A Thesis submitted to The University of Arizona College of Medicine - Phoenix in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the Degree of Doctor of Medicine. / The purpose of this research was to assess the quality of the inpatient, health education diabetes program as it relates to primary Spanish speaking patients. Complications from diabetes account for huge personal and financial costs. There is substantial evidence supporting the use of targeted diabetes education to reduce complications but we need to know if our education interventions are valid. In order to accomplish this by auditing the knowledge of a sample of inpatient diabetics before and after receiving the standard MMC Spanish language diabetes education interventions via Spanish language pre and post surveys (standardized by the previously validated SKILLD survey). Demographic and clinical data were analyzed and all significant data (p value <0.05) were considered for their importance. The data demonstrated that in all 10 items on the survey, overall patients were able to demonstrate significant improvement in survey scores. Additionally, comparisons of demographic data demonstrated that being less than 50 years old was associated with improved survey scores. This indicates overall benefit of the training program as well as possible insight into need for more aggressive training for patients greater than 50 years in age.

No description available.

Background: The epidemic of type 2 diabetes poses an enormous and growing burden on health care globally. While the prevalence of diabetes is increasing worldwide, the developing countries will bear the greatest burden of this disease. Diabetes is one of the most common causes of kidney failure and nephropathy is a strong predictor of cardiovascular complications and death in these patients. Microalbuminuria represents a latent and early pre-symptomatic phase of nephropathy which can be stopped from progressing to an advanced stage if detected and treated early. The cost effectiveness of this screening and intervention has been researched and proven in the developed world, however similar studies in developing countries are non-existent. Microalbuminuria is not currently tested for in the public primary care sector. Aim and objectives: The aim was to assess the feasibility of introducing a screening test for microalbuminuria and the associated costs and consequences at Elsies River Community Health Centre (CHC) in the Metropolitan District of Cape Town. The objectives of the study are to assess the feasibility of implementing the test in our context, to assess any additional cost to the health services, to assess any measurable benefits in the quality of care for the patients, to extrapolate the likely long term consequences in terms of health outcomes, use of resources and costs and to make a policy recommendation to the Department of Health. Method: A cost and consequence study that describes the introduction of microalbuminuria testing in a cohort of type 2 diabetic patients at Elsies River Community Health Centre, Metro District Health Services, Cape Town, South Africa. Point of care status analyser microalbuminuria screening was introduced to the CHC after training of the chronic care team, and their fidelity to the protocol measured. All patients who met the inclusion criteria were screened. Patients whose first results were abnormal had a repeat test after 3-6 months, if both results were abnormal patient was diagnosed microalbuminuria positive, however a patient with a second normal result required a third test. Interventions included addition of an Angiotesin Converting Enzyme inhibitor to their treatment, more intensive glycaemic, blood pressure or lipid control via medication or lifestyle changes and treatment adherence health education. Field notes were taken by the researcher during visits and a recorded focus group interview conducted with the health workers to explore their views on the feasibility of the screening and intervention. Cost was assessed by the estimation of the additional resources required and the likely long term health outcomes extrapolated from available data and literature. Results: 15.2% of the sample population was noted to be microalbuminuria positive and they all received interventions. Additional cost required to screen a cohort of 100 patients was R1,109.40 per annum, out of which 15 patients at risk of developing nephropathy were identified and the cost of treating these patients was R1,393.20 for the first year. Qualitative data revealed that the test and interventions are feasible with an additional cost of staff time, medication and other materials which have been included in the cost above. Conclusion: This study represents the first attempt to successfully introduce screening for microalbuminuria in our public primary health care context. The chronic care team showed reasonable fidelity to the protocol and demonstrated the feasibility of screening and treating patients. The balance of costs and long term benefits suggests that this represents excellent value for money in a South African primary care setting.

