This work concentrates on Yemen, a developing country which also belongs to the list of the least developed countries of the world. This diploma work describes the situation in Yemen in the beginning of 21st century. With the help of presentation of general problems of the developing countries and instruments that solve these problems, together with the presentation of the current situation in Yemen, suggestion for improvement in the surveyed country are made.

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Examining Exclusive Breastfeeding Practice in Indonesia, and its Association to Maternal Socio-demographic Determinants, to Inform Intervention Efforts Aimed at Reducing Infant Mortality Introduction Exclusive breastfeeding, the gold standard of infant feeding practices, has been identified as the single most effective strategy to improve child survival. However, this recommendation is not highly practiced in Indonesia, while Indonesia’s infant and under five mortality is still high. Interventions to promote, protect, and support breastfeeding practice are critical public health needs in Indonesia. Aim The current study examined socio-demographic factors associated with exclusive breastfeeding practice in Indonesia: whether maternal age, level of education, occupation status, wealth index, and region of residence, as well as breastfeeding initiation are associated with exclusive breastfeeding practice in Indonesia for mothers having infants up to age five months. Methods This study analyzed 1695 women having infant aged 0-5 month old data from the 2012 Indonesia Demographic Health Survey. Chi-square test was used for preliminary analysis and logistic regression analyses were used to primary analysis by using SAS 9.4 program. Results Exclusive breastfeeding practice in Indonesia was low (36.1%). Mothers aged 30-39 years old were more likely to exclusively breastfeed compare to mothers under 20 years old (OR=1.56, 95% CI 1.04-2.35). Mothers with high education level had higher odds to exclusively breastfeed compare to low education mothers. Unemployed mother were more likely to exclusively breastfeed than working mothers (OR=1.65, 95% CI 1.28-2.13). Mothers coming from richer wealth index were less likely to exclusively breastfeed compare to mothers having poorest wealth index (OR= 0.49, 95% CI 95% 0.34-0.72). Those who initiated breastfeeding early had increased odds to exclusively breastfeed than mothers who delayed breastfeeding initiation (OR=1.47 95% CI 1.19-1.83). Finally, mothers who lived in Eastern Indonesia were more likely to exclusively breastfeed compare to mothers who lived in Sumatera and Kalimantan (OR=1.82, 95% CI 1.30-2.55). Conclusion This study found characteristics of Indonesian mothers who were more likely to exclusively breastfeed compared to the reference group: aged 30-39 years old, high education level, unemployed, richer wealth index, and those who live in Eastern Indonesia; as well as, mother who initiate breastfeeding early. Having tailored strategies and interventions to targeted at-risk populations may increase the likelihood of exclusive breastfeeding practices, and ultimately, decreasing infant mortality rates in Indonesia.

