Texte remanié de: Diss.--Fachbereich 16 Geschichtswissenschaft--Mainz--Johannes Gutenberg-Universität, 1987. / Bibliogr. p. XIII-XVIII. Index.

Diss.--Kunstgeschichte--Berlin--Technische Universität, 1994. / Bibliogr. p. 244-271.

Univ., Diss. u.d.T.: Collins, Amanda: Cola di Rienzo (1312 - 1354), the revolution in historical perspective--Oxford, 1996.

Il presente lavoro di tesi si occupa di verificare la possibile applicabilità del divieto di concorrenza, previsto a carico dei soci nelle società di persone, dall’art. 2301 c.c., e degli amministratori nelle s.p.a., dall’art. 2390 c.c., alle s.r.l., nel regime legale. Le citate norme precludono ai rispettivi destinatari, di svolgere, per conto proprio o altrui, un’attività in concorrenza con quella della società, e di partecipare come socio illimitatamente responsabile a società che ugualmente svolgono attività concorrente. L’interrogativo in questione si pone a valle della Riforma del 2003, là dove viene eliminato dalla disciplina delle s.r.l. il richiamo, prima di allora presente, all’art. 2390 c.c., creando, tra l’altro, quelle condizioni per cui l’interdizione all’attività concorrenziale per gli amministratori possa non rivelarsi più appropriata in tale tipo sociale, a causa dei maggiori diritti di voice e di controllo spettanti ai soci. Il nuovo ruolo riconosciuto al socio di s.r.l. rappresenta, per altro verso, la motivazione di una plausibile estensione del divieto di concorrenza nei suoi confronti. Entrambi i quesiti sono stati, però, affrontati tenendo presenti le alterazioni subite dal tipo, all’esito dell’entrata in vigore dell’art. 57 d.l. n. 50/2017, e dell’art. 377 del d.lgs. n. 14/2019. Infatti, sia il possibile accesso al mercato, avutosi nel 2017 per tutte le s.r.l. P.M.I., che l’ipotetica esclusione dei soci della gestione, disposta dal Codice della Crisi e dell’Insolvenza, sono in grado di influire sulla risposta che il lavoro di tesi si propone di fornire. Dall’analisi svolta è emerso, prima di tutto, come il problema della portata del divieto di concorrenza non riguardi solo le s.r.l., ma entrambe le società lucrative in cui lo stesso è imposto, là dove molteplici sono i dubbi sull’estensione soggettiva ed oggettiva dell’istituto, in conseguenza di una scarsa chiarezza sul fondamento dello stesso. È stata, pertanto, approfondita la questione della ratio della prescrizione normativa, esaminando la dottrina sul punto a partire dalle origini della sua introduzione nel nostro ordinamento, ovvero dal Codice del Commercio del 1865. In tal modo, è stato accertato come il divieto di concorrenza, sia nei confronti dei soci che degli amministratori, svolga una funzione interna, volta a favorire l’imparziale esercizio dei poteri gestori ed una funzione esterna, andando a prevenire il danno prodotto dall’utilizzo delle informazioni privilegiate di cui il destinatario del divieto è in possesso, a causa del potere di controllo di cui dispone, da parte di un’impresa in concorrenza. La trattazione si concentra, poi, sulla specifica questione relativa all’applicazione del divieto di concorrenza all’amministratore di s.r.l., in modo da comprendere se la regola in questione, possa perseguire lo scopo di cui sopra, nei confronti degli amministratori, nel tipo sociale in oggetto. Sul punto sono state, in primo luogo, scardinate le motivazioni di coloro che si oppongono ad un’applicazione analogica nelle s.r.l. dell’art. 2390 c.c., fondate essenzialmente sul diverso tenore della disciplina degli interessi degli amministratori, tra s.p.a. e s.r.l. Viene, difatti, rilevato come siffatte divergenze dipendano dalla maggiore capacità dei soci nel modello legale di s.r.l. del 2003 di influire sulla gestione, e non dalla minore pretesa d’imparzialità, richiesta all’amministratore, come altrove sostenuto. Superate queste obbiezioni si è verificato se l’art. 2390 c.c. sia oggi vincolante per gli amministratori di s.r.l., a causa del nuovo tenore letterale dell’art. 2475, comma 1° c.c. il quale affida ai soli amministratori la gestione dell’impresa, rendendo potenzialmente affine la posizione dei gestori di s.r.l. a quella degli amministratori di s.p.a., rendendo i primi soggetti allo statuto legale dei secondi. Sul punto, si è appurato come la portata della novella debba essere ridimensionata nel senso di conferire in via esclusiva agli amministratori soltanto la gestione organizzativa della società, non escludendo i soci da quella operativa. Allo stesso modo, si è rilevato come l’integrazione della disciplina delle s.r.l. con quella delle s.p.a., comprendendo anche eventualmente l’art. 2390 c.c., per le s.r.l. che abbiano la dimensione delle P.M.I., debba avvenire solo in considerazione dell’assunzione da parte della società di uno specifico assetto statutario volto all’apertura al mercato, non anche in via generale. In questa maniera si è acclarato come non possa fondarsi sull’ibridazione dei tipi l’applicazione del divieto di concorrenza agli amministratori s.r.l. A tale approdo si è, comunque, giunti constatando come nella disciplina legale del tipo non esistono altre norme in grado di perseguire la specifica funzione riconosciuta al divieto di concorrenza a carico degli amministratori, sicché l’applicazione analogica dell’art. 2390 c.c. risulta ampiamente giustificata. Si affronta, infine, la delicata questione dell’applicazione del divieto di concorrenza a carico del socio di s.r.l. Ciò che si è verificato è se il complesso dei diritti e poteri riconosciuti al socio siano di intensità tale da generare quegli stessi presupposti per cui il legislatore ha posto la prescrizione a carico dei membri della compagine sociale di società di persone. Una volta risolto positivamente questo interrogativo, viene verificato se nel tessuto normativo della s.r.l. esistano altre norme volte a tutelare la società da un esercizio conflittuale dei diritti di voice e di controllo spettanti ai soci, come l’art. 2479-ter, comma 3° c.c., assenti, invece, nella disciplina delle società personali. Sul punto il lavoro dimostra come la funzione di prevenire negative interferenze nella gestione e di evitare alla società un danno da concorrenza differenziale, di cui agli artt. 2301 e 290 c.c., non sia assolta da alcuna regola della disciplina legale delle s.r.l. e come, quindi, anche per i soci debba valere una simile limitazione all’autonomia