Currently, a microalbumin urine test is an annual test for diabetic patients recommended by the American Diabetes Association, but primary care providers are not ordering the tests. This may be, in part, attributable to the fact that there are no guidelines for ordering microalbumin urine tests. The purpose of this capstone project was to assess providers' compliance in identifying the need for the microalbumin urine test for patients with diabetes, to develop evidence-based guidelines for monitoring and ordering microalbumin urine tests, and to evaluate providers' compliance. Rogers's theory of the diffusion of innovation provided the framework for this capstone project. A quantitative, descriptive design using a non-parametric paired t-test was used. Data was collected pre- and post-evidence based practice guidelines implementation in electronic health records. The mean monthly percentage of diabetic patients given microalbumin urine tests pre-implementation was 66.86 (SD = 4.25; 95% CI = (64.17, 69.56). The mean monthly percentage of diabetic patients given microalbumin urine tests post-implementation was 73.53 (SD = 2.58; 95% CI = (70.32, 76.73). SPSS version 23 (IBM Corp., Armonk, NY). The two sample t-test was statistically significant, t (15) = -3.232, p = 0.006). The introduction of evidence-based practice guidelines for ordering microalbumin urine tests improved provider compliance.

O objetivo deste trabalho é analisar os efeitos da intervenção farmacêutica para os pacientes idosos com diabetes mellitus tipo 2, em relação à compreensão do usuário sobre as instruções contidas na receita médica, o entendimento da doença existente e conhecimento sobre o uso de medicamentos, que inclui: a utilização correta, respeito aos horários de tomar a medicação e as posologias prescritas. Foram avaliados 129 pacientes idosos (com 60 anos ou mais) com diabetes no momento de retirar os medicamentos na unidade básica distrital de saúde (UBDS) do Distrito Oeste de Saúde de Ribeirão Preto. No momento em que o paciente retirou a medicação prescrita para o tratamento do diabetes na UBDS foi realizada uma entrevista para obter dados pessoais, informações sobre as medicações em uso e a doença, se necessita cuidador, identificar a escolaridade, avaliar as condições de armazenamento das medicações e aplicados os testes de medida de adesão ao tratamento (Morisky e Green ampliado) e de quantificação de conhecimento relativo ao tratamento medicamentoso (Med Take). Posteriormente, o paciente recebeu uma orientação farmacêutica em relação aos medicamentos prescritos para o diabetes, obedecendo um formulário padronizado que indicava os horários de tomadas das medicações, o medicamento, a quantidade e as interações com alimentos. Após quatro meses, o paciente foi novamente entrevistado, com outra aplicação dos testes de Morisky e Green ampliado e Med Take. O impacto da intervenção farmacêutica foi avaliado pela comparação do desempenho dos entrevistados nos dois momentos, bem como pela variação de alguns parâmetros clínicos, como peso, níveis pressóricos e hemoglobina glicada, através de teste não paramátrico de Mcnemar, Wilcoxon e o modelo de regressão linerar com efeitos mistos (efeitos aleatórios e fixos). O ajuste do modelo foi feito através do software SAS versão 9.0. Como resultado obtivemos uma melhora no segundo momento na aplicação do teste de Morisky e Green com valor p < 0,0001 . No Med Take obtivemos também melhora na pontuação, exceto na comparação do medicamento gliclazida nos parâmetros dose e interação com medicamento que não houve diferença com significância estatistica, provavelmente em decorrência do número reduzido de pacientes em uso dessa medicação, que foi de 10 (dez). Nos dados clínicos não houve diferença estatísticamente significante, que acreditamos ser pelo período reduzido (4 meses) de seguimento. Concluímos que a intervenção farmacêutica melhorou a adesão e o conhecimento do paciente sobre o uso do medicamento. / The objective of this work is to analyse the efffects of pharmaceutical intervention to elderly patients with diabetes mellitus type 2, about the understanding of the user on the instructions contained on the prescription, the understanding of the existant disease and the knowledge about use of drugs, wich includes: the proper utilization, respect for schedules, taking the prescribed medications and dosages. It was evaluated 129 elderly patients (60 years or older), with diabetes at the time of taking medicine in basic health unit (BHU) in the west health district of Ribeirao Preto. By the time the patient removed the prescribed medication for the treatment of diabetes in BHU was interviewed to obtain personal data, information about the medications in use and disease caregiver, the identification of the school level, evaluate the conditions of storage of medications and tests applied to measure adherence treatment (Morisky and Green expanded) and quantification of knowledge related to drug treatment (Med Take). Subsequently, the patient received an orientation in relation to the prescribed pharmaceutical drugs for diabetes, obeying a standardized form indicating the hours of taken medications, the drug, the quantity and the instructions with food. After four months the patient was again interwied with other application of Morisky and Green expanded test and Med Take. The impact of pharmaceutical intervention was evaluate by comparison of the performance of respondents in two periods, as well as variation of some clinical parameters such as weight, blood pressure and glycated hemoglobin, through the nonparametric Mcnemar, Wilcoscon and linear regression model with mixed efffects (fixed and random efffects). The model fitness was made through the SAS software version 9.0. As a result we obtained an improvement in the second stage in the application of Morisky and Green with p <0.0001. In the Med Take also got improvement in score, except in the comparison of the drug gliclazide dose parameters and interaction with drug no differences with statistical significance, probably due to the small number of patients using this medication, which was ten (10). Clinical data there was no statistically significant difference, which we believe is the shorter period (4 months) follow-up. We conclude that pharmaceutical intervention improved adherence and knowledge of the patient about the medication.

