Στην παρούσα Διπλωματική Εργασία μελετήθηκε το σύστημα αντίδρασης του βαναδίου, V, με τον υποκαταστάτη δι-2-πυρίδυλο κετόνη, (py)2CO. Πρόκειται για έναν εξαιρετικά δημοφιλή υποκαταστάτη τον οποίο πολλές ερευνητικές ομάδες, όπως και η δική μας, έχουν μελετήσει με πολλά μεταλλοϊόντα, εκτός του βαναδίου. Η χημεία της δι-2-πυρίδυλο κετόνης βασίζεται στο γεγονός ότι η καρβονυλική της ομάδα μπορεί να υποστεί προσβολή από διάφορα πυρηνόφιλα (π.χ.H2O, ROH) και να σχηματίσει την ημικεταλική ή/και τη 1, 1-διολική μορφές της. Η μελέτη αυτού του συστήματος οδήγησε στη σύνθεση και το χαρακτηρισμό συμπλόκων του βαναδίου σε διάφορες οξειδωτικές βαθμίδες. Χαρακτηριστικό παράδειγμα αποτελεί το μικτού σθένους εννεαπυρηνικό σύμπλοκο (Et3NH)2[VIIVV8O18{(py)2CO2}4]∙2MeCN, με τον υποκαταστάτη να βρίσκεται στην διπλά αποπρωτονιωμένη 1, 1-διολική μορφή του. Ακόμη από το γενικό σύστημα αντίδρασης απομονώθηκαν σύμπλοκα VIV2, VV2, VIV3, VV4, VV12 και VΙV2 VV8 με τον υποκαταστάτη να βρίσκεται σε διάφορες μορφές. Μελετήθηκαν οι μαγνητικές ιδιότητες των συμπλόκων του τετρασθενούς βαναδίου. Η συμμετοχή ωστόσο του μετάλλου και των ενώσεων του σε διάφορες βιολογικές διεργασίες, όπως στη ρύθμιση του μεταβολισμού, στα ενεργά κεντρά μεταλλοενζύμων καθώς και η ικανότητά του να ενισχύει τη δράση της ινσουλίνης, μας έδωσαν το ερέθισμα να μελετήσουμε συγκεκριμένα την αντικαρκινική συμπεριφορά επιλεγμένων συμπλόκων που παρασκευάσαμε σε διάφορες σειρές καρκινικών κυττάρων. / In the present Diploma Work we have studied reactions of vanadium, V, sources and di-2-pyridyl ketone, (py)2CO. This ligand is very popular and its reactions with several metal ions have been investigated by many groups, including our group. No V complexes of (py)2CO have been reported. The chemistry of di-2-pyridyl ketone is based on the fact that its carbonyl group can be attacked by various nucleophiles (e.g. π.χ.H2O, ROH) to give the hemiketal or/and 1,1-diol forms. The systematic investigation of the V/(py)2CO reaction system has led to the synthesis and characterization of V compounds with the metal in various oxidation states. A characteristic example is the mixed-valence, enneanuclear complex (Et3NH)2[VIIVV8O18{(py)2CO2}4]∙2MeCN, in which the ligand participates in the doubly deprotonated 1,1-diolate form. From this general reaction system, VIV2, VV2, VIV3, VV4, VV12 και VΙV2 VV8 species have also been isolated. The magnetic properties of the VΙV complexes have also been studied. The participation of V compounds in important biological processes gave us the stimulus to study the antiproliferative activity of selected complexes in various cancer cell lines.

Desenvolveu-se um método espectrofotométrico para determinação de íons Cu(II), Fe(II) e Fe(III) com o reagente cromogênico di-2-piridil cetona benzoilhidrazona (DPKBH), em condições estacionárias e em fluxo. Fez-se a caracterização estrutural e estequiométrica do complexo de Cu(II) com DPKBH usando-se técnicas espectroscópicas de infravermelho e massas, além de análise térmica e elementar. Estudou-se, ainda, a estequiometria dos complexos de Fe(II) e Fe(III) com DPKBH utilizando espectrometria de massas com ionização por electrospray. Desenvolveu-se, preliminarmente, um método espectrofotométrico para a determinação de íons Cu(II) com DPKBH e aplicou-se em amostras de aguardente. Posteriormente, adaptou-se para análise por injeção em fluxo, utilizando-se injetor comutador manual. Em seguida, desenvolveu-se em condições estacionárias um método espectrofotométrico para determinação de Fe(II) e Fe(III) e Cu(II) em uma mesma amostra, com o uso de agentes mascarantes. Fez-se também a adaptação do método para análise em fluxo empregando multicomutação e amostragem binária. Finalmente, determinou-se a concentração de íons Cu(II), Fe(II) e Fe(III) em amostras sintéticas e Cu(II) e ferro total em amostras de sedimento coletadas no reservatório de Guarapiranga. Os resultados obtidos foram comparados com o método de referência de ICP-OES, apresentando concordância para um nível de confiança de 95% da média. / A spectrophotometric method was developed to the determination of Cu(II), Fe(II) and Fe(III) with the chromogenic reagent di-2pyridyl ketone benzoylhydrazone (DPKBH) in stationary conditions as a flow injection process. The structural characterization and the stoichiometry of Cu(II)/DPKBH complex were achieved using infrared spectrometry, mass spectrometry, thermal and elementar analysis. Toe stoichiometry of the Fe(II) and Fe(III) complexes with DPKBH was studied by electrospray ionization mass spectrometry. The spectrophotometric method for the determination of Cu(II) with DPKBH was developed in stationary conditions and, after this, it was adapted to flow injection analysis, using a manual commutator. Subsequently, a spectrophotometric method was developed to determine Fe(II), Fe(III) and Cu(II) in the same sample, in stationary conditions, using masking reagents. This method was also adapted to flow injection analysis, using multicommutation and binary sampling. Finally, Cu(II), Fe(II) and Fe(III) were determined in sediments from Guarapiranga reservoir. The obtained results were compared with the ICP-OES standard methods, showing a good agreement into a 95% confidence level (t-test).