privata. Viene, poi, affrontato il profilo della estensione del divieto di concorrenza a tutti i soci o solo a quelli titolari di un’aliquota di capitale sociale tale da consentire l’esercizio dei poteri di cui all’art. 2479, comma 1° c.c., concludendo sulla necessità, anche in base ad una serie di indici sistematici di imporre il divieto a tutti i soci. Questa conclusione, peraltro, non genera conseguenza negative sul piano dell’appetibilità di questo modello societario, a causa delle limitazioni all’autonomia privata scaturenti dalla partecipazione allo stesso, data l’ampia possibilità per i soci di derogarvi. La tesi si conclude verificando, infine, in che termini lo statuto possa, menomando i diritti di voice e di controllo del socio, influire indirettamente sul suo assoggettamento al divieto di concorrenza. / This research aims at investigating whether ban on competition set by the Italian legal system with regards to members of partnerships (società di persone: art. 2301 Italian Civil Code) and directors of public companies (società per azioni: art. 2390 Italian Civil Code) can be applied to members and directors of limited liability companies (società a responsabilità limitata). The mentioned legal provisions command to said subjects an absolute preclusion to exercise – both on their or a third party’s behalf – activities that would result in a competitive behaviour vis-à-vis the entity they represent; and to acquire a non-limited participation in competing entities. The research question is grounded on the 2003 Reform that eliminated a referral to art. 2390 from the statutes of limited liability companies – the new statutes provide greater voice and control rights for members of such companies, thus rendering non-compete prohibitions inadequate. The new role that is played by LLCs members, on the contrary, justifies an interpretation that makes non-compete statutes applicable to them. LLCs have undergone a continuous reform process (see art. 57 d.l. n. 50/2017 and art. 377 d.lgs. n. 14/2019) that have opened them up to on-the-market financing, and the new Insolvency Code permits an exclusion of LLCs’ members from the management – these trends obviously have an impact on the answers to the research question. The research shows that the issue at stake concerns both LLCs and PLCs – unclear are both the subjective and objective requisites for the application of non-compete statutes, given that unclear are the rationales behind it. The research investigated such rationales, by means of a literature review since the Codice di Commercio dated 1865. The outcome showed how non-compete statutes play both an internal and external role – the former favours an unbiased exercise of directors’ powers while the latter prevents damages that might arise from the abuse of privileged information obtained through the exercise of control powers within a competing entity. The discussion then moves on to the application of non-compete statutes to LLCs’ directors, so to understand whether the aims of the provision can be achieved with respect to said companies. First of all, the research shows how the arguments brought forward by those who oppose an analogical interpretation of PLC’s statutes to LLCs are weak because limited to the consideration that highlights the differences in legal regimes on directors’ conflicts of interests in the two legal models. Indeed, such differences are not grounded on a lesser request of impartiality in their mandate but, rather, on a stronger set of control rights that LLCs’ members enjoy vis-à-vis PLCs’ ones. Having overcome such arguments, the research investigated whether art. 2390 is still applicable to LLCs’ directors, given the new wording of art. 2475 that assigns the management of the corporation to directors only, thus assimilating PLCs’ directors to LLCs’ ones, thus subjecting the latter to the statutes of the former. A distinction was made between organizational and operational direction, arguing that only the former is reserved to directors, while the latter can be exercised by members as well. Likewise, the research showed how such an analogical integration of the legal provisions set for LLCs can be operated only when companies adopt bylaws that allow them to resort to on-the-market financing, even if just sporadically. This outcome helped in showing that the adoption of a legal regime that resembles the one in which non-compete statutes are present cannot alone ground the analogical application of such provisions to the other legal regime. Such an outcome was actually grounded on the observation that no other provisions that protects non-competition interests are present in the statutes of Italian LLCs – this would result in a normative void that legal operators must fill resorting to analogy. Lastly, the research concludes by investigating the application of non-compete statutes to LLCs’ members. The analysis examined the rights and powers enjoyed by LLCs’ members so to understand whether their scope is so broad to (i) assimilate them to partnerships’ members and thus (ii) justify the application of non-compete provisions to them. Given that the scope of such rights and powers does in fact justify a reaction of the legal system, the research continued in the analysis of the current legal system so to verify whether other legal provisions protect LLCs from a conflicting exercise of voice and control rights members enjoy; something absent in the statutes regulating partnerships. The outcome of this prong of research concluded by stating that no other provision shields LLCs from negative interferences in the management of the company, therefore having no rule in place that prevents damages from anticompetitive behaviour to occur. Concluding, the research continued in understanding whether such non-compete statutes are applicable to every member of an LLC or rather only to those who have a take that habilitates them to the exercise of the rights provided for by art. 2479 co. 1 c.c.: The point made is that the statutes should apply to every member. Such a conclusion has no impact on the preferability of LLCs vis-à-vis PLCs given that private autonomy can decide to opt out from the default system. A brief investigation on how bylaws can interfere on the application of non-compete statutes to LLCs members by altering their voice and control rights.