O objetivo deste trabalho é analisar os efeitos da intervenção farmacêutica para os pacientes idosos com diabetes mellitus tipo 2, em relação à compreensão do usuário sobre as instruções contidas na receita médica, o entendimento da doença existente e conhecimento sobre o uso de medicamentos, que inclui: a utilização correta, respeito aos horários de tomar a medicação e as posologias prescritas. Foram avaliados 129 pacientes idosos (com 60 anos ou mais) com diabetes no momento de retirar os medicamentos na unidade básica distrital de saúde (UBDS) do Distrito Oeste de Saúde de Ribeirão Preto. No momento em que o paciente retirou a medicação prescrita para o tratamento do diabetes na UBDS foi realizada uma entrevista para obter dados pessoais, informações sobre as medicações em uso e a doença, se necessita cuidador, identificar a escolaridade, avaliar as condições de armazenamento das medicações e aplicados os testes de medida de adesão ao tratamento (Morisky e Green ampliado) e de quantificação de conhecimento relativo ao tratamento medicamentoso (Med Take). Posteriormente, o paciente recebeu uma orientação farmacêutica em relação aos medicamentos prescritos para o diabetes, obedecendo um formulário padronizado que indicava os horários de tomadas das medicações, o medicamento, a quantidade e as interações com alimentos. Após quatro meses, o paciente foi novamente entrevistado, com outra aplicação dos testes de Morisky e Green ampliado e Med Take. O impacto da intervenção farmacêutica foi avaliado pela comparação do desempenho dos entrevistados nos dois momentos, bem como pela variação de alguns parâmetros clínicos, como peso, níveis pressóricos e hemoglobina glicada, através de teste não paramátrico de Mcnemar, Wilcoxon e o modelo de regressão linerar com efeitos mistos (efeitos aleatórios e fixos). O ajuste do modelo foi feito através do software SAS versão 9.0. Como resultado obtivemos uma melhora no segundo momento na aplicação do teste de Morisky e Green com valor p < 0,0001 . No Med Take obtivemos também melhora na pontuação, exceto na comparação do medicamento gliclazida nos parâmetros dose e interação com medicamento que não houve diferença com significância estatistica, provavelmente em decorrência do número reduzido de pacientes em uso dessa medicação, que foi de 10 (dez). Nos dados clínicos não houve diferença estatísticamente significante, que acreditamos ser pelo período reduzido (4 meses) de seguimento. Concluímos que a intervenção farmacêutica melhorou a adesão e o conhecimento do paciente sobre o uso do medicamento. / The objective of this work is to analyse the efffects of pharmaceutical intervention to elderly patients with diabetes mellitus type 2, about the understanding of the user on the instructions contained on the prescription, the understanding of the existant disease and the knowledge about use of drugs, wich includes: the proper utilization, respect for schedules, taking the prescribed medications and dosages. It was evaluated 129 elderly patients (60 years or older), with diabetes at the time of taking medicine in basic health unit (BHU) in the west health district of Ribeirao Preto. By the time the patient removed the prescribed medication for the treatment of diabetes in BHU was interviewed to obtain personal data, information about the medications in use and disease caregiver, the identification of the school level, evaluate the conditions of storage of medications and tests applied to measure adherence treatment (Morisky and Green expanded) and quantification of knowledge related to drug treatment (Med Take). Subsequently, the patient received an orientation in relation to the prescribed pharmaceutical drugs for diabetes, obeying a standardized form indicating the hours of taken medications, the drug, the quantity and the instructions with food. After four months the patient was again interwied with other application of Morisky and Green expanded test and Med Take. The impact of pharmaceutical intervention was evaluate by comparison of the performance of respondents in two periods, as well as variation of some clinical parameters such as weight, blood pressure and glycated hemoglobin, through the nonparametric Mcnemar, Wilcoscon and linear regression model with mixed efffects (fixed and random efffects). The model fitness was made through the SAS software version 9.0. As a result we obtained an improvement in the second stage in the application of Morisky and Green with p <0.0001. In the Med Take also got improvement in score, except in the comparison of the drug gliclazide dose parameters and interaction with drug no differences with statistical significance, probably due to the small number of patients using this medication, which was ten (10). Clinical data there was no statistically significant difference, which we believe is the shorter period (4 months) follow-up. We conclude that pharmaceutical intervention improved adherence and knowledge of the patient about the medication.