Desenvolveu-se um método espectrofotométrico para determinação de íons Cu(II), Fe(II) e Fe(III) com o reagente cromogênico di-2-piridil cetona benzoilhidrazona (DPKBH), em condições estacionárias e em fluxo. Fez-se a caracterização estrutural e estequiométrica do complexo de Cu(II) com DPKBH usando-se técnicas espectroscópicas de infravermelho e massas, além de análise térmica e elementar. Estudou-se, ainda, a estequiometria dos complexos de Fe(II) e Fe(III) com DPKBH utilizando espectrometria de massas com ionização por electrospray. Desenvolveu-se, preliminarmente, um método espectrofotométrico para a determinação de íons Cu(II) com DPKBH e aplicou-se em amostras de aguardente. Posteriormente, adaptou-se para análise por injeção em fluxo, utilizando-se injetor comutador manual. Em seguida, desenvolveu-se em condições estacionárias um método espectrofotométrico para determinação de Fe(II) e Fe(III) e Cu(II) em uma mesma amostra, com o uso de agentes mascarantes. Fez-se também a adaptação do método para análise em fluxo empregando multicomutação e amostragem binária. Finalmente, determinou-se a concentração de íons Cu(II), Fe(II) e Fe(III) em amostras sintéticas e Cu(II) e ferro total em amostras de sedimento coletadas no reservatório de Guarapiranga. Os resultados obtidos foram comparados com o método de referência de ICP-OES, apresentando concordância para um nível de confiança de 95% da média. / A spectrophotometric method was developed to the determination of Cu(II), Fe(II) and Fe(III) with the chromogenic reagent di-2pyridyl ketone benzoylhydrazone (DPKBH) in stationary conditions as a flow injection process. The structural characterization and the stoichiometry of Cu(II)/DPKBH complex were achieved using infrared spectrometry, mass spectrometry, thermal and elementar analysis. Toe stoichiometry of the Fe(II) and Fe(III) complexes with DPKBH was studied by electrospray ionization mass spectrometry. The spectrophotometric method for the determination of Cu(II) with DPKBH was developed in stationary conditions and, after this, it was adapted to flow injection analysis, using a manual commutator. Subsequently, a spectrophotometric method was developed to determine Fe(II), Fe(III) and Cu(II) in the same sample, in stationary conditions, using masking reagents. This method was also adapted to flow injection analysis, using multicommutation and binary sampling. Finally, Cu(II), Fe(II) and Fe(III) were determined in sediments from Guarapiranga reservoir. The obtained results were compared with the ICP-OES standard methods, showing a good agreement into a 95% confidence level (t-test).

