No / Purpose: Cardiac x-ray detectors are used to acquire moving images in real-time for angiography and interventional procedures. Detective quantum efficiency (DQE) is not generally measured on these dynamic detectors; the required “for processing” image data and control of x-ray settings have not been accessible. By 2016, USA hospital physicists will have the ability to measure DQE and will likely utilize the International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) standard for measuring DQE of dynamic x-ray imaging devices. The current IEC standard requires an image of a tilted tungsten edge test object to obtain modulation transfer function (MTF) for DQE calculation. It specifies the range of edge angles to use; however, it does not specify a preferred method to determine this angle for image analysis. The study aimed to answer the question “will my choice in method impact my results?” Four different established edge angle determination methods were compared to investigate the impact on DQE. Methods: Following the IEC standard, edge and flat field images were acquired on a cardiac flat-panel detector to calculate MTF and noise power spectrum, respectively, to determine DQE. Accuracy of the methods in determining the correct angle was ascertained using a simulated edge image with known angulations. Precision of the methods was ascertained using variability of MTF and DQE, calculated via bootstrapping. Results: Three methods provided near equal angles and the same MTF while the fourth, with an angular difference of 6%, had a MTF lower by 3% at 1.5 mm−1 spatial frequency and 8% at 2.5 mm−1; corresponding DQE differences were 6% at 1.5 mm−1 and 17% at 2.5 mm−1; differences were greater than standard deviations in the measurements. Conclusions: DQE measurements may vary by a significant amount, depending on the method used to determine the edge angle when following the IEC standard methodology for a cardiac x-ray detector. The most accurate and precise methods are recommended for absolute assessments and reproducible measurements, respectively. / Funded by Philips Healthcare, NL, and a University of Leeds Career Development Bursery.

We investigate the signal and noise transform characteristics from the projection domain to the image domain in a linear systems theory framework and predictions of the DQE within this framework are made. A simulation study of a photon counting silicon detector is made from which the energy information is used in order to produce synthetic monoenergetic images. From these images the MTF, NPS, and DQE are estimated and are compared to the respective quantities predicted from the model. Within this model we find that the DQE in the projection domain has similar global characteristics as in the image domain, and that the sampling step in the imaging chain affects the DQE close to the zero frequency. / Vi undersöker hur signal och brus egenskaper transformeras från projektionsdomänen till bilddomänen i ett linjärt-skiftinvariant system och förutsägelser av DQE inom detta ramverk görs. Vidare görs en simuleringsstudie av en fotonräknande kiseldetektor från vilken energiinformationen används för att producera syntetiska monoenergetiska bilder. Från dessa bilder uppskattas MTF, NPS och DQE och jämförs med respektive storheter förutspådda från modellen. Inom modellen finner vi att DQE i projektionsdomänen har liknande globala egenskaper som i bilddomänen, och att samplingssteget i bildkedjan påverkar DQE nära nollfrekvensen.

Este trabalho tem como objetivo o desenvolvimento de um conjunto de procedimentos de avaliação da qualidade de equipamentos mamográficos a partir do processamento de imagens digitais obtidas com a exposição radiográfica de objetos de testes (phantoms) padronizados. O sistema desenvolvido permite a avaliação de diversos parâmetros físicos de qualidade da imagem radiográfica com simplicidade e rapidez, sem abrir mão da precisão, com o mínimo tempo e uso dos equipamentos. Os principais parâmetros avaliados relacionados à qualidade de um sistema de imagem são: a resolução espacial - pela medida da função de transferência de modulação (MTF) - o contraste - medido pela curva sensitométrica e o ruído - pela medida da densidade espectral de ruído (NPS). Dessa forma, o sistema desenvolvido atende às recomendações do ICRU (International Commission on Radiation Units and Measurements), que trata das diretrizes para controle de qualidade de imagens radiográficas em todo o mundo. A partir da medida desses três parâmetros de qualidade é possível também aferir a eficiência de detecção quântica (DQE) do sistema de imagem mamográfica, que permite uma avaliação completa da qualidade da imagem em função da dose recebida pelo paciente. Os resultados obtidos comprovam a possibilidade da aplicação prática do sistema desenvolvido, o qual proporciona uma avaliação completa da qualidade da imagem formada pelo equipamento. Todos os resultados apresentaram baixa estimativa de erro, fundamentados pela análise da incerteza nos processos de medida. Além disso, a avaliação por meio do DQE permitiu realizar uma comparação entre os sistemas mamográficos envolvidos nessa pesquisa. Assim, com base nesses resultados é possível afirmar que o sistema computacional desenvolvido pode desempenhar um papel fundamental na avaliação da qualidade em sistemas de imagens mamográficas. / The aim of this work is to develop a set of procedures for quality assurance of mammographic equipment by the digital image processing of radiographic images of standard test objects (phantoms) acquired by the radiographic equipment. It allows the evaluation of several physical parameters of the radiographic image quality by a simple and quick procedure, with good accuracy, using the equipment the shortest time as possible. The main evaluated parameters related to the quality of an imaging system are: spatial resolution - by measuring the modulation transfer function (MTF) - image contrast - by the measurement of the H&D curve and noise - evaluated by the noise power spectrum (NPS). Thus, it attends the recommendations of the ICRU (International Commission on Radiation Units and Measurements), which deals as the guidelines for quality assurance of radiographic images all over the world. Through these quality parameters is possible to measure the detective quantum efficiency (DQE) of any mammographic system, which allows a full evaluation of the image quality related to the dose absorbed by the patient. The results confirm the possibility of the practical application of the developed system, which provides a full evaluation of the image quality, acquired by the mammographic equipment. All results showed low error estimation, substantiated by the analysis of the uncertainty in measurements procedures. Moreover, the evaluation through the DQE allowed to perform a comparison of mammography systems involved in this research. Thus, based on these results, it is possible to confirm that its system can perform a fundamental part of the quality assurance in mammographic images system.

