Bibliography: pages 168-176. / The discovery of diamonds in the Kimberley area was to have far reaching consequences, not only for the region but the entire sub-continent. In addition to the hundreds of individual diggers, mainly white, who converged on this arid corner of southern Africa, there appeared also, in a remarkably short time, a complete infrastructure of urban facilities to serve their needs. Perhaps the most unique component of the otherwise colonial population was the massive influx of migrant Africans in response to the insatiable labour demands of the diamond mines. We examine the interplay of racial attitudes and conflicts and the ambiguous position of the black elites in the diverse groups of 'colonial' or 'civilised' Africans, 'Cape Coloureds', Muslims and Indians who came to Kimberley to seek their fortune. It is our contention that it was this ambiguity which was to provide a spur to black political activity. We closely consult contemporary accounts, official documentation and local newspapers, all of which faithfully record the ebb and flow of the state of racial relations. Never a typical microcosm of colonial urban society because of the extraneous factor of economic competition for limited employment and resources, social relationships in Kimberley gradually changed until the essential confrontation was not between colonials and the rest, but rather more specifically between blacks and whites. While the early history of Kimberley was marked by the virulent racism of white· diggers resisting black competition, the ensuing years were to witness a more tranquil period of racial co-existence. This tranquillity proved to be only the calm before the storm. We show how a series of crises strained relations between blacks and whites to breaking point. The failed rebellion by indigenous blacks, the smallpox epidemic during which the Muslim community incurred the wrath of white public opinion by failing to adopt western preventative measures, a revolt - the Black Flag Revolt- by militant white diggers and the effects of the new recruitment policies of the mining companies in the 1880s, which opened jobs to cheap black workers, all resulted in an increasing polarisation of race relations in Kimberley. We argue that where before official documents and newspapers had shown a class discrimination directed against migrant African labourers, this changed over time to become a negative portrayal of blacks in general. The effect of the emergence of this negative stereotype was to separate whites and blacks in many facets of life in the mining centre.

Thesis (PhD) -- Macquarie University, Division of Environmental and Life Sciences, Department of Human Geography, 2007. / "November 2006". / Bibliography: p. 352-398. / Mode of access: World Wide Web. / xvi, 399 p. ill., maps

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Microbial biodegradation methods of hydrocarbon contaminated soils that can occur through biodegradation, bio augmentation, bio stimulation, and phytoremediation, have gained significant interest in recent years when compared to the conventional methods. The study was designed to explore the influence of petroleum hydrocarbon contamination on physicochemical and microbial characteristics of soils as well as determining the possibility of hydrocarbon biodegradation using biostimulation. The process involved soil characterisation and modification of nitrogen and phosphorus content to stimulate naturally adapting microorganisms. Characterisation process determined that hydrocarbon contamination of Murowa soils introduced hydrophobicity to the naturally wettable sandy loam soils. Naturally adapting microbial species capable of degrading hydrocarbons identified using Direct microscopy, Gram and Melzer’s iodine staining included Pseudomonas, Bacillus, Serratia marcescens, Flavobacterium, Micrococcus, Streptomyces Staphylococcus, Penicillium and yeasts. The N: P nutrient ratio and moisture levels were identified as potential limiting factors and hence experiments focused on manipulation of N: P nutrients to stimulate the identified hydrocarbon degrading organisms (bio stimulation). Hydrocarbons were identified by solvent extraction using hexane and gas chromatography. These included decane, undecane, hexadecanal, 2-ethylcridine, octadecane and 1-iodo. Soils weighing 10kgs with hydrocarbons levels of about 265mg/kg were subjected to eight (8) treatments with seven (7) different combinations of N (6000-12000mgN): P (600- 3000mgP) concentration ranges including the control. Nitrogen The moisture was adjusted and tilling for aeration was done on a weekly basis. Changes in Total Petroleum Hydrocarbon (TPH), C: N: P ratio, microbial mass and pH were evaluated over 111 consecutive days. The optimum N:P ratio was the determined to 2:1 molar ratio in form of 6000mgN:3000mgP. TPH concentration was reduced by 73% from the initial concentration within the first 74 days. Beyond 74 days there were no significant changes in the TPH concentration and this was attributed to the presence of more complex insoluble hydrocarbons which needed more time and an additional bio surfactant to complete mineralization. The conclusion was that a combination of natural attenuation and biostimulation methods can be used to bioremediate Murowa hydrocarbon contaminated soils using the 2:1 molar ratio of what / College of Agriculture and Environmental Sciences / M. Sc. (Environmental Science)

Orientador: Robert Slenes / Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Instituto de Filosofia e Ciencias Humanas / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-05T10:38:17Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Mota_IsadoraMoura_M.pdf: 13645568 bytes, checksum: e0417b7bc74ffa0113821a3783fa5e34 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2005 / Resumo: Esta dissertação conta a história da rebelião escrava do Serro, movimento que reuniu mais de quatrocentos rebeldes em Minas Gerais, no mês de outubro de 1864. Cientes dos projetos emancipacionistas em debate no Parlamento nacional e da Guerra Civil nos Estados Unidos, escravos das lavras de diamantes, fazendas e cidades do Serro e Diamantina planejaram uma "guerra contra os brancos" para obter sua liberdade. Eles contavam com o apoio de comunidades quilombolas e homens forros. Através da análise desta revolta, esperamos trazer à tona as culturas e experiências da escravidão no nordeste mineiro, assim como suas relações com o cenário político da década de 1860 / Abstract: This dissertation tells the story of the Serro slave rebellion, which gathered more than four hundred rebels in Minas Gerais, during the month of October, 1864. Aware of the emancipationist projects debated in Brazil's National Assembly and the U.S. Civil War, slaves from the diamond mines, farms and the cities of Serro and Diamantina planned a "war against the whites" in order to obtain their freedom. They expected to be supported by maroon communities and black freedmen. Through the analysis of this revolt, we wish to reveal the slave cultures and experiences in the mineiro northeast, as well as its relationship with the political landscape of the 1860 / Mestrado / Historia Social / Mestre em História