Background: Informal caregivers provide unpaid support to a family member, which has been shown to more positively affect their relatives’ health outcomes than equivalent paid caregivers. The provision of this support, however, comes at a cost to the carers’ health and wellbeing through meeting the demands of the caring role. Efforts have been made to alleviate these consequences through various forms of interventions aimed to enable the carers to meet these demands. The reported success of these interventions is varied in regards to their effectiveness; an argument supported by literature review papers on the subject that questions the methodologies and evaluations of these interventions. Rationale: There is a need to explore the ways to enhance the health and wellbeing of informal carers by means of a robust design and evaluation. This thesis reports a study, the aim of which is to provide information about how to reduce the negative effects of the carer role whilst enhancing the positive effects using an intervention developed using lived experience. Method: The self-care intervention was developed and piloted with those caring for a relative with bipolar disorder. This was achieved in three stages: (i) qualitative interviews with carers to explore and understand the role, (ii) developing the intervention informed by qualitative findings, and finally by (iii) piloting the intervention. Effectiveness of the intervention was determined using health and wellbeing outcomes, the results of which were compared to a control group who did not take part in the intervention. Results: A positive potential for psychoeducational, cognitive behavioural and mindfulness techniques in enhancing the health and wellbeing of those caring for a relative diagnosed with bipolar disorder was found. From the exploration of lived experience, “Being Bound” was elicited from the data representing the conflict between the detrimental effects of providing care and being unable to take respite or reprieve through guilt and anxiety. Conclusion: Professionals who work with family members, individually or as part of a family unit, should consider the benefits of targeted information for carers. Provision of information is not enough to engage the carer in the process of understanding their relative’s behaviours, but requires a process of interaction and personalisation. In contributing to existing research, the use of hermeneutic phenomenology provided new insight in to the experiences of those providing care. The outcome of the intervention pilot shows positive potential for the use of interventions beyond psychoeducation alone and the use of a self-care approach.

This thesis aims to address factors affecting the sustainability of development projects focusing on water supply in Ethiopia. The thesis identifies main dimensions of sustainability and examines factors within them and their impact on long-term functionality of the studied interventions. The research focuses on the (un)sustainability of the selected water supply projects in Sidama and Alaba, Ethiopia. Ten water supply systems constructed under three projects supported from the Czech development cooperation were examined. Data were collected through semi-structured interviews and direct observations of analyzed water systems. The interviews were conducted with experts, representatives of the implementing organization, representatives of water institutions in Ethiopia (Woreda Water Offices and WASH Committees) and recipients of the interventions, i.e. users of the water supply systems. This was supplemented by the analysis of project documentation. Field research in Ethiopia was conducted in November 2020 and lasted four weeks. The results showed ongoing long-term functionality with only minor problems in the majority of studied systems. One system was nonfunctional at the time of visit and two systems were facing serious problems. The sustainability of studied systems was affected mainly by...

This study investigated the relationship between parent implemented interventions for Autism and ratings of maladaptive behavior over a 6 month period of time. Participants were children between the ages of two and six years diagnosed with Autism and their primary care providers. Repeated measures ANOVAs and visual analysis of graphically represented mean scores were used to examine the differences between the parent reported ratings of maladaptive behaviors across two treatment groups consisting of an ABA/Verbal Behavior (ABA/VB) intervention model, a Relationship Development Intervention (RDI) model, and a control or treatment as usual (TAU) group across a 6 month enrollment period. Results indicated a lack of statistically significant findings however substantial effect sizes and changes in mean scoring indicating meaningful differences across groups and over assessment periods was found. Overall, treatment groups were found to have greater reductions in maladaptive behaviors versus the treatment as usual group. Implications, limitations, and directions for future research are discussed. / School Psychology