Este trabalho tem como objetivo o desenvolvimento de um conjunto de procedimentos de avaliação da qualidade de equipamentos mamográficos a partir do processamento de imagens digitais obtidas com a exposição radiográfica de objetos de testes (phantoms) padronizados. O sistema desenvolvido permite a avaliação de diversos parâmetros físicos de qualidade da imagem radiográfica com simplicidade e rapidez, sem abrir mão da precisão, com o mínimo tempo e uso dos equipamentos. Os principais parâmetros avaliados relacionados à qualidade de um sistema de imagem são: a resolução espacial - pela medida da função de transferência de modulação (MTF) - o contraste - medido pela curva sensitométrica e o ruído - pela medida da densidade espectral de ruído (NPS). Dessa forma, o sistema desenvolvido atende às recomendações do ICRU (International Commission on Radiation Units and Measurements), que trata das diretrizes para controle de qualidade de imagens radiográficas em todo o mundo. A partir da medida desses três parâmetros de qualidade é possível também aferir a eficiência de detecção quântica (DQE) do sistema de imagem mamográfica, que permite uma avaliação completa da qualidade da imagem em função da dose recebida pelo paciente. Os resultados obtidos comprovam a possibilidade da aplicação prática do sistema desenvolvido, o qual proporciona uma avaliação completa da qualidade da imagem formada pelo equipamento. Todos os resultados apresentaram baixa estimativa de erro, fundamentados pela análise da incerteza nos processos de medida. Além disso, a avaliação por meio do DQE permitiu realizar uma comparação entre os sistemas mamográficos envolvidos nessa pesquisa. Assim, com base nesses resultados é possível afirmar que o sistema computacional desenvolvido pode desempenhar um papel fundamental na avaliação da qualidade em sistemas de imagens mamográficas. / The aim of this work is to develop a set of procedures for quality assurance of mammographic equipment by the digital image processing of radiographic images of standard test objects (phantoms) acquired by the radiographic equipment. It allows the evaluation of several physical parameters of the radiographic image quality by a simple and quick procedure, with good accuracy, using the equipment the shortest time as possible. The main evaluated parameters related to the quality of an imaging system are: spatial resolution - by measuring the modulation transfer function (MTF) - image contrast - by the measurement of the H&D curve and noise - evaluated by the noise power spectrum (NPS). Thus, it attends the recommendations of the ICRU (International Commission on Radiation Units and Measurements), which deals as the guidelines for quality assurance of radiographic images all over the world. Through these quality parameters is possible to measure the detective quantum efficiency (DQE) of any mammographic system, which allows a full evaluation of the image quality related to the dose absorbed by the patient. The results confirm the possibility of the practical application of the developed system, which provides a full evaluation of the image quality, acquired by the mammographic equipment. All results showed low error estimation, substantiated by the analysis of the uncertainty in measurements procedures. Moreover, the evaluation through the DQE allowed to perform a comparison of mammography systems involved in this research. Thus, based on these results, it is possible to confirm that its system can perform a fundamental part of the quality assurance in mammographic images system.

During the past years photon-counting detectors (PCDs) have emerged as an alternative to conventional energy-integrating detectors and may significantly improve the standard of care for computed tomography (CT). There are two main alternatives for the material of the detector: cadmium telluride (CdTe) and silicon (Si). The settings of the X-ray tube and the applied filters need to be evaluated and optimized for the new detector technology. In this report, Monte Carlo simulations are used to determine how image quality is affected by different X-ray tube voltages and filter thicknesses. The image quality indicators that were chosen to evaluate are detective quantum efficiency (DQE) for material quantification and both DQE and dose-normalized signal-difference-to-noise ratio (SDNR) for detection tasks. Overall, silicon-based detectors performed better than cadmium-based detectors for quantification imaging tasks for all object thicknesses, while cadmium-based detectors were superior for detection imaging tasks in larger patients. For both silicon- and cadmium-based detectors, the dose-normalized image quality was largely independent of filter thickness, while the X-ray tube voltage had a more distinct impact on the result, where low voltages were optimal. / Under de senaste åren har fotonräknande detektorer blivit aktuellt som ett alternativ till konventionella energiintegrerande detektorer och kommer troligen förbättra datortomografibilder avsevärt. För de nya detektorerna finns det två huvudsakliga materialalternativ: kadmiumtellurid (CdTe) och kisel (Si). Inställningarna för röntgenröret och det pålagda filtret behöver utvärderas och optimeras för den nya detektorteknologin. I denna rapport användes Monte Carlo-simuleringar för att bestämma hur bildkvaliteten påverkades av rörspänningen och filtertjockleken. Bildkvaliteten bestämdes sedan utifrån tre indikatorer, detective quantum efficiency (DQE) för materialbestämning samt både DQE och dosnormaliserad signal-difference-to-noise ratio (SDNR) för detektionsuppgifter.    Den kiselbaserade detektorn presterade bättre än den kadmiumbaserade för materialbestämning för alla patientstorlekar medan den kadmiumbaserade presterade bättre på detektionsuppgifterna för större patienter. Vidare var den dosnormaliserade bildkvaliteten för både kisel- och kadmiumdetektorer svagt beroende av filtertjocklek medan båda påverkades starkt av rörspänningen, där låga spänningar var att föredra.

科学研究費補助金 研究種目:一般研究(B) 課題番号:04452103 研究代表者:日比野 倫夫 研究期間:1992-1993年度