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Lo studio “Mercato, diritti e consumi: la tutela del consumatore nella disciplina antitrust”, ricostruisce e analizza i rapporti intercorrenti tra pubbliche amministrazioni e consumatore, singolo e associato, concentrando l’attenzione sulla protezione del consumatore quale soggetto che opera nel mercato, titolare di un diritto economico, in relazione all’attività regolativa svolta dall’amministrazione nella cura dell’interesse pubblico alla tutela della concorrenza. Il lavoro è strutturato in quattro parti. Una prima parte, di carattere generale, è dedicata alla nozione di consumatore e ai diritti in capo allo stesso contemplati, nonché alle associazioni dei consumatori ed al ruolo istituzionale ad esse affidato. Nella seconda parte si concentra l’attenzione, da un lato, sulla posizione assunta dalle Regioni per quel che concerne la competenza legislativa ad esse riconosciuta nell’ambito della tutela dei consumatori e degli utenti e, dall’altro lato, sul versante degli strumenti più propriamente di diritto amministrativo, sull’attività amministrativa di controllo, vigilanza e disciplina delle attività economiche private rilevanti per i consumatori, attuata dalle autorità indipendenti e, per ciò che attiene alle loro funzioni, dalle Camere di commercio. La terza parte riferisce in ordine al quadro normativo in cui si colloca l’attività di regolazione del mercato soprattutto avendo riguardo alle recenti modifiche legislative che hanno profondamente modificato il Codice del consumo relativamente ai suddetti temi ed al ruolo svolto dall’Autorità Garante della Concorrenza e del Mercato, per poi dar conto dell’evoluzione giurisprudenziale cui si è assistito recentemente circa la rilevanza dell’interesse del consumatore nella disciplina Antitrust. Nell’ultima parte, anche alla luce delle osservazioni svolte, si affronta il fondamento giuridico – costituzionale dell’interesse del consumatore anche alla luce del nuovo assetto dei rapporti con l’Autorità Garante della Concorrenza e del Mercato e si tenta, attraverso una reinterpretazione del concetto di iniziativa economica, di ricondurlo al primo comma dell’articolo 41 della Costituzione.

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Nanofiltration (NF) is a pressure-driven membrane process, intermediate between reverse osmosis and ultrafiltration. Commercially available polymeric membranes have been used in a wide range of applications, such as drinking, process industry and waste water treatment. For all the applications requiring high stability and harsh washing procedures inorganic membranes are preferred due to their high chemical inertia. Typically, γ – Al2O3 as well as TiO2 and ZrO2 selective layers are used; the latter show higher chemical stability in a wide range of pH and temperatures. In this work the experimental characterization of two different type of membrane has been performed in order to investigate permeation properties, separation performance and efficiency with aqueous solutions containing strong inorganic electrolytes. The influence of salt concentration and feed pH as well as the role of concentration polarization and electrolyte type on the membrane behavior are investigated. Experimentation was performed testing a multi–layer structured NF membrane in α-Al2O3, TiO2 and ZrO2, and a polymeric membrane, in polyamide supported on polysulfone, with binary aqueous solutions containing NaCl, Na2SO4 or CaCl2; the effect of salt composition and pH in the feed side was studied both on flux and salt rejection. All the NF experimental data available for the two membranes were used to evaluate the volumetric membrane charge (X) corresponding to each operative conditions investigated, through the Donnan Steric Pore Model and Dielectric Exclusion (DSPM&DE). The results obtained allow to understand which are the main phenomena at the basis of the different behaviors observed.

The work of this thesis has been focused on the characterisation of inorganic membranes for the hydrogen purification from steam reforming gas. Composite membranes based on porous inorganic supports coated with palladium silver alloys and ceramic membranes have been analysed. A brief resume of theoretical laws governing transport of gases through dense and porous inorganic membranes and an overview on different methods to prepare inorganic membranes has been also reported. A description of the experimental apparatus used for the characterisation of gas permeability properties has been reported. The device used permits to evaluate transport properties in a wide range of temperatures (till 500°C) and pressures (till 15 bar). Data obtained from experimental campaigns reveal a good agreement with Sievert law for hydrogen transport through dense palladium based membranes while different transport mechanisms, such as Knudsen diffusion and Hagen-Poiseuille flow, have been observed for porous membranes and for palladium silver alloy ones with pinholes in the metal layer. Mixtures permeation experiments reveal also concentration polarisation phenomena and hydrogen permeability reduction due to carbon monoxide adsorption on metal surface.

A Machining Centre is nowadays a complex mechanical, electronic, electrical system that needs integrated design capabilities which very often require a high time-consuming effort. Numerical techniques for designing and dimensioning the machine structure and components usually requires different knowledge according to the system that have to be designed. This Ph. D Thesis is related about the efforts of the Authors to develop a system that allows to perform the complete project of a new machine optimized in its dynamic behaviour. An integration of the different systems developed, each of which respond to specific necessities of designer, is here presented. In particular a dynamic analysis system, based on a lumped mass approach, that rapidly allows to setup the drives of the machine and an Integrated Dynamic Simulation System, based on a FEM approach, that permit a dynamic optimization, are shown. A multilevel Data Base, and an operator interface module provide to complete the designing platform. The proposed approach represents a significant step toward the virtual machining for the prediction of the quality of the worked surface.

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