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Las infecciones nosocomiales (IN) provocan una elevada morbilidad y mortalidad, una gran carga de trabajo para el personal y un elevado coste económico. El uso eficaz de los biocidas, antisépticos y desinfectantes, junto con la desinfección de los dispositivos médicos y de superficies, el lavado de manos y las técnicas de barrera, constituyen las medidas de prevención de dichas IN. El desarrollo de estudios sobre la actividad antimicrobina, que permitan la selección de productos biocidas eficaces puede suponer una importante mejora en la lucha contra las IN. Se estudió in vitro la actividad antimicrobiana del ácido peracético al 0.26% (Perasafe®) en comparación con el glutaraldehído alcalino al 2% (Cidex®), frente a Mycobacterium avium- Mycobacterium intracelulare (MAI), Mycobacterium tuberculosis H37Rv, Mycobacterium fortuitum y Mycobacterium chelonae. Perasafe® fue micobactericida y tuberculocida (factor de reducción ? 5 log10) en 20 min. de contacto; mientras que Cidex® lo fue en 30 min. de exposición. MAI fue la micobacteria más resistente. También demostramos la eficacia de Perasafe® en comparación con Cidex® para la desinfección de broncoscopios contaminados experimentalmente con M.tuberculosis H37Rv y MAI. Ambos productos consiguieron un factor de reducción ?5 tras 10 min. de contacto frente a M.tuberculosis, y tras 20 min. frente a MAI. Así pues, como demuestran los estudios in vitro y de "uso simulado", Perasafe®, es un desinfectante de alto nivel efectivo frente a micobacterias y constituye una posible alternativa al glutaraldehído alcalino al 2% en la desinfección de broncoscopios.Se evaluó la actividad antimicrobiana frente a M.tuberculosis H37Rv, MAI, M.kansasii y M.chelonae de Korsolex® AF. La concentración del 1% fue eficaz frente a todas las micobacterias ensayadas en 60 min. de contacto. Estos datos sugieren que los productos biocidas que contienen aminas podrían ser útiles en la desinfección intermedia y de alto nivel de los dispositivos médicos. Acinetobacter baumannii destaca por su habilidad para desarrollar y transmitir resistencias antimicrobianas y por ser un patógeno nosocomial emergente difícil de erradicar. Se estudiaron 9 cepas multirresistentes, con adquisición progresiva de la resistencia a los antibióticos betalactámicos aisladas en el transcurso de un brote epidémico. Para ello, se realizó un estudio de suspensión cuantitativo según el European Standard EN 1040. Todas las cepas de A.baumannii fueron sensibles a todos los antisépticos (Sterillium®, 2 formulaciones alcohólicas no comercializadas, Hibiscrub® y Clorina®) y desinfectantes evaluados (Virkon® e Instrunet superficies®). Se comprobó que la resistencia a múltiples antibióticos betalactámicos en cepas de A.baumannii no se asocia a resistencia o descenso de sensibilidad a los biocidas.Por otro lado, hemos analizado el espectro de actividad antimicrobiana de Virkon siguiendo las normativas AFNOR. Los resultados obtenidos demuestran que Virkon® al 1% es un desinfectante de bajo nivel por ser un biocida con efecto antimicrobiano rápido (5 min.) frente a bacterias vegetativas (gramnegativas y grampositivas), levaduras, virus y micobacterias no tuberculosas en ensayos cuantitativos de suspensión, pero únicamente bactericida en los ensayos con portagérmenes. Finalmente, se evaluó la eficacia de un compuesto clorado (Solprogel®) frente al VIH-1 y VHB. La actividad virucida del VIH-1 se estableció mediante un ensayo de infectividad en células MT-2 y la del VHB midiendo la inhibición de la actividad de la DNA polimerasa (DNA-P). En ambos casos, la actividad antimicrobiana de Solprogel® se comparó con la del dicloroisocianurato sódico (NaDCC). Solprogel® y NaDCC, a una concentración de 120 ppm y 100 ppm de cloro disponible, respectivamente, inhiben el VIH-1 en 5 min. de contacto. La DNA-P del VHB fue sensible a la inhibición por los dos desinfectantes, requiriendo 960 y 1.000 ppm de cloro disponible para Solprogel® (16%) y NaDCC, respectivamente