A extensão rural é uma importante ferramenta de intervenção no meio rural vinculada à ideia de desenvolvimento. A EMATER/RS-ASCAR é a Agência oficial, principal operacionalizadora das políticas públicas da Secretaria de Agricultura, Pecuária, Pesca e Agronegócio (SEAPPA-RS) com elevada capilaridade presente em 98% dos municípios. A EMATER/RS-ASCAR sofreu diversas críticas ao longo de sua história e, recentemente, enfrenta uma série de dificuldades: crise financeira, decorrente do corte de recursos públicos pelo governo do Estado; dificuldade operacional; necessidade de redefinição das fontes de financiamento; demissão em massa de empregados; insegurança no quadro funcional; aumento da carga de trabalho. Esta tese formula como objetivo geral analisar a intervenção para o desenvolvimento rural realizada pela extensão rural pública do Rio Grande do Sul, buscando compreender sua trajetória institucional, a ação extensionista e os determinantes da crise atual. Para respondê-lo, foi realizada pesquisa de campo, adotando-se como referencial teórico a Perspectiva Orientada ao Ator (POA). Após análise dos dados secundários e material documental, levantamento de dados primários, a partir de entrevistas com roteiros semiestruturados com 42 interlocutores e observação, conclui-se que as ações com viés difusionista ainda estão presentes na EMATER/RS-ASCAR, nas mais variadas situações e momentos. A Agência apresenta um vício de abordagem, marcado por métodos tradicionais de extensão. No entanto, destaca-se que paralelamente, também são realizadas atividades participativas, com caráter dialógico. A ação extensionista depende de cada extensionista e, assim como a Agência, apresenta um conjunto diverso de perfis. Consequentemente, há uma variedade de posturas. Conclui-se também que as situações de interface social permitiram, na prática, visualizar como ocorre o processo de negociação dos projetos de desenvolvimento propostos pela Agência; como os agentes envolvem os outros em seus projetos, apresentando margem de manobra; como ocorre o ajuste realizado nos projetos em fase de implementação; e, verificar a construção do conhecimento híbrido, resultado do processo de apropriação; a formação e mobilização de redes de interface e conhecimento, denotando a capacidade de agência. E, também analisar a reação por parte dos agricultores a todo processo, desde seu empoderamento,quando a dinâmica de interface é estabelecida até as formas cotidianas de resistência, quando o próprio silêncio denota poder, quando esse poder pode se manifestar por intermédio da subordinação e submissão estratégica. Por fim, conclui-se que o rumo que a EMATER/RS-ASCAR irá seguir dependerá de algumas decisões tomadas pela Agência relativas à sua compreensão sobre o desenvolvimento, a forma de atuação, a ação dos extensionistas e da repercussão de sua importância para a sociedade e para o Estado. / The rural extension is an important intervention tool in the rural area connected to the idea of development. EMATER/ASCAR is the official agency, the main operational public politics of the Secretary of Agriculture, Pecuary, Fishing and Agro business (SEAPPA-RS) with high capillarity in 98% of the municipal districts. EMATER/ASCAR suffered several critics along its history and, recently, it faces a series of difficulties: financial crisis, due to the cut of public resources by the State Government, redefinition of the financial sources, dismissal in mass, insecure climate in the functional staff and increasing the work burden. This thesis formulates as a general objective to analyse the intervention for the rural development accomplished by the public rural extension in Rio Grande do Sul trying to understand its institutional trajectory, the extentionist action the present crisis determinants. To answer it a field research was accomplished, adopting as theorical framework Actor Oriented Approach (POA). After analyzing secondary data and documental material rising of primary data starting from interviews with semi-structured scripts with 42 workers and participants observation it is concluded with difusionist ideas are still present at EMATER/ASCAR in many different situations and moments. The Agency presents a vicious approach stablished by traditional methods of extention; even though, it is noticed that, parallely, participative activities are also accomplished, with dialogical character; the extentionists actions depend on each extentionist, and as if, the Agency presents a different group of profiles, consequently, there is a variety of postures. It is also concluded that the situation of social interface allowed, in practice, to visualize how the negotiation process of the development projects proposed by the Agency; as the agents involve the other ones in their projects presenting maneuver margin as the adjustment accomplished in the projects occurs in the implementation phase; and verify the construction of the hybrid knowledge result of the appropriation process; the formation and mobilization of interface nets and knowledge, denoting the agency capacity. And, also, the reaction of the farmers to every process from their empowerment when the interface dynamics is stablished to the forms of daily resistance, when the own silence denotes power, when this power can be showm through subordination and submission strategic. Finally, it is concluded that the way EMATER/ASCAR will follow will depends on some decisions taken by the Agency related to its understanding about the development, the action way, the extentionists action and the repercussion of its importance to society and to the state.