Malaria is a challenging infection with increasing and wide-spread treatment failure risk due to resistance. With a estimated death toll of 1-3 Million per year, most cases of Malaria affect children under the age of five years in Sub-Saharan Africa. In this thesis, I analyse the current status of malaria control (focussing on diagnosis and therapy) in Burkina Faso to show how this disease burdens public health in endemic countries and to identify possible approaches to improvement. MB is discussed as a therapeutic option under these circumstances. Burkina Faso is used as a representative example for a country in Sub-Saharan Africa with high endemicity for malaria and is here portrayed, its health system characterised and discussed under socioeconomic aspects. More than half of this country’s population live in absolute poverty. The burden that malaria, especially treatment cost, poses on these people cannot be under-estimated. A retrospective study of case files from the university pediatric hospital in Burkina Faso’s capital, Ouagadougou, shows that the case load is huge, and especially the specific diagnosis of severe malaria is difficult to apply in the hospital’s daily routine. Treatment policy as proposed by WHO is not satisfactorily implemented neither in home treatment nor in health services, as data for pretreatment clearly show. In the face of growing resistance in malaria parasites, pharmacological combination therapies are important. Artemisinins currently are the last resort of malaria therapy. As I show with homology models, even this golden bullet is not beyond resistance development. Inconsidered mass use has rendered other drugs virtually useless before. Artemisinins should thus be protected similar to reserve antibiotics against multi-resistant bacteria. There is accumulating evidence that MB is an effective drug against malaria. Here the biological effects of both MB alone and in combination therapy is explored via modeling and experimental data. Several different lines of MB attack on Plasmodium redox defense were identified by analysis of the network effects. Next, CQ resistance based on Pfmdr1 and PfCRT transporters as well as SP resistance were modeled in silico. Further modeling shows that MB has a favorable synergism on antimalarial network effects with these commonly used antimalarial drugs, given their correct application. Also from the economic point of view MB shows great potential: in terms of production price, it can be compared to CQ, which could help to diminuish the costs of malaria treatment to affordable ranges for those most affected and struk by poverty. Malaria control is feasible, but suboptimal diagnosis and treatment are often hindering the achievment of this goal. In order to achieve malaria control, more effort has to be made to implement better adjusted and available primary treatment strategies for uncomplicated malaria that are highly standardised. Unfortunately, campaigns against malaria are chronically underfinanced. In order to maximize the effect of available funds, a cheap treatment option is most important, especially as pharmaceuticals represent the biggest single matter of expense in the fight against malaria. / Malaria ist eine Krankheit, die uns vor große Herausforderungen stellt. Insbesondere die weltweit verbreiteten Resistenzen, die viele Therapieoptionen nutzlos werden lassen, haben den Kampf gegen die Malaria in den letzten Jahrzehnten deutlich verkompliziert. Schätzungen gehen davon aus, dass Malaria jährlich 1 bis 3 Millionen Todesopfer fordert. Mortalität und Morbidität der Erkrankung konzentrieren sich dabei in besonderer Weise auf Kinder unter fünf Jahren in Afrika südlich der Sahara. In der hier vorgestellten Doktorarbeit analysiere ich den aktuellen Stand der Malaria-Kontrolle in Burkina Faso und zeige beispielhaft auf, warum diese Krankheit eine derart große Bürde für die Volksgesundheit darstellt und wo Ansatzpunkte zur Verbesserung der Kontrollmaßnahmen zu sehen sind, mit einem besonderen Fokus auf Diagnostik und Therapieoptionen. Dabei wird MB als Therapieoption genauer beleuchtet. Um die besonderen Gegebenheiten eines Landes wie Burkina Faso - welches hier als repräsentatives Beispiel für einen Staat mit hoher Endemizität für Malaria herangezogen wird - aufzuzeigen, wird ein Porträt des Landes und seines Gesundheitssystems insbesondere unter Sozio- Ökonomischen Gesichtspunkten gezeichnet. Burkina Faso ist ein sehr armes Land, über die Hälfte seiner Bevölkerung lebt unterhalb der Armutsgrenze. Die Kosten von Malaria sind für diese Menschen gigantisch, und insbesondere die Kosten von Medikamenten wiegen schwer. Eine retrospektive Studie aus Fallakten des Universitäts-Kinderkrankenhauses in Burkina Fasos Hauptstadt Ouagadougou zeigt vor allem, dass allein die Fallzahlen überwältigend sind, und vor allem die spezifische Diagnose der schweren Verlaufsform der Malaria ist unter den vorherrschenden Bedingungen eine Mammutaufgabe. Die Behandlungsvorschriften wie von der WHO vorgegeben werden weder vom Gesundheitssystem noch von der Therapie zu Hause erfüllt, wie in den präsentierten Daten für die Vorbehandlung zeigen. Die zur Verfügung stehenden Malaria-wirksamen Therapeutika sind leider dank Resistenzentwicklung - oft durch unbedachten Masseneinsatz verursacht - sehr begrenzt. Artemisinine sind momentan das einzige Mittel gegen welches noch keine Resistenzen im Feld nachgewiesen wurden. Mittels Homologie-Modellierung zeige ich auf wie einfach eine solche Resistenzentwicklung jedoch denkbar wäre. Artemisinine sollten daher durch sehr gezielten Einsatz als ”letzter Trumpf” möglichst lange vor Resistenzentwicklung geschützt werden, ähnlich wie Reserveantibiotika gegen Multi-resistente Keime. MB ist ein hervorragender Kandidat für eine Kombinationsbehandlung gegen Malaria und eventuell eine Option, Artemisinine länger zu ”schonen”. Hier wird dieses Medikament mit bioinformatischen Mitteln genauer in seinen Wirkmechanismen beleuchtet und in Kombination mit anderen Medikamenten getestet mittels einer experimentell gestützten bioinformatischen Pathway-Modellierung. Durch diese Netzwerk-Analyse wurden verschiedene Angriffspunkte von MB auf das Redox-Netzwerk der Malariaerreger identifiziert. Daraufhin wurden CQ und SP-Resistenzen in silico simuliert. Weitere Analysen zeigten dabei, dass MB synergisitische Wirkungen mit anderen Therapeutika gegen Malaria aufzeigt, wenn sie zielgerichtet eingesetzt werden. Finanziell gesehen hat MB Potenzial, ein zweites CQ zu werden, und somit endlich wieder die Kosten der Behandlung für Menschen die in Armut leben erschwinglich zu machen. Malaria Kontrolle ist erreichbar, aber suboptimale Diagnosestellung und Behandlung behindern das Erreichen dieses Zieles. Hierfür muss eine angepasste, dezentrale und hochgradig standardisierte Primärbehandlung unkomplizierter Malaria implementiert werden und für eine bessere Verfügbarkeit dieser gesorgt werden. Leider leidet die Finanzierung der Kampagnen gegen Malaria an chronischer Unterversorgung. Um den maximalen Nutzen aus den vorhandenen Mitteln ziehen zu können ist eine günstigere medikamentöse Therapie ein entscheidender Beitrag, zumal Medikamente den größten Einzelbetrag im Kampf gegen Malaria verbrauchen.