y un tiempo de exposición mínimo de 2 min. / Nosocomial infections (NI) lead to a high morbidity and mortality, significant staff work-loads and a high economic cost. The effective use of biocides, antiseptics and disinfectants along with the disinfection of surfaces and medical devices, hand washing and barrier techniques make up the means of prevention of NI.The development of studies in antimicrobial activity, which allow for the selection of effective biocidal products, could lead to an important improvement in the fight against IN.In vitro studies were made of the antimicrobial activity of peracetic acid at 0.26% (Perasafe®) in comparison to the 2% alkaline glutaraldehyde (Cidex®) against Mycobacterium avium- Mycobacterium intracelulare (MAI), Mycobacterium tuberculosis H37Rv, Mycobacterium fortuitum and Mycobacterium chelonae. Perasafe® was mycobactericidal and tuberculocidal (reduction factor ? 5 log10) after 20 minutes of contact. For Cidex®, 30 minutes of exposure was required. MAI was the most resistant mycobacterium.We also demonstrated the effectiveness of Perasafe® compared to Cidex® for the disinfection of bronchoscopes experimentally contaminated with M. tuberculosis H37Rv and MAI. Both products achieved a reduction factor ? 5 after 10 minutes contact with M. tuberculosis and after 20 minutes with MAI. So, as demonstrated in in vitro studies and in simulated use, Perasafe® is a disinfectant with a high level of effectiveness against mycobacteria and would be a possible alternative to 2% alkaline gluteraldehyde for the disinfection of bronchoscopes.The antimicrobial activity of Korsolex® AF against M.tuberculosis H37Rv, MAI, M.kansasii and M. chelona was evaluated. After 60 minutes contact the 1% concentration was effective against all the mycobacteria studied. These data suggest that biocidal products that contain amines could be useful in the intermediate and high level disinfection of medical devices.Acinetobacter baumannii is noted for its ability to develop and transmit antimicrobial resistances and has become an emerging pathogenic nosocomial infection that is difficult to eradicate. Nine multi-resistant strains were studied. These had progressive acquisition of resistance to betalactamate antibiotics and were isolated during an epidemic outbreak. In this case, a quantitative suspension study according to European Standard EN 1040 was performed. All the strains of A. baumannii showed sensitivity to all the studied antiseptics (Sterillium®, two non-commercialised alcoholic formulations, Hibiscrub® and Clorina®) and disinfectants (Virkon® and Instrunet superficies®). This proved that resistance to multiple betalactamate antibiotics in strains of A. baumannii is not associated with resistance or decrease in sensitivity to biocidals.On the other hand, we also analysed the antimicrobial activity spectrum of Virkon® according to the AFNOR regulations. The results obtained demonstrate that Virkon® at 1% concentration is a poor disinfectant to be a rapid antimicrobial effect biocide (5 minutes) against vegetative bacteria (gram negatives and gram positives), yeasts, viruses and non-tuberculoid mycobacteria in quantitative suspension studies. It was only bactericidal in the studies using the germ-carrier method.Finally, the efficacy of a chloride compound (Solprogel®) against VIH-1 and VHB was evaluated. The virucidal activity against the VIH-1 was established by means of an infectivity study in MT-2 cells and for that of the VHB by measuring the inhibition of the DNA polymerase (DNA-P) activity. In both cases, the antimicrobial activity of Solprogel® was compared to that of sodium dichloroisocyanurate (SDIC). Solprogel® and SDIC at respective concentrations of 120 ppm and 100 ppm of available chlorine inhibited VIH-1 after 5 minutes of contact. The DNA-P of the VHB was sensitive to inhibition by both disinfectants, requiring 960 and 1,000 ppm of available chlorine for 16% Solprogel® and SDIC respectively, and a minimum exposure time of 2 minutes.