It is going to be evaluated the availability of the MC process, particularly the Sweeping Gas Membrane Distillation (SGMD), to perform the regeneration of ammonium dihydrogen phosphate (ADP) from diammonium phosphate (DAP) and the study of the main parameters to perform the scale up of the process to an industrial level. Making focus on the selection and characterization of suitable membranes for the process and the design-development of SGMD pilot plant and test for the evaluation of the operative parameters. The main requirement for the MC technology application is bank on suitable membranes for the process. This must act as a barrier for one of the phases on contact and should enable the mass transport of volatile components. For operative reasons is preferable to hold back the aqueous phase, making the use of hydrophobic membranes imperative. The hydrophobic membrane character of the membranes is a critical argument for the MC process and is one of the main drawback for the massive application of this technology. Many studies to evaluate the hydrophobic character have been performed and continues to be a trend topic on the MC scenario. However few studies have been done to evaluate the variation of the hydrophobicity with the temperature and none of them to evaluate the effect of temperature above the normal water boiling point.

The increase in energy costs and the demands for products with greater nutritional value and of processing procedures less toxic to the environment are attractive factors for transferring membrane processing to food industry and biotechnology applications. Sugar production is one of the most energy-intensive applications in the food industry, therefore membrane separation processes find many applications, nevertheless some limitation exist for application of membrane processes in the sugar industry. This study focused on Food applications of membrane processes. A critical summary of a wide experimental investigation is reported. In this work, separation performances of commercial polyamide NF membranes are investigated in a wide range of compositions in the feed side at temperatures from 30 to 50°C; aqueous solutions containing monosaccharides, disaccharides, and mixtures of them are studied, and the role of the electrolytes on their rejection is investigated. All the results obtained, have been organized in three main sections: (i) Hydraulic permeability, (ii) experimental investigation as it is, and (iii) Intrinsic membrane performances. Differently from literature, where typically aqueous solutions containing monosaccharides and oligosaccharides are used at low concentrations, at room temperature and only experimental data as it is are reported, a key point of this study is the critical evaluation based on intrinsic membrane performances. The data processing discussed allows to introduce a revised Donnan Steric Pore & Dielectric Exclusion model. The revised model provides useful elements to understand which kind of interactions (complex formation or dehydration) can affect sugars rejections in presence of strong electrolytes, however dehydration effects caused by temperature and electrolyte are the most evident. The revised model is able to predict with good confidence both the temperature effect on membrane performances and rejections in multicomponent mixtures, ranging from laboratory to process/industrial scale.