Introduction: The studies reported in this thesis investigated a number of patient orientated aspects of its current diagnosis, management and treatment in Kuwait. A comprehensive literature survey is presented with a detailed critical analysis of the very limited number of published material relevant to type 2 diabetes in Kuwait is also provided. A concise list of aims and objectives is also provided. Methodology: The methodology used to derive knowledge of the present situation from the patient perspective, was a series of relevant questions, devised based on the internationally used diabetes Michigan questionnaire. Face to face interviews were used throughout for both patients and medical staff. Suitable data analysis was performed. Results: A pilot study consulted 10 Kuwaiti and 10 non-Kuwaiti patients, and after analysis of their data it was found to be reliable, appropriate and capable of being analysed and so was extended to a larger study of 109 diabetic patients. These 109 diabetic patients were studied in thirteen clinics distributed throughout Kuwait. Two groups of patients were studied – Kuwaiti nationals and non-Kuwaitis both of whom were treated at these clinics during their residency in Kuwait. 38 questions were asked including demographics, medical treatment, monitoring of their disease, physiological consequences and dietary aspects. The major findings were that patients considered two major areas could be improved to enhance the treatment of their disease. The first was to improve the degree of empathy shown to them by the medical/nursing staff and secondly to provide simple practical advice on exercise, dietary considerations and renal aspects of their disease. More comprehensive findings are presented in the thesis but many of these were minor compared with these two major aspects. Also presented are interviews with the medical staff in Kuwait who treat diabetic patients and the problems they face when treating their disease. The opinions and views of selected ophthalmologists and renal specialists are also presented. Medical views were also sought in the UK- Ascot Rehabilitation above their experiences treating diabetic patients from Kuwait. Another aspect of the study was to interview Kuwaiti nationals who had been sent to a clinic in Ascot, UK for the treatment of the serious consequences of their conditions. Many of these were had type 2 diabetes and their views and perspectives of their treatment in Kuwait were gathered as being representative of the long term treatment of this condition. Discussions and Conclusions: The thesis discusses in some detail all the results which were obtained and concludes with a series of recommendations which could be taken to improve the treatment of type 2 diabetes in Kuwait.

