Thesis (Ph.D.)--University of Washington, 2006. / Adviser: Donald Clarke. Includes bibliographical references (p. 212-232)

With a growing concern for the environment and increasing urbanization of rural areas, understanding the characteristics of urban non-point source pollution has become a focus for water quality investigators. Once thought to be a small contributor to the pollution problem, urban non-point sources are now responsible for transporting over 50% of all pollutants into natural waterways. Assessing non-point source pollution is the key to future water quality improvements in natural receiving waters. The purpose of this research was to investigate the water quality of an urbanized watershed, analyze current prediction methods and to investigate the effectiveness of an extended dry detention basin as a pollutant removal management practice on a 21.68-acre urban watershed on the Virginia Tech Campus. This research included extensive stormwater monitoring and sampling to characterize the runoff and water quality from an urban watershed. The resulting analysis included comparing well-known desktop prediction methods with pollutant removal rates using an extended dry detention basin and comparison with different literature values. Finally, the study team calibrated the PSRM-QUAL model for watershed prediction of non-point source runoff and pollution. The results of the stormwater monitoring process show that water quality prediction methods are not very successful on a storm by storm basis, but can be fairly accurate over longer periods of time with little or no storm water quality sampling. The extended dry detention basin is a simple yet effective management practice for the removal of sediments and sediment bound pollutants. / Master of Science

No description available.

This thesis asks why the Australian Labor Party was opposed to the policy of offshore detention for unauthorized maritime arrivals from 2002 to 2008, when they ended it, only to bring it back a few years later in 2011? The Australian Labor Party, the major left-wing party in Australia, campaigned against offshore detention as being antithetical to Australia's liberal values, which proclaimed human rights as an Australian value. After winning the 2007 federal election the policy of offshore detention was ended. By 2009, the Australian Labor Party changed its position on the issue going into the 2010 federal election. In 2011, the Australian Labor Party announced that it was looking to bring back offshore detention. The explanation for this change I find is that the Australian Labor Party wanted to hold political power. As the minority party the Australian Labor Party used the policy of offshore detention for unauthorized maritime arrivals to attack the Liberal-National Coalition-controlled government as being a financial waste and cruelly inhumane. After ending the policy, the rates of unauthorized maritime arrivals increased drastically, creating pressure on the Australian Labor Party to find a solution or risk losing control of the Australian government, which it did in 2011. / Master of Arts / This thesis asks why the Australian Labor Party was opposed to the policy of offshore detention for unauthorized maritime arrivals from 2002 to 2008, when they ended it, only to bring it back a few years later in 2011? The explanation for this change I find is that the Australian Labor Party wanted to hold political power. As the minority party the Australian Labor Party used the policy of offshore detention for unauthorized maritime arrivals to attack the Liberal-National Coalition-controlled government as being a financial waste and cruelly inhumane. After ending the policy, the rates of unauthorized maritime arrivals increased drastically, creating pressure on the Australian Labor Party to find a solution or risk losing control of the Australian government, which it did in 2011.

1 Abstract The issues of criminal custody This thesis deals with theoritical issues of criminal custody, which is the gravest possible criminal procedural measure of law enforcement authorities whose purpose is to ensure a person during criminal proceedings. In the opening chapters of this thesis are outlined not only the issues of the very concept of criminal custody and relevant legislation, but also the basic principles and tenets, controlling criminal cases in which the defendant was remanded in custody, as well as the enshrinement of the right to personal freedom and security and the possibility of its limitations, both at the level of the Czech legal regulation of constitutional character, as well as from the perspective of international human rights standards. The thesis is also focused on the issue of the substantive detention law, therefore the legislation of the reasons for custody and conditions of detention, as well as the issue of the procedural detention law, therefore the legislation of procedural aspects of decisions on custody in criminal proceedings in the wider concept. Another discussed subject matter is a part of alternative measures to detention in the form of custody, the possibilities of their application and the methods of making decesion on these measures, including the legislation...

The international detention regime has been placed under a considerable amount of strain in the context of the war on terror. Political elites in both the USA and UK have significantly challenged accepted standards of appropriateness regarding detention, even though these states are traditionally strongly associated with the promotion of human rights internationally. Such defections and contestations present researchers with an intriguing process to understand, as these practices, by definition, challenge our settled assumptions about the post Cold-war international order. This thesis examines one element of this puzzle, assessing how the normative constraints associated with the international detention regime were negotiated by the Blair government and Bush administration so as to allow for contestation and apparent defection in 2001-2006. Generally, the IR literature on norms has focused on their constraining power, considering simple dichotomies of compliance and defection, often drawing on pre-defined interests to explain behaviour. Whilst constructivists have recognised the constitutive nature of norms, they lack a persuasive account of the micro-foundational processes of norm influence which prevents them from engaging with the contestation of seemingly embedded international normative standards. In order to address this problem I draw from the social identity approach in social psychology, where scholars focus on the multiplicity of social identities and the interactive processes of norm influence and contestation at a micro-foundational level. I demonstrate that by firmly embedding individuals in the broader social identities context and focusing on the management strategies employed by political elites we can better understand the nature of normative constraint in these cases, and whether or not an enabling framework for such counter-normative practices was established. This thesis aims to bridge some of the gap that exists between research that focuses on international norms and that which concentrates on state leaders, demonstrating the importance of the broader interactive processes of contestation, generally missing from current constructivist accounts of international norms.