In many public sector organisations, the use of Information Technology (IT) has become important for sustaining and extending public service delivery. This has caused there to be a critical dependency on IT, which calls for a specific focus on effective IT governance. Accordingly, the success factors for effective IT governance must be determined and adhered to if an organisation wishes to increase the contribution of IT towards achieving its objectives. Much research has been carried out on IT governance effectiveness and the necessary success factors, but not with a focus on organisations from a developing country such as Tanzania. The context in these organisations is characterised by IT resources, knowledge and culture constraints as well as by an increasing level of IT investment and applications. In this research, we analyse how IT governance practices are implemented in Tanzanian public sector organisations (TaPSOs) and benchmark their levels of maturity. Furthermore, we analyse and identify the critical success factors (CSFs) that contribute to effective IT governance in TaPSOs. Subsequently, we analyse the effects of these CSFs on IT governance performance and develop and evaluate a CSFs framework for implementing effective IT governance in TaPSOs. We find weak IT governance practices, especially in terms of processes. This was also pointed out by the lower level of IT governance maturity in TaPSOs in contrast to public sector organisations in developed countries. Furthermore, we find that the identified CSFs have a significant effect on IT governance performance in TaPSOs. In addition, the designed CSFs framework is found to be important for providing guidelines to be used by IT and business management personnel for implementing effective IT governance. This CSFs framework for implementing effective IT governance in TaPSOs consists of the IT governance focus areas, CSFs, activities, roles, IT resources and environment in which it should be implemented. In contrast to existing frameworks from the research literature, the designed CSFs framework offers a holistic view by focusing on the five IT governance focus areas.

Although mental disorders are common among children all over the world, information on the extent and types of child psychiatric disorders in Ethiopia is extremely limited. A study was conducted in an urban setting of Ethiopia to look at the prevalence of child psychiatric disorders and their correlates. A two-phase survey was performed. In the first phase, parents of 5000 children in Addis Ababa, the capital city of Ethiopia, were interviewed using the Reporting Questionnaire for Children (RQC). In the second phase, parents of all screen-positive children (n=864) and parents of 1537 screen-negative children were interviewed using the revised parent version of the Diagnostic Interview for Children and Adolescents (DICA-R), a semi-structured diagnostic instrument that is based on the third revised edition of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of the American Psychiatric Association (DSM-III-R). This thesis discusses the results of that study in comparison with other child mental health studies in Ethiopia and elsewhere. At the recommended cut-off score of 1, the sensitivity, specificity, predictive values and likelihood ratios of the RQC to DICA-R diagnoses were acceptable. The RQC had high accuracy with a misclassification rate of 17%. The weighted prevalence for any DSM-III-R diagnosis was 17%. The most prevalent condition was enuresis (12.1%) followed by simple phobia (5.5%). The prevalence rates of all other identified conditions were below 1%. Children's age, severe economic problems, and single parenthood were found to be risk factors for any DSM-III-R diagnosis in children. Male sex, younger age, and lower achieved educational grade of the child were all independently associated with childhood enuresis. The odds of having enuresis were significantly higher for children in families with extreme poverty and in children from single-parent homes. The risk of having enuresis was significantly higher in children who had anxiety disorders (AD) and disruptive behaviour disorders (DBD). Sex was significantly associated with disruptive behaviour disorders while grade level, age, family size, ethnicity, poverty, and single parenthood were not. Anxiety disorders were significantly associated with sex, ethnicity, and extreme poverty but not with the other socio-demographic variables. The absence of mood disorders and somatoform disorders, of which symptoms are often encountered in both children and adults at clinical settings and the low prevalence rates of most identified conditions, were probably related to the lack of awareness or alternative explanations at the community level regarding the understanding of behaviour changes. Campaigns of public mental health education with the aim of providing scientific information to society are highly recommended. While Ethiopia works towards mainstreaming mental health into its health care system, training health care workers in applying simple screening tools like the RQC is recommended.