Thesis (M.Cur.) --University of Limpopo, 2010 / In this study, a qualitative, descriptive and contextual research methodology was applied to describe the problems faced by newly diagnosed diabetes mellitus patients at the primary healthcare facilities of the Mopani district in the greater Giyani municipality, Limpopo Province, South Africa. Purposive sampling was used and phenomenological interviews were held with newly diagnosed diabetes mellitus patients after investigations within the first six months. The data were analyzed using Tesch’s open coding method of data analysis for qualitative research. The findings indicated that newly diagnosed diabetes mellitus patients faced a number of problems, such as emotional disturbance, fear, anger, denial, frustration, depression, uncertainty, and poor interpersonal relationships with nurses. This study found that lack of support and proper health education for newly diagnosed diabetes mellitus patients demand government intervention, and thus proposes guidelines and recommendations for more effective healthcare practices and education for implementation at primary healthcare facilities.

No description available.

Background and objectives of the study: Although it is known that good glycaemic control improves microvascular outcomes in diabetic patients, no local study has yet been undertaken to investigate the potential factors that influence poor or good blood glucose control. This research focused on the evaluation of blood glucose control as assessed by glycosylated haemoglobin (HbA1c) levels in diabetic patients. In addition, certain determinants which contributed toward poor control at Kalafong Hospital were studied in a cohort of adults with diabetes mellitus for the year 2008. The aim of studying these determinants was to identify patients with a high risk of disease morbidity and barriers that prevent these patients from meeting their goals of improved health outcomes. The specific objectives were to estimate HbA1c control of patients seen at the diabetic clinic at Kalafong Hospital Pretoria in 2008 and to assess any existing association between patient demographic characteristics and diabetes characteristics with HbA1c. Methods: The study was a retrospective cohort study. All diabetic patients aged 18 years and above, who had been registered in the 2008 dataset and who had come for at least one visit to the diabetic clinic and had at least one HbA1C measurement, were included in the study. Patients who did not meet the above criteria were excluded from the study. A total of 942 patients seen in 2008 were selected, 801 patients met these inclusion criteria. The outcome variable HbA1c was obtained by computing the mean of the two HbA1c values collected for each participant for the year 2008, and used as a continuous dependent variable in multivariate linear regression. For descriptive purposes, HbA1c values were categorised into good control (<7%), poor control (> or = 7&< or =10%) and very poor control (>10%). Data analysis was performed using Stata version 10. Statistical significance was established at a threshold of 95% (p < 0.05). Results: More than half of participants in the study were females (60.8%/39.2%). The mean age of participants in the study was 56 years (sd 14.1). With regard to race, the proportion of blacks was more than three quarters of the sample (93.1%/2.4%/2.4%). Our results showed that HbA1c level decreased with increasing age, (p = 0.016). These results also showed that for every 1 mmol/l increase in total cholesterol, there was a 0.178% increase in HbA1c, (p = 0.019; 95% confidence interval (CI): 0.030 - 0.327), suggesting that higher cholesterol was associated with poorer HbA1c control. In addition, for every 1 mmol/l increase in capillary glucose, the HbA1c increased by 0.276%, (p = 0.000; CI: 0.230 - 0.322) while for every one unit increase in BMI, the HbA1c reduced by 0.032%, (p = 0.017; CI: -0.057 to -0.006). Conclusion: These results suggest that patients with higher total cholesterol and patients with higher capillary glucose level are more likely to exhibit poorer HbA1c control, whereas, older patients and patients with a higher BMI are more likely to have better HbA1c control. / Dissertation (MSc)--University of Pretoria, 2011. / Clinical Epidemiology / unrestricted