abstract: A teacher’s mathematical knowledge for teaching impacts the teacher’s pedagogical actions and goals (Marfai & Carlson, 2012; Moore, Teuscher, & Carlson, 2011), and a teacher’s instructional goals (Webb, 2011) influences the development of the teacher’s content knowledge for teaching. This study aimed to characterize the reciprocal relationship between a teacher’s mathematical knowledge for teaching and pedagogical goals. Two exploratory studies produced a framework to characterize a teacher’s mathematical goals for student learning. A case study was then conducted to investigate the effect of a professional developmental intervention designed to impact a teacher’s mathematical goals. The guiding research questions for this study were: (a) what is the effect of a professional development intervention, designed to perturb a teacher’s pedagogical goals for student learning to be more attentive to students’ thinking and learning, on a teacher’s views of teaching, stated goals for student learning, and overarching goals for students’ success in mathematics, and (b) what role does a teacher's mathematical teaching orientation and mathematical knowledge for teaching have on a teacher’s stated and overarching goals for student learning? Analysis of the data from this investigation revealed that a conceptual curriculum supported the advancement of a teacher’s thinking regarding the key ideas of mathematics of lessons, but without time to reflect and plan, the teacher made limited connections between the key mathematical ideas within and across lessons. The teacher’s overarching goals for supporting student learning and views of teaching mathematics also had a significant influence on her curricular choices and pedagogical moves when teaching. The findings further revealed that a teacher’s limited meanings for proportionality contributed to the teacher struggling during teaching to support students’ learning of concepts that relied on understanding proportionality. After experiencing this struggle the teacher reverted back to using skill-based lessons she had used before. The findings suggest a need for further research on the impact of professional development of teachers, both in building meanings of key mathematical ideas of a teacher’s lessons, and in professional support and time for teachers to build stronger mathematical meanings, reflect on student thinking and learning, and reconsider one’s instructional goals. / Dissertation/Thesis / Doctoral Dissertation Mathematics Education 2016

A extensão rural é uma importante ferramenta de intervenção no meio rural vinculada à ideia de desenvolvimento. A EMATER/RS-ASCAR é a Agência oficial, principal operacionalizadora das políticas públicas da Secretaria de Agricultura, Pecuária, Pesca e Agronegócio (SEAPPA-RS) com elevada capilaridade presente em 98% dos municípios. A EMATER/RS-ASCAR sofreu diversas críticas ao longo de sua história e, recentemente, enfrenta uma série de dificuldades: crise financeira, decorrente do corte de recursos públicos pelo governo do Estado; dificuldade operacional; necessidade de redefinição das fontes de financiamento; demissão em massa de empregados; insegurança no quadro funcional; aumento da carga de trabalho. Esta tese formula como objetivo geral analisar a intervenção para o desenvolvimento rural realizada pela extensão rural pública do Rio Grande do Sul, buscando compreender sua trajetória institucional, a ação extensionista e os determinantes da crise atual. Para respondê-lo, foi realizada pesquisa de campo, adotando-se como referencial teórico a Perspectiva Orientada ao Ator (POA). Após análise dos dados secundários e material documental, levantamento de dados primários, a partir de entrevistas com roteiros semiestruturados com 42 interlocutores e observação, conclui-se que as ações com viés difusionista ainda estão presentes na EMATER/RS-ASCAR, nas mais variadas situações e momentos. A Agência apresenta um vício de abordagem, marcado por métodos tradicionais de extensão. No entanto, destaca-se que paralelamente, também são realizadas atividades participativas, com caráter dialógico. A ação extensionista depende de cada extensionista e, assim como a Agência, apresenta um conjunto diverso de perfis. Consequentemente, há uma variedade de posturas. Conclui-se também que as situações de interface social permitiram, na prática, visualizar como ocorre o processo de negociação dos projetos de desenvolvimento propostos pela Agência; como os agentes envolvem os outros em seus projetos, apresentando margem de manobra; como ocorre o ajuste realizado nos projetos em fase de implementação; e, verificar a construção do conhecimento híbrido, resultado do processo de apropriação; a formação e mobilização de redes de interface e conhecimento, denotando a capacidade de agência. E, também analisar a reação por parte dos agricultores a todo processo, desde seu empoderamento,quando a dinâmica de interface é estabelecida até as formas cotidianas de resistência, quando o próprio silêncio denota poder, quando esse poder pode se manifestar por intermédio da subordinação e submissão estratégica. Por fim, conclui-se que o rumo que a EMATER/RS-ASCAR irá seguir dependerá de algumas decisões tomadas pela Agência relativas à sua compreensão sobre o desenvolvimento, a forma de atuação, a ação dos extensionistas e da repercussão de sua importância para a sociedade e para o Estado. / The rural extension is an important intervention tool in the rural area connected to the idea of development. EMATER/ASCAR is the official agency, the main operational public politics of the Secretary of Agriculture, Pecuary, Fishing and Agro business (SEAPPA-RS) with high capillarity in 98% of the municipal districts. EMATER/ASCAR suffered several critics along its history and, recently, it faces a series of difficulties: financial crisis, due to the cut of public resources by the State Government, redefinition of the financial sources, dismissal in mass, insecure climate in the functional staff and increasing the work burden. This thesis formulates as a general objective to analyse the intervention for the rural development accomplished by the public