Foreign direct investments are easier today then in the past owing to lower communication costs, improved and new information technology systems. In 1990, Brazil opened up for the global econ-omy and is today one of the tenth largest economies in the world, furthermore one of the largest recipients of foreign direct investments. Many different aspects need to be taken into consideration when investing in a foreign country such as motives, risks, entry modes and financing alternatives. The purpose with this thesis is to describe Swedish corporations’ es-tablishment in Brazil, during 1990-2005. The authors aim to illus-trate the motives behind the establishment, choice of entry mode, the perceived risks of operating in Brazil and if these risks affect the financing decisions. To answer the purpose of this thesis both quantitative- and qualitative methods have been applied. A quantitative method has been employed when performing the preliminary study, by sending a standardized questionnaire by email to the entire population to as-semble those corporations who established in Brazil during 1990-2005. When designing the interview questionnaire and accomplishing the telephone interviews a combination of qualitative- and quantitative methods have been utilized. The most common motives to invest in Brazil are expanding markets and following already existing customers. When deciding upon how to enter the market, the majority of the respondents choose to start up from the ground, a Greenfield investment. The risks which had the largest impact of the corporation during the establishment were the political risk and protectionism. Intercompany financing has been the main financing alternative, though it is very expensive to borrow in Brazil. The risks affecting the financing decisions are the exchange rate, inflation and the interest rate.

The standard competition of system proucts has been an important issue from 1950s till today, such as the competitiom of Wireless Lan security protocol WAPI¡BDVD palyer standard and the competiton of TD-SCDMA of 3G system in telecommunication industry. The situation is becoming more and more complicated because of more integration of information and technological products.Recent years, Mainland China as a developing nation try to develop a new standard strategy model and to make the industrial standards belong to China. This paper discovers the major key factors that affect the abilities to join the standard competiton of developing countries. This paper discusses major standard competition related papers and find out five key factors that affect the abilities to join the standard competiton of developing countries: Technological Innovation abilities, entry timing, complementary products network, products installed base and government supporting. Use these five factors to analyze four important China cases od standard competiton.

<p>Foreign direct investments are easier today then in the past owing to lower communication costs, improved and new information technology systems. In 1990, Brazil opened up for the global econ-omy and is today one of the tenth largest economies in the world, furthermore one of the largest recipients of foreign direct investments. Many different aspects need to be taken into consideration when investing in a foreign country such as motives, risks, entry modes and financing alternatives.</p><p>The purpose with this thesis is to describe Swedish corporations’ es-tablishment in Brazil, during 1990-2005. The authors aim to illus-trate the motives behind the establishment, choice of entry mode, the perceived risks of operating in Brazil and if these risks affect the financing decisions.</p><p>To answer the purpose of this thesis both quantitative- and qualitative methods have been applied. A quantitative method has been employed when performing the preliminary study, by sending a standardized questionnaire by email to the entire population to as-semble those corporations who established in Brazil during 1990-2005. When designing the interview questionnaire and accomplishing the telephone interviews a combination of qualitative- and quantitative methods have been utilized.</p><p>The most common motives to invest in Brazil are expanding markets and following already existing customers. When deciding upon how to enter the market, the majority of the respondents choose to start up from the ground, a Greenfield investment. The risks which had the largest impact of the corporation during the establishment were the political risk and protectionism. Intercompany financing has been the main financing alternative, though it is very expensive to borrow in Brazil. The risks affecting the financing decisions are the exchange rate, inflation and the interest rate.</p>

The purpose of this study was to explore gaps of ICT integration in Indonesian education in primary and secondary schools in Indonesia. The gaps of ICT integration in education were identified through documents such as government official publication, non-governmental reports and other documents to describe the context of ICT education in Indonesia. The finding of this study can inform researchers, practitioners, and policy makers about how to integrate ICT in primary and secondary education in Indonesia. The study found that ICT integration in primary and secondary education in Indonesia still face significant challenges in ICT integration in learning due to the absence of ICT national standards, ICT financial policies, the lack of professional development and ICT leadership. Therefore, this study recommends that nationwide ICT implementation process requires actionable ICT plans, more investment on ICT facilities in schools, continuous professional development, curriculum aligned with ICT, local ICT opportunities such as using mobile phones for ICT integration in schools. / text