Η παρούσα Διπλωματική Εργασία επικεντρώνεται σε προσπάθειες σύνθεσης και χαρακτηρισμού νέων συμπλόκων ενώσεων του In(III) με τη χρήση 2-πυρίδυλο οξιμών, αζολίων, 2-ακετυλοπυριδίνης υδραζόνης, δι-2-πυρίδυλο κετόνης και βάσεων Schiff ως υποκαταστάτες. Μελετήθηκε η επίδραση αρκετών συνθετικών παραμέτρων στη χημική και δομική ταυτότητα των προϊόντων. Οι οργανικοί υποκαταστάτες που χρησιμοποιήθηκαν και οδήγησαν σε αποτελέσματα παρουσιάζονται στο Σχήμα Ι. Σχήμα Ι. Οι συντακτικοί τύποι και οι συντομογραφίες των υποκαταστατών που χρησιμοποιήθηκαν στην παρούσα Διπλωματική Εργασία. Χρησιμοποιώντας ως ανόργανη πηγή Ιn(III) το InCl3 παρασκευάστηκαν τα ακόλουθα σύμπλοκα: [InCl3(H2O)(Mebta)2].Η2Ο (1.Η2Ο), (2-ΜeImH2)6{[InCl4(2-MeImH)2]}3[InCl6] (2), [InCl3(ΕtOH)(MepaoH)] (3), [CH3C(NH2)2][InCl4(NH2paoH].0.5MeCN (4.0.5MeCN), [InCl3{(py)2C(OEt)(OH)}].EtOH (5.EtOH), [InCl3{(py)2C(OH)2}].2MeCN (6.2MeCN), [InCl2(aphz)2][InCl4(aphz)]. Η2Ο (7.Η2Ο) και [In2Cl(saph)2(saphH)]. Et2O.EtOH (8.Et2O.EtOH). Οι δομές των ενώσεων 1-8 προσδιορίσθηκαν με κρυσταλλογραφία ακτίνων Χ μονοκρυστάλλου. Όλα τα σύμπλοκα χαρακτηρίσθηκαν με φασματοσκοπία IR, και επιλεγμένες ενώσεις με τεχνικές Raman, p-XRD, 1H NMR και Θερμοσταθμική Ανάλυση (TG). Τα φασματοσκοπικά δεδομένα εξετάζονται σε σχέση με τις γνωστές δομές των ενώσεων και τους τρόπους ένταξης των υποκαταστατών. Τα κέντρα InIII στις ενώσεις είναι 6- ενταγμένα με οκταεδρική γεωμετρία. Οι υποκαταστάτες Μebta και 2-ΜeImH συμπεριφέρονται ως μονοδοντικοί Ν- δότες, οι υποκαταστάτες MepaoH και NH2paoH ως Ν(2-πυρίδυλο), Ν(οξιμικό)- διδοντικοί χηλικοί και τα μόρια (py)2C(OEt)(OH) και (py)2C(OH)2 ως Ν,Ο,Ν΄- τριδοντικοί χηλικοί υποκαταστάτες. Ο υποκαταστάτης aphz συμπεριφέρεται ως Ν(2-πυρίδυλο), Ν(ιμινικό)- διδοντικός χηλικός, το ιόν saphH- ως Ο,Ν,Ο΄- τριδοντικός χηλικός και οι διδοντικοί υποκαταστάτες saphH2- γεφυρώνουν δύο κέντρα InIII μέσω δύο διαφορετικών αποπρωτονιωμένων ατόμων οξυγόνου. Πιστεύουμε ότι τα αποτελέσματα που παρουσιάζονται στη Διπλωματική Εργασία συνιστούν συνεισφορά στη χημεία ένταξης του ινδίου(ΙΙΙ), καθώς επίσης και στη χημεία ένταξης των οργανικών υποκαταστατών που φαίνονται στο Σχήμα Ι. / Our Diploma Work focused on the synthesis and characterization of new complexes of In(III) using 2-pyridyl oximes, azoles, 2-acetylpyridine hydrazone, di-2-pyridyl ketone and Schiff bases as ligands. The effect of several synthetic parameters on the chemical and structural identities of the products has been studied. The organic ligands used are shown in Scheme I. Scheme I. The structural formule and abbreviations of the ligands used in this Diploma Work. Using InCl3 as a source of inorganic ln(III), following complexes hve been prepared: [InCl3(H2O)(Mebta)2].Η2Ο (1.Η2Ο), (2-ΜeImH2)6{[InCl4(2-MeImH)2]}3[InCl6] (2), [InCl3(ΕtOH)(MepaoH)] (3), [CH3C(NH2)2][InCl4(NH2paoH].0.5MeCN (4.0.5MeCN), [InCl3{(py)2C(OEt)(OH)}].EtOH (5.EtOH), [InCl3{(py)2C(OH)2}].2MeCN (6.2MeCN), [InCl2(aphz)2][InCl4(aphz)]. Η2Ο (7.Η2Ο) και [In2Cl(saph)2(saphH)]. Et2O.EtOH (8.Et2O.EtOH). The structures of compounds 1-8 were determined by single-crystal X-ray crystallography. All the complexes were characterized by IR spectroscopy, and selected compounds by Raman, p- XRD, 1H NMR and thermogravimetric (TG) techniques . The spectroscopic data are discussed in terms of the known structures of the compounds and the coordination modes of the ligands. The InIII centers in the complexes are all 6- coordinate with an octahedral geometry. Mebta and 2- MeImH behave as monodentate N- donors, MepaoH and NH2paoH as N(2-pyridyl), N(oxime)-bidentate chelating ligands and (py)2C(OEt)(OH) and (py)2C(OH)2 as N,O,N΄- tridentate chelating ligands. The aphz molecule acts as a N(2-pyridyl), N(imino)- bidentate chelating ligand, the saphH- anion as an O,N,O΄- tridentate chelating ligand and each saph2- ligand bridges two InIII centers through a (different in each case) deprotonated oxygen atom. We believe that our results contribute into the chemistry of indium(III) and into the coordination chemistry of the ligands shown in Scheme I.