The object of this PhD work is the study of innovative, composite and nanostructured polymeric materials for membrane-based separation and removal of CO2 from gaseous streams. The research on gas separation membranes, in the last two decades was largely devoted to the synthesis and fabrication of new, multiphasic materials, such as copolymers, composite materials bearing fillers dispersed in the polymeric matrix, or functionalized materials having selective functional groups attached to the polymer backbone. The materials investigated in this thesis can be divided in three classes: copolyetherimides: copolymers formed by a glassy polyimide phase, composite membranes, commonly defined as Mixed Matrix Membranes, functionalized materials obtained by chemically attaching amine moieties to a polymeric backbone for the instauration, in appropriate operative conditions, of the facilitated transport mechanism of CO2. All the above materials have the advantage that their transport properties, in terms of solubility, diffusivity and thus of gas permeability and selectivity, can be tuned and adjusted for the practical purpose. To this end, in this work, an experimental campaign devoted to the measurement of transport properties will be supported by a modeling approach on the continuous scale, for better understanding mass transport properties and the influence of material formulation on them, and develop easily accessible models for the prediction of materials behavior.

Florentine artist Neri di Bicci (1418-1492) was one of the most prolific and financially successful artists of the fifteenth century. The hundreds of extant paintings from his workshop are a testament to his industry, which is further underlined by a close examination of the 798 entries he wrote between 1453 and 1475 in his account book, his Ricordanze. The purpose of this dissertation is to analyse the monetary and social history in Neri’s Ricordanze in order to provide a framework for an exploration of the way that paintings were constructed in Neri’s workshop, and a close examination of the evidence concerning collaboration between Neri and his contemporaries. This thesis determined that the repeated use of full-size paper patterns, known as cartoons, was a key aspect of Neri’s painting procedure. Cartoon usage was established by overlaying scaled images of paintings in Photoshop, which demonstrated that the outlines of many of Neri’s figures and architectural designs were identical. Analysing the price of Neri’s paintings also revealed trends which suggested that he used cartoons. Half of the 224 objects described in the Ricordanze cost 30 lire or less, and the average of the 40 paintings between two and four square meters was 151 lire, less than half the regional average for paintings of comparable size. Neri likely increased his profits by working faster than his contemporaries, since 15 of the 36 paintings with available completion times were finished in less than four months, and the overall average was seven and a half months. Cartoons were also shared between Neri, his contemporaries (including Fra Filippo Lippi and Pesellino), and former assistants such as Cosimo Rosselli, Giusto d’Andrea, and Francesco Botticini, since similarities in figure size were discovered using Photoshop. As a result of this study, we are left with a better understanding of fifteenth-century production methods and the movement of designs between workshops. Furthermore, we know that Neri ran his business in a highly organized manner, and that cartoons were used extensively in order to produce a large volume of affordable paintings in order to meet the growing quattrocento demand for devotional objects. / Thesis (Ph.D, Art History) -- Queen's University, 2013-08-30 02:57:55.312

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Lasso was considered the greatest composer of his generation with undisputable mastery of all sixteenth-century genres. The dynamism of the late sixteenth century saw the most sophisticated compositions in the continuation of the psalm motet tradition. However, more flexible applications for the psalms in the form of meditations, vernacular translations, and paraphrases opened the door for new and diverse interpretations. This dissertation is a study of Lasso's engagement with established musical traditions and new trends in psalmody. This study unfolds in two parts. First in the discussion of the Latin psalm motet genre and then ensuing with investigation of the German Lied. In each of the genres (1) there is a focus on the definition and classification of terms and older traditions, (2) the examination of the text and the discussion of ways in which the music engages with the prose and poetic forms, and (3) the evaluation of Lasso's interpretation of psalm texts. From negligible German Lieder to expansive motet cycles, the psalms afforded endless polyphonic inspiration and the diversity of which categorically points to the shifts and development of cultural and aesthetic traditions. The use of psalms to reflect devotion and confession amplifies the Catholic Reform implemented at the Bavarian court during Lasso's lifetime. This context along with Lasso's compositional innovation provides an interesting study for the stylistic development of psalm settings in the late sixteenth century.