The thesis deals with the issues of pre-trial detention in the criminal procedure of the Czech Republic. It comprises and compares opinions voiced by various scholars, high courts and myself. The thesis also includes a section about the rules of pre-trial detention in the American federal criminal procedure and compares it with the Czech system. The first part of the thesis is the Introduction, in which the goals of the thesis are set out. The second part is the main part of the thesis and it is divided into five chapters. The first chapter consists of a general description of pre-trial detention in the Czech Republic and the principles that govern it. The second part is called Formal Rules of Pre-Trial Detention, and it deals with the issues of competence, court procedure and decision-making. The third chapter is where the focus point of the thesis lies, as it investigates the conditions of ordering a pre-trial detention of a person and adresses the numerous problems that arise in this area. The fourth chapter describes the conditions for pre-trial release of an accused person, including the legislative changes recetly made in this area. The fifth chapter explores the American federal criminal procedure and compares it with the Czech criminal procedure. It also includes American scholars'...

The overrepresentation of youth of color in the juvenile justice system, often referred to as disproportionate minority contact (DMC) can be found at many stages of the juvenile justice continuum. Further, research has shown that overrepresentation is not necessarily related to higher rates of criminal activity and suggests that case processing disparities can contribute to DMC. Risk assessment instruments (RAI) are objective techniques used to make decisions about youth in the juvenile justice system. This study examined the effects of implementing an RAI designed to make detention decisions, in a predominantly rural parish in Louisiana. Police officers from three law enforcement agencies investigated 202 cases during the evaluation period. The measures included an objective detention risk screening instrument, a contact form which contained juvenile demographic information, a two-item questionnaire assessing law enforcement's impression of the youth's need for detention placement and risk to public safety, and an arrest coding sheet which assessed subsequent police contacts and arrests among youth over 3 and 6 months of street time (i.e., time outside of secure confinement). Results revealed that overall law enforcement was unwilling to consistently complete the tool and continued to use subjective decision making, with completion rates ranging from 61% to 97% across the participating agencies. Also, subjective decision making by law enforcement actually helped minority youth as law enforcement consistently disregarded formal overrides included in the RAI, resulting in fewer minority youth being detained than were indicated by the RAI. Further, implementation of the tool, as constructed, resulted in small but insignificant reductions in the rates of overall confinement and rates of minority confinement when compared to the rates of confinement during the same time period of the previous year. Additionally, the RAI did not significantly predict future police contact due to items that did not predict recidivism in this sample. Use of a three-item version resulted in a significant increase in the tool's predictive ability. This study demonstrates the importance of additional validity testing following the implementation of detention risk assessment instruments to ensure that these tools reduce unnecessary confinement while protecting public safety.

Thesis advisor: Eve Spangler / Palestinian access to higher education under the Israeli occupation is heavily restricted, amounting to substantial violations of international human rights laws and norms. The obstacles Palestinian university students face range from movement restriction to university closure to detention, on which this research focuses specifically. The detention of university students is often politically motivated—evidenced in the deliberate targeting of student government representatives, pending graduates, and those sitting for final exams, for example—as the Israeli occupation forces have identified the potential for empowerment inherent to university education, which poses an undeniable threat to an oppressive regime. As a result of this restricted access and in conjunction with its potential for political, social, and economic empowerment, Palestinians have attached a heightened cultural meaning to education, likening it to resistance. Accordingly, in Palestinian society, the struggle for education is linked to the wider struggle for liberation, and the former is considered to be integral to the success of the latter. This thesis will thus focus on the historical and social trends by which the connection between education and resistance developed in light of obstacles to access such as student detention. / Thesis (BA) — Boston College, 2011. / Submitted to: Boston College. College of Arts and Sciences. / Discipline: International Studies Honors Program. / Discipline: International Studies.

In the second quarter of 2013, 7,944 people were detained in the UK ‘for the purposes of immigration control’ (Home Office, 2013). While 1,138 of those detained were women, major shortcomings are identified in their treatment and calls made for a more gender sensitive asylum system. Although 35% of these women went on to be released there is a lack of research that investigates the on-going legacy of detention and the consequences for the sense of belonging, social integration and wellbeing of ex-detainees. This thesis draws on in-depth narrative interviews with 16 migrant women in the UK who were detained and then released from UK Immigration Removal Centres and five charity workers. Within migration scholarship the paradigm of exclusion has been traditionally adopted to understand how states seek to protect borders, keeping unwanted individuals out or contained. A spatial examination of respondents’ critical geographies of home reveals however that despite their release from detention these women continued to negotiate multiple and fluctuating boundaries. It is argued therefore that this paradigm obscures a nuanced perspective and proposes instead a discourse of precarity. Not only can the ‘state of precarity’ implicit within narratives of detention seep into and define the everyday geographies of home beyond release, respondents’ everyday negotiations with home remained central to the construction and proliferation of everyday precarity. This is achieved through a home-infused geopolitical rhetoric and interventions in the name of immigration enforcement which were revealed through (in)secure spaces of home. An exploration of emotional and embodied geographies also exposes erosive implications for feelings of belonging and health and wellbeing. A discourse of precarity therefore allows for a differentiation and critical inquiry of subjective gendered positions, citizenship and importantly, emergent accounts of resilience, reworking and resistance on predominantly social trajectories.