudmaterial, visar resultateten inga markanta skillnader under ISO-standardiserade tester av elasticitet, draghållfasthet och dimensionsstabilitet både före samt efter 50 tvättar. En ersättning av elastiskt garn kan därför vara möjlig. Slutsatsen bekräftas genom litteraturstudien om att XLANCE® kan separeras ifrån PET genom en filtrering utan att smälta samman, som beskrivs vara utmaningen med spandexfibrer från LYCRA®. XLANCE® höga resistens emot värme och kemikalier möjliggör denna filtrering med glykolsyra och pyrolysoljor som kan användas på nytt. Om framtida forskning kan visa praktiska resultat för separation och kemisk återvinning av XLANCE®, kan detta bli en lösning för att åstadkomma cirkulära modeller efter långvarig användning av elastiska trikåmaterial. / In this study, XLANCE® is investigated as an alternative elastic yarn to LYCRA®. The purpose is to compare properties and longevity to be able to replace the established yarn of elastomers on today’s market. The possibility of chemical recycling and circular resources has been shown to be feasible with XLANCE®, which is relevant to minimizing textile waste of materials containing several synthetic fibers. By constructing XLANCE® and LYCRA® respectively with PES as the main material, the results show no marked differences during ISO standardized tests of elasticity, tensile strength and dimensional stability both before and after 50 washes. A substitution of elastic yarn may therefore be possible. The conclusion confirms through the literature study that XLANCE® can be separated from PET by filtration without fusing, which is described as the challenge with spandex fibers from LYCRA®. XLANCE®’s high resistance to heat and chemicals enables this filtration with glycolic acid, and pyrolysis oils that can be reused. If future research can show practical results for the separation and chemical recycling of XLANCE®, this could become a solution to achieve circular models after long-term use of elastic knitted fabrics.