This paper analyzes how the Trump Administration’s zero-tolerance policy compares with the history of detention and immigration policy within the United States. President Trump believes there is a “border crisis,” wants to deter immigrants from coming to the U.S. and will “do whatever it takes to ensure border security” (Warner, 2018). A 7-year-old girl died in Customs and Border Patrol’s custody on December 7th, 2018. She suffered from dehydration and starvation (Valencia& Boyette 2018). This horrific event, and many other stories prompted me to do this research. In this thesis, I use qualitative and comparative methods of analysis by looking at the rate of immigration along the U.S. southern border under the Obama Administration and the Trump Administration. I unpack why detention is higher today than it was under Obama’s administration without a substantial spike in migration. I discuss how the human rights of these asylum seekers are being violated, in particular society’s most vulnerable social group: children. My thesis asks the question, how has the zero-tolerance policy of the Trump Administration resulted in human rights abuses? Using Foucault’s philosophy of prisons and punishment, this paper argues that the change in border policies since the Trump Administration’s zero-tolerance policy have led to clear human rights abuses, such as child separation, for the purpose of deterring other immigrants from coming to the United States.

This thesis considers how potentially vulnerable populations are affected by various economic and policy shocks. In the first chapter, I investigate the impact of natural resource booms on crime by estimating the effect of the coal boom and bust of the 1970s and 1970s on reported crime rates. I begin by demonstrating that changes in the value of coal reserves affected local economic conditions and population composition, both of which have theoretical and empirical links to crime. The net effect is theoretically ambiguous. The estimates suggest that the immediate impact of increasing the value of natural resources is to depress crime rates, primarily through changes in property crime, but these changes erode over time. My findings are consistent with an initial change in criminal activity in response to local labor market conditions that is subsequently offset by selective migration. Individuals who are charged with committing a crime often find themselves behind bars while their case is adjudicated. In the United States, over 400,000 individuals are in jail each day waiting for their criminal cases to be resolved. The majority of these individuals are detained pretrial due to the inability to post low levels of bail (less than $3,000). In chapter 2, my coauthor and I estimate the impact of being detained pretrial on the likelihood of an individual being convicted or pleading guilty, and their sentence length, using data on nearly a million misdemeanor and felony cases in New York City from 2009 to 2013. Causal effects are identified using variation across arraignment judges in their propensities to detain defendants. We find that being detained increases the probability of conviction by over seven percentage points by causing individuals to plead guilty more often. Because pretrial detention is driven by failure to post bail, these adverse effects disproportionately hurt low-income individuals. While some public policies create burdens that fall most heavily on low-income people and households, the public safety net is comprised of programs intended to protect and support this vulnerable population. In chapter three, my coauthors and I examine whether programs that provide vouchers to households can continue to influence behavior even after the household leaves the program. Using detailed scanner data, we test whether benefit vouchers received through the Special Supplemental Nutrition Program for Women, Infants, and Children (WIC) change household purchasing decisions and whether these changes continue to persist even after households are no longer eligible to participate in the program. In 2009, the package of goods available through WIC vouchers changed to include additional items and place nutritional restrictions on other items. Examining variation due to this package change, we show that the WIC vouchers change purchasing decisions consistent with the nutritional guidelines of the program. However, we find evidence of limited persistence post-eligibility, and that households exposed longer to the revised package are generally not more likely to continue to purchase these items after eligibility ends.

Thesis (LL. M.)--Judge Advocate General's School, U.S. Army, 1969. / "April 1969." Typescript. Includes bibliographical references (leaf 87). Also issued in microfiche.

Thesis (M.S.)--Oregon State University. / eContent provider-neutral record in process. Description based on print version record. Includes bibliographical references.

No description available.

This grounded theory study examined the psychosocial processes that contributed to juvenile detention as perceived by the adolescent. Twelve youth (seven males, five females) between 13 and 16 years of age were interviewed at a local detention center. A basic social psychological process, Hoping for a better life, was identified from the interviews. Three stages of this process were explicated as youth recounted a significant loss early in life, reacting externally with delinquent actions, and discovering choices for new behaviors. In Stage One, Enduring the loss was characterized by loss; youth described losing a significant adult, usually a biological parent. Detaching was the basic social structural process (BSSP) used by youth to live with, or to endure, the loss. The themes of detaching were losing a significant adult, resenting the loss, unrelenting grief, unremitting loneliness, and experiencing vulnerability. In Stage Two, Persisting the dissension conceptualized the structural process of repudiating. The BSSP of repudiating provided a transition from the first stage and consisted of three themes. The themes, contingent on how dissension was externalized, included demonstrating internal discord, choosing to remain, and breaking the rules. In this stage, youth repudiated or rejected the rules and norms of socializing agents. Stage Three, Discovering a path, was articulated by youth after being detained in the detention center where opportunity existed for learning self control and self regulation. The BSSP of connecting emerged from the data. Connecting included the four themes of balancing, differentiating, futuring and experiencing equilibrium. Meaningful study findings included discovery of the impact of early significant loss of a parent and sustained substance use.

Bibliography: leaves 385-420. / vi, 420 leaves ; 30 cm. / Title page, contents and abstract only. The complete thesis in print form is available from the University Library. / An exploration of the Australian refugee detention policy, which argues that the resort to detention is discriminatory and founded in the fear of Australia's "significant other" - the Asian. / Thesis (Ph.D.)--University of Adelaide, Dept. of Politics, 1999

Thesis (Ph. D.)--University of Toronto, 2005.

Thesis (Ph. D.)--University of Western Sydney, Macarthur, Faculty of Arts and Social Sciences, 1996. / Includes bibliographical references (p. 407-419).

Diss. Stockholm : Stockholms universitet, 2006.