Made available in DSpace on 2016-12-23T14:04:29Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 0 - Capa.pdf: 105732 bytes, checksum: 5e46db0b866feec4239711c3d7a7f02f (MD5) Previous issue date: 2007-06-06 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / The process of treatment for wastewater produces solid waste that need to be constantly removed for to keep the treatment s efficiency, amongst it, the waste deposited in the deep of the grit removal. The grit removal has the objective of to remove from wastewater the grit and others particulas, including the organics, presents in the wastewater in nature, that to be dragged to the deep by sedimentation process. Although not to be to receive had importance, a time that is to embed this waste in ditches or to make use in the ground without treatment, currently, this waste it is starting to be a problem in management of stations in what it is mentioned to handle, treatment and final destination, had requirements by sanitation s companies. Had necessity of to search new sources of attainment of grit, the grit removal waste it could be an option to be use in the civil construction since either carried through the disinfection of the material. The objective this work it was to evaluate the efficiency of the lime stabilization and the natural insolation in the disinfection of the grit removal waste through evaluation in the reduction of the bacteria to coliform group and helmintos eggs. The methodology used in this work has 2 stages. In the first stage, Preliminary Study, search to know the physics and microbiological characteristic s of the grit, to develop procedures to collect and mount of the experiments and to test process of disinfection through to lime stabilization, chlorination and natural insolation. In the second stage, Pilot Study, evaluated the efficiency to lime stabilization in the disinfection through of the repetition to experiments. As results, the lime stabilization to leave of the dosage to 10% it can be considered efficient in removal to bacterial and helmintos eggs after one week of the treatment and the dosage to leave to 15% efficient after 48 hours of the treatment and the preliminary analysis searching to use the disinfection grit demonstrate to be viable your application in the civil construction and guarantee the security in the handle, transport and final destination. / O processo de tratamento de esgoto doméstico gera resíduos sólidos que precisam ser constantemente removidos afim de se manter a eficiência do tratamento, dentre eles, o resíduo depositado no fundo das caixas de areia. A caixa de areia tem como objetivo remover do esgoto areia e outras partículas, incluindo as orgânicas, presentes no esgoto in natura, que através do processo de sedimentação são arrastadas para o fundo. Apesar de não receber a devida importância, uma vez que a prática é enterrar este resíduo em valas ou dispor no solo sem tratamento, atualmente, este resíduo passou a ser considerado um problema no gerenciamento de estações no que se refere ao manuseio, tratamento e destinação final, devido a exigências por parte das empresas de saneamento. Visto a necessidade de buscar novas fontes de obtenção de areia, o resíduo de caixa de areia poderia ser uma opção a ser utilizada na construção civil desde que seja realizada a higienização prévia do material. O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar a eficiência da caleagem e da insolação natural na higienização do resíduo de caixa de areia através da avaliação da redução de bactérias do grupo coliforme e de ovos de helmintos. A metodologia adotada neste trabalho possui 2 etapas. Na primeira etapa, Estudos Preliminares, buscou-se conhecer as características físicas e microbiológicas da areia, desenvolver procedimentos de coleta e montagem dos experimentos e testar processos de higienização através da caleagem, cloração e insolação natural. Na segunda etapa, Estudo Piloto, avaliou-se a eficiência da caleagem na higienização através da repetição de experimentos. Os resultados obtidos permitiram constatar a eficiência da caleagem na higienização do resíduo de caixa de areia a partir da dosagem de 10% pode ser considerada eficiente na remoção de bactérias e ovos de helmintos após uma semana de tratamento e a dosagem a partir de 15% eficiente após 48 horas de tratamento e as análises preliminares visando utilizar a areia higienizada demonstram ser viável sua aplicação na construção civil sob o ponto de vista sanitário, e garantem a segurança do manuseio, transporte e destinação final.