rural extension in Rio Grande do Sul trying to understand its institutional trajectory, the extentionist action the present crisis determinants. To answer it a field research was accomplished, adopting as theorical framework Actor Oriented Approach (POA). After analyzing secondary data and documental material rising of primary data starting from interviews with semi-structured scripts with 42 workers and participants observation it is concluded with difusionist ideas are still present at EMATER/ASCAR in many different situations and moments. The Agency presents a vicious approach stablished by traditional methods of extention; even though, it is noticed that, parallely, participative activities are also accomplished, with dialogical character; the extentionists actions depend on each extentionist, and as if, the Agency presents a different group of profiles, consequently, there is a variety of postures. It is also concluded that the situation of social interface allowed, in practice, to visualize how the negotiation process of the development projects proposed by the Agency; as the agents involve the other ones in their projects presenting maneuver margin as the adjustment accomplished in the projects occurs in the implementation phase; and verify the construction of the hybrid knowledge result of the appropriation process; the formation and mobilization of interface nets and knowledge, denoting the agency capacity. And, also, the reaction of the farmers to every process from their empowerment when the interface dynamics is stablished to the forms of daily resistance, when the own silence denotes power, when this power can be showm through subordination and submission strategic. Finally, it is concluded that the way EMATER/ASCAR will follow will depends on some decisions taken by the Agency related to its understanding about the development, the action way, the extentionists action and the repercussion of its importance to society and to the state.

A extensão rural é uma importante ferramenta de intervenção no meio rural vinculada à ideia de desenvolvimento. A EMATER/RS-ASCAR é a Agência oficial, principal operacionalizadora das políticas públicas da Secretaria de Agricultura, Pecuária, Pesca e Agronegócio (SEAPPA-RS) com elevada capilaridade presente em 98% dos municípios. A EMATER/RS-ASCAR sofreu diversas críticas ao longo de sua história e, recentemente, enfrenta uma série de dificuldades: crise financeira, decorrente do corte de recursos públicos pelo governo do Estado; dificuldade operacional; necessidade de redefinição das fontes de financiamento; demissão em massa de empregados; insegurança no quadro funcional; aumento da carga de trabalho. Esta tese formula como objetivo geral analisar a intervenção para o desenvolvimento rural realizada pela extensão rural pública do Rio Grande do Sul, buscando compreender sua trajetória institucional, a ação extensionista e os determinantes da crise atual. Para respondê-lo, foi realizada pesquisa de campo, adotando-se como referencial teórico a Perspectiva Orientada ao Ator (POA). Após análise dos dados secundários e material documental, levantamento de dados primários, a partir de entrevistas com roteiros semiestruturados com 42 interlocutores e observação, conclui-se que as ações com viés difusionista ainda estão presentes na EMATER/RS-ASCAR, nas mais variadas situações e momentos. A Agência apresenta um vício de abordagem, marcado por métodos tradicionais de extensão. No entanto, destaca-se que paralelamente, também são realizadas atividades participativas, com caráter dialógico. A ação extensionista depende de cada extensionista e, assim como a Agência, apresenta um conjunto diverso de perfis. Consequentemente, há uma variedade de posturas. Conclui-se também que as situações de interface social permitiram, na prática, visualizar como ocorre o processo de negociação dos projetos de desenvolvimento propostos pela Agência; como os agentes envolvem os outros em seus projetos, apresentando margem de manobra; como ocorre o ajuste realizado nos projetos em fase de implementação; e, verificar a construção do conhecimento híbrido, resultado do processo de apropriação; a formação e mobilização de redes de interface e conhecimento, denotando a capacidade de agência. E, também analisar a reação por parte dos agricultores a todo processo, desde seu empoderamento,quando a dinâmica de interface é estabelecida até as formas cotidianas de resistência, quando o próprio silêncio denota poder, quando esse poder pode se manifestar por intermédio da subordinação e submissão estratégica. Por fim, conclui-se que o rumo que a EMATER/RS-ASCAR irá seguir dependerá de algumas decisões tomadas pela Agência relativas à sua compreensão sobre o desenvolvimento, a forma de atuação, a ação dos extensionistas e da repercussão de sua importância para a sociedade e para o Estado. / The rural extension is an important intervention tool in the rural area connected to the idea of development. EMATER/ASCAR is the official agency, the main operational public politics of the Secretary of Agriculture, Pecuary, Fishing and Agro business (SEAPPA-RS) with high capillarity in 98% of the municipal districts. EMATER/ASCAR suffered several critics along its history and, recently, it faces a series of difficulties: financial crisis, due to the cut of public resources by the State Government, redefinition of the financial sources, dismissal in mass, insecure climate in the functional staff and increasing the work burden. This thesis formulates as a general objective to analyse the intervention for the rural development accomplished by the public rural extension in Rio Grande do Sul trying to understand its institutional trajectory, the extentionist action the present crisis determinants. To answer it a field research was accomplished, adopting as theorical framework Actor Oriented Approach (POA). After analyzing secondary data and documental material rising of primary data starting from interviews with semi-structured scripts with 42 workers and participants observation it is concluded with difusionist ideas are still present at EMATER/ASCAR in many different situations and moments. The Agency presents a vicious approach stablished by traditional methods of extention; even though, it is noticed that, parallely, participative activities are also accomplished, with dialogical character; the extentionists actions depend on each extentionist, and as if, the Agency presents a different group of profiles, consequently, there is a variety of postures. It is also concluded that the situation of social interface allowed, in practice, to visualize how the negotiation process of the development projects proposed by the Agency; as the agents involve the other ones in their projects presenting maneuver margin as the adjustment accomplished in the projects occurs in the implementation phase; and verify the construction of the hybrid knowledge result of the appropriation process; the formation and mobilization of interface nets and knowledge, denoting the agency capacity. And, also, the reaction of the farmers to every process from their empowerment when the interface dynamics is stablished to the forms of daily resistance, when the own silence denotes power, when this power can be showm through subordination and submission strategic. Finally, it is concluded that the way EMATER/ASCAR will follow will depends on some decisions taken by the Agency related to its understanding about the development, the action way, the extentionists action and the repercussion of its importance to society and to the state.

The South African context, in particular, is characterized by a definite need for the facilitation of the development of the youth in a more positive trajectory. Family structures are not always robust enough to support the positive development of the youth, owing to the demands made on single–parent families, amongst other reasons. Community structures may also be less supportive of the development of the youth, because of the impact of the changes associated with the transitional phase of the country during the past sixteen years (Meehan, Peirson & Fridjhon, 2007). Furthermore, young people under the age of 15 years comprise almost a third of the total South African population (Statistics South Africa, 2009), and in the future, they will have to be prepared for an adulthood faced with previously unknown challenges (United Nations Population Fund). The importance of the development of the youth, in order to enable them to contribute to their country in future, is acknowledged by the South African Governement (National Youth Commission website). This study was conducted within the parameters of the newly developing positive youth development (PYD) paradigm. The empirical level of this paradigm is well represented in the literature, indicating that the content areas, or the “what” of PYD, have been well elucidated. However, there is a lack of theory, especially with regard to models describing developmental change (Larson et al., 2004), and evaluation of interventions aiming at the facilitation of PYD. In order to contribute to the answering of the questions regarding the “how” of development, this study had the following main aims: a) the compilation of a theoretical model, describing developmental change in the youth; b) the operationalization of this model for intervention purposes; and c) the evaluation of a programme and the model on which it is based. The study is reported on in an article format, and comprises a total of three articles. The first article focuses on the process of the compilation of a theoretical model by means of: a) the construction of a comprehensive meta–theoretical matrix, b) the integration of theory that features in the PYD literature, and c) the expansion of the latter with theory from other compatible sub–disciplines in psychology. The resultant Positive Youth Development Intervention (PYDI) model provides a process–related description of developmental change ? and is one of the first models to do so. The second article describes the operationalization of the PYDI model, by means of an indication of the relevant constructs, phenomena and processes to be facilitated. Although recent research points to a relation between PYD and self–regulation, there has been no model, describing the role of self–regulation in the facilitation of the positive development of the youth. This study adapted a model from an educational context (Heckhausen & Gollwitzer, 1987 (as cited in Boekaerts & Niemivirta, 2005)), in order to describe the regular self–regulatory processes constituting the bi–directional interactions between the youth and their primary life contexts, as proposed by developmental systems theory (Lerner, 1998), the meta–theory to PYD (King et al., 2005). A further specifc contribution is that the presentation aspects of the programme material, aimed at facilitating the integration thereof, are addressed on a theoretical level. The third article describes the evaluation of the PYDI model and programme, with young adolescents in a school in a rural area as participants. A mixed–methods study, which has been shown to render much richer information than a quantitative study alone, was applied. Although the quantitative data did not prove the success of the programme, the qualitative data suggested that some aspects of self–regulation had indeed been facilitated successfully. A second follow–up assessment, conducted seventeen months later, indicated that certain skills had only become internalized by that time, suggesting that the implementation and evaluation of such a programme should be expanded over an extended time–frame. This study has contributed to the level of theory of PYD, by indicating, a) the lacunae, and b) that theory in compatible sub–disciplinary paradigms could be used in order to devise workable models for PYD. Furthermore, the process–related nature of the PYDI model and programme, owing to its adaptability to different needs, may be adapted and extended to be applicable to the needs of the diverse South African population. Recommendations regarding future application and research, especially within the South African context, have also been put forward in the study. / Thesis (Ph.D. (Psychology))--North-West University, Potchefstroom Campus, 2011.

The South African context, in particular, is characterized by a definite need for the facilitation of the development of the youth in a more positive trajectory. Family structures are not always robust enough to support the positive development of the youth, owing to the demands made on single–parent families, amongst other reasons. Community structures may also be less supportive of the development of the youth, because of the impact of the changes associated with the transitional phase of the country during the past sixteen years (Meehan, Peirson & Fridjhon, 2007). Furthermore, young people under the age of 15 years comprise almost a third of the total South African population (Statistics South Africa, 2009), and in the future, they will have to be prepared for an adulthood faced with previously unknown challenges (United Nations Population Fund). The importance of the development of the youth, in order to enable them to contribute to their country in future, is acknowledged by the South African Governement (National Youth Commission website). This study was conducted within the parameters of the newly developing positive youth development (PYD) paradigm. The empirical level of this paradigm is well represented in the literature, indicating that the content areas, or the “what” of PYD, have been well elucidated. However, there is a lack of theory, especially with regard to models describing developmental change (Larson et al., 2004), and evaluation of interventions aiming at the facilitation of PYD. In order to contribute to the answering of the questions regarding the “how” of development, this study had the following main aims: a) the compilation of a theoretical model, describing developmental change in the youth; b) the operationalization of this model for intervention purposes; and c) the evaluation of a programme and the model on which it is based. The study is reported on in an article format, and comprises a total of three articles. The first article focuses on the process of the compilation of a theoretical model by means of: a) the construction of a comprehensive meta–theoretical matrix, b) the integration of theory that features in the PYD literature, and c) the expansion of the latter with theory from other compatible sub–disciplines in psychology. The resultant Positive Youth Development Intervention (PYDI) model provides a process–related description of developmental change ? and is one of the first models to do so. The second article describes the operationalization of the PYDI model, by means of an indication of the relevant constructs, phenomena and processes to be facilitated. Although recent research points to a relation between PYD and self–regulation, there has been no model, describing the role of self–regulation in the facilitation of the positive development of the youth. This study adapted a model from an educational context (Heckhausen & Gollwitzer, 1987 (as cited in Boekaerts & Niemivirta, 2005)), in order to describe the regular self–regulatory processes constituting the bi–directional interactions between the youth and their primary life contexts, as proposed by developmental systems theory (Lerner, 1998), the meta–theory to PYD (King et al., 2005). A further specifc contribution is that the presentation aspects of the programme material, aimed at facilitating the integration thereof, are addressed on a theoretical level. The third article describes the evaluation of the PYDI model and programme, with young adolescents in a school in a rural area as participants. A mixed–methods study, which has been shown to render much richer information than a quantitative study alone, was applied. Although the quantitative data did not prove the success of the programme, the qualitative data suggested that some aspects of self–regulation had indeed been facilitated successfully. A second follow–up assessment, conducted seventeen months later, indicated that certain skills had only become internalized by that time, suggesting that the implementation and evaluation of such a programme should be expanded over an extended time–frame. This study has contributed to the level of theory of PYD, by indicating, a) the lacunae, and b) that theory in compatible sub–disciplinary paradigms could be used in order to devise workable models for PYD. Furthermore, the process–related nature of the PYDI model and programme, owing to its adaptability to different needs, may be adapted and extended to be applicable to the needs of the diverse South African population. Recommendations regarding future application and research, especially within the South African context, have also been put forward in the study. / Thesis (Ph.D. (Psychology))--North-West University, Potchefstroom Campus, 2011.