The study focuses on challenges in the development of learner-centred and process-oriented teaching and learning in the learning areas, natural science (NS) and mathematics in South African schools. The aim of NS is to develop scientifically literate learners. The three Learning Outcomes (LOs) and the accompanying Assessment Standards (ASs) should enable learners to understand the science products or system of ideas such as underlying theories and principles. The LOs point out the learner’s abilities to use the sciences products or system of ideas. Educators encounter challenges in the application of the LOs and ASs in teaching and learning activities. Against this background, a mixed method study was conducted in selected schools in the Tshwane South District in Gauteng. Data were gathered by document analysis, focus groups and a questionnaire to gauge how the educators are applying the LOs and ASs. Findings indicated that lessons plans were inadequate and educators were not familiar with curriculum documents. / Science and Technology Education / M. Ed. (Natural Sciences Education)

Constant exposure to community violence has very detrimental and pervasive effects on children. These effects range from behavioural, cognitive and neuro-developmental problems to a variety of psychiatric disorders. The purpose of this study was to investigate whether Karate programs can be used in violent communities to help children circumvent these detrimental effects of exposure to violence. This study adopted a qualitative research approach and the epistemological framework used was social constructivism. Group interviews were conducted with the research participants. The case study method was chosen, and thematic analysis was used as the method of analysis of the children’s stories. These stories were reconstructed in terms of themes. The themes that emerged included: anxiety, fear, discipline, respect for self, others and authority. After exposure to a traditional karate program for a period of time, the participants’ attitudes towards violence changed. They believed that violence was a last resort and that there were better ways to deal with conflict. They began developing more self-discipline, not just in the dojo but in other areas of their lives as well. The participants learnt to respect others, as well as themselves and their instructors, teachers, parents and friends. They also felt less afraid to be in their community and developed more self-confidence. Karate programmes can be used in violent communities to help prevent the negative outcomes in children associated with exposure to violence. These programmes can be used in conjunction with other developmental programmes to help improve the outcomes of these children. / Psychology / M